History 102 Final Exam Study Guide
Reconstruction to Resurgence of Conservatism
Chapters 22-39
The Ordeal of Construction, 1865-1877
An asterisk denotes questions from guidebook.
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Reconstruction involved what four extended controversies?
At the end of the Civil War, many white southerners still held what two beliefs?
Give four meanings of emancipation for blacks.
What was the main purpose of the Black Codes?
Congress objected the readmission of the Southern states to the Union under
Johnson’s plan for what four reasons?
What was the root cause for the battle between Congress and President Andrew
Johnson?
Radical Reconstruction state governments had what three traits?
Give four goals of the Ku Klux Klan.
Reconstruction might have been more successful if what radical program had been
implemented?
In contrast to Radical Republicans, moderate Republicans had what view of
government power and government’s impact on individual Americans? *
The Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 required that all reconstructed southern
states pass what legislation? *
What was the major long-term effect of the KKK as a white terrorist organization? *
Politics of the Gilded Age, 1869-1896
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Why did U.S. Grant proved to be a weak political leader despite his status as a
military hero?
What afflicted both business and government in the aftermath of the Civil War?
What was the solution to the depression that followed the panic of 1873 advocated
by debtors?
What were two traits of the presidential elections of the 1870s and 1880s?
During the Gilded Age, what was the lifeblood of both the Democratic and
Republican parties?
What was the impact of the Compromise of 1877 on Reconstruction and southern
blacks?
In the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court made what ruling?
The Chinese came to the U.S. for what two reasons?
What were four platform planks adopted by the Populist party in their convention of
1892?
What largely shaped the political developments of the 1890s?
The depression of the 1870s led to increasing demands for what government
action?*
What characterized the political system of the Gilded Age? *
Give four changes that affected African Americans in the South after the Compromise
of 1877 dictated the withdrawal of federal troops? *
What did the great railroad strike of 1877 reveal? *
Industry Comes of Age, 1865-1900
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What was the greatest economic consequence of the transcontinental railroad
network?
Give four common forms of corruption practiced by the wealthy railroad barons.
The vast, integrated, continental U.S. market greatly enhanced what method of
production?
Give four factors promoting the growth of manufacturing in post-Civil War America.
What two technological innovations greatly expanded the industrial employment of
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women in the late 19 century?
What did Andrew Carnegie’s system of vertical integration entail?
Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner believed what due to their support of
the doctrine of “survival of the fittest?”
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Despite rising wages in the late 19 century, industrial workers were extremely
vulnerable to what four threats?
How did the railroads affect the organization of time in the U.S.? *
The large trusts like Standard Oil and Swift and Armour justified their economic
domination of their industries by claiming what? *
What did industrialization generally mean for U.S. workers? *
In contrast to the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor advocated
what? *
America Moves to the City, 1865-1900
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By 1900, American cities had what three common traits?
What were four factors that increasingly made cities more attractive than farms for
young adults in post-Civil War U.S.?
What were three traits of the New Immigrants who came to the U.S. after 1880?
Besides serving immigrants and the poor in urban neighborhoods, settlement
workers like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley actively lobbied for what social
reforms?
Why were New Immigrant groups regarded with special hostility by many nativist
Americans?
Many native-born Americans tended to blame New Immigrants for what four things?
Why did Americans offer growing support for a free, public education/?
Booker T. Washington believed that what was key to political and civil rights for
African Americans?
The new, research-oriented modern American universities tended to focus on what?
As a result of industrialization, Americans increasingly shared what?
Unlike Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois demanded what two things? *
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In the late 19 century, U.S. colleges and universities benefited especially from what
two things? *
Authors like Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, and Jack London turned American
literature toward a greater concern with what two themes? *
The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1890
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In post-Civil War America, Indians surrendered their lands only when they had been
promised what two things?
Indians battled whites for what four reasons?
How were the Plains Indians finally forced to surrender?
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The 19 century humanitarians who advocated kind treatment of Indians had what
view of Indian culture and religion?
The bitter conflict between whites and Indians intensified as a result of what?
Give four reasons for the decline of the long drive and the cattle boom.
What was the major problem faced by settlers on the Great Plains during the 1870s?
After exploring much of the West, geologist John Wesley Powell warned what about
western settlement?
What was the root cause of the American farmers’ problems after 1880?
Why were farmers slow to organize and promote their interests?
Labor unions, Populists, and debtors saw the brutal Pullman episode as the evidence
of what alliance?
The severe economic depression of the 1890s strengthened what Populist
argument?
What was the major issue of the presidential election of 1896?
The 1896 presidential election marked the last time for what?
Many religious reformers, federal boarding schools, and the Dawes Act were all
focused on what goal? *
The problem of sustaining agriculture in the arid West was solved most successfully
with what act? *
What did the safety valve theory of the frontier claim? *
What four factors make the trans-Mississippi West a unique part of American frontier
experience? *
Empire and Expansion. 1890-1909
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In his book, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, the
Reverend Josiah Strong advocated U.S. expansion for two purposes?
What argument by Alfred Thayer Mahan also promoted the move toward American
imperialism?
Why was Queen Liliuokalanii forced from power in 1891?
Why did President McKinley ask Congress to declare war on Spain?
On the whole, what was the level of performance by the U.S. Army in Cuba?
What was the greatest controversy that emerged at the end of the Spanish-American
War?
What four reasons did anti-imperialist give against the U.S. acquisition of the
Philippines?
Why did guerrilla warfare begin in the Philippines in 1896?
In response to the Boxer Rebellion, the U.S. abandoned what?
What was the main motivation for the construction of an isthmian canal across
Central America?
The Roosevelt Corollary added a new provision to the Monroe Doctrine that was
designed to do what?
What was the primary diplomatic result of TR’s diplomatic ending of the RussoJapanese War?
Give four factors that propelled the U.S. toward overseas expansion in the 1890s? *
How did Americans first become actively involved with the situation in Cuba? *
Besides the Philippines, the U.S. acquired what two other colonial territories in the
Spanish American War? *
What were four reasons that President McKinley and other pro-imperialists gave for
acquiring the Philippines as a U.S. territory? *
Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901-1912
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The real heart of the progressive movement was the reformer’s attempt to
accomplish what?
Most progressives worked toward what four goals?
How did muckrakers signify much about the nature of the progressive reform
movement?
Political progressivism occurred where?
What was the cure for all of American democracy’s ills according to progressives?
What were four issues addressed by women in the progressive movement and
settlement houses?
What was the goal of the progressive-inspired city—manager system of government?
What was the real purpose of TR’s assault on trusts?
When Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, he intended his book to focus attention on
what issue?
What did multiple-use conservationists generally believe?
What was TR’s impact on the presidency as president?
What were four accomplishments of TR while president?
How was the 1912 presidential election notable?
What were the two primary goals of progressivism, as a whole? *
How did TR end the major Pennsylvania coal strike? *
The controversy over the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite Park revealed what? *
Wilsonian Progressivism in Peace and War, 1913-1920
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The Underwood Tariff Act and the Sixteenth Amendment reflected what progressive
goals of Wilson?
What was the most serious shortcoming in the country’s financial structure when
Wilson became president?
The Federal Reserve Act gave the Federal Reserve Board what authority?
The Federal Trade Commission was established in 1914 to address what four
practices?
What new ground did the Clayton Anti-Trust Act break?
How did Wilson show the limits to his progressivism?
As WWI started, Germany and Austria-Hungary were leaders of what alliance?
Russia and France were among what other alliance system?
The great majority of Americans had what hope with the outbreak of WWI in 1914?
What was one primary economic effect of WWI on the U.S.?
Why did German submarines begin sinking unarmed and unresisting merchant and
passenger ships without warning?
How did President Wilson persuade the American people to enter WWI in 1917?
Give four of Wilson’s Fourteen Points, upon which he based America’s idealistic
foreign policy in WWI.
What was the major problem for George Creel and his Committee on Public
Information?
What was the status of civil liberties in America during WWI?
The movement of tens of thousands of Southern blacks north during WWI had what
result?
Women’s participation in the war effort during WWI contributed greatly to their
achieving what long-standing goal?
What were two examples of forceful federal government action to organize the nation
for WWI?
What did the U.S. entry into the war mean for German strategists?
How did the Germans gain an immense military advantage in the first months of
1918?
What two realities greatly weakened Wilson’s position at the Paris Peace
Conference?
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What was the consequence of public opposition to the League of Nations by many
U.S. Senators during the Paris Peace Conference?
The Senate would have likely accepted U.S. participation in the League of Nations if
Wilson would have been willing to do what?
Republican isolationists successfully turned Warren Harding’s 1920 presidential
victory into what?
Guidebook: Chapter 29, Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad
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How did the progressive programs of Wilson and TR differ in the election of 1912? *
What was Wilson’s primary weakness as a politician? *
What “triple wall of privilege” did Wilson set out to reform? *
What early event of WWI led many Americans to sympathize with the Allies against
Germany? *
Guidebook: Chapter 30, The War to End War, 1917-1918
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The capstone Fourteenth Point of Wilson’s declaration of war goals called for what
action? *
George Creel’s Committee on Public Information typified the entire American war
effort how? *
Why were American soldiers especially needed in France in spring 1918? *
Why did Wilson bear a great deal of the responsibility for the failure of the U.S. to join
the League of Nations? *
American Life in the “Roaring Twenties,” 1919-1929
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What provoked the red scare of 1919-1920?
What were four American reactions to disillusionment by war and peace during the
1920s?
The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s was a reaction against what forces?
Why were immigration restrictions introduced in the 1920s?
What were three consequences of prohibition?
What was the impact of the Scopes “Monkey Trial” on religious fundamentalism?
What were four reasons that helped to make the prosperity of the 1920s?
What was the main problem faced by American manufacturers in the 1920s?
During the 1920s, the new system of buying on credit had what four results?
Why did Charles Lindbergh’s solo flight across the Atlantic make him an American
hero?
Radio and movies had what impact on American culture?
The Harlem Renaissance can be best described how?
What was one primary social effect of the new automobile age? *
What two changes did many American women vigorously pursue in the 1920s? *
What was the primary achievement of Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro
Improvement Association? *
During the 1920s, what tax provision did Treasury Secretary Mellon and the
Republican Congress pursue? *
The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920-1932
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What were the Republican economic policies under Harding?
The Fordney-McCumber and Hawley-Smoot Tariff laws had what long-term effect?
What were four consequences of the U.S. policy of raising tariffs sky-high in the
1920s?
What was one major problem facing farmers in the 1920s?
What were four splits in the Democratic party in 1924 that greatly affected it?
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What was the result of U.S. insistence that its Allies’ war debts had to be repaid in
full?
The impact of the Great Depression had what four consequences for Americans?
Give four causes of the Great Depression.
What was President Hoover’s approach to the Great Depression?
What did the term “Hoovervilles” mean?
What two terms best describe the foreign policy of Harding and Coolidge? *
The very high tariff rates of the 1920s had what primary economic effect? *
How was the international economic crisis caused by unpaid war reparations and
loans partially resolved? *
What was one important cause of the great stock market crash of 1929? *
The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933-1939
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What physical affliction of FDR contributed most to his development of compassion
and strength of will?
In 1932 FDR campaigned on the promise that as president he would attack the Great
Depression by doing what?
What was a striking new feature of the 1932 presidential results?
What was the most immediate emergency facing FDR when he became president in
March 1933?
Give four traits about the men who joined the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps).
Why did Roosevelt support the repeal of prohibition?
How did the Agricultural Adjustment Act propose to solve the farm problem?
Give four things that contributed to the Dust Bowl of the 1930s.
What was the most controversial aspect of the Tennessee Valley Authority and its
production of cheap electricity?
What were the four provisions of the Social Security Act of 1935?
FDR’s New Deal was most notable for what accomplishment?
Why did FDR’s Agricultural Adjustment Administration meet especially sharp
criticism? *
What actions by farmers helped cause the Dust Bowl of the 1930s in addition to the
natural forces of drought and wind? *
What did the so-called Indian New Deal emphasize? *
What was the political consequence of FDR’s attempt to pack the Supreme Court? *
FDR and the Shadow of War, 1933-1941
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What the result of FDR’s withdrawal from the London Economic Conference?
FDR’s recognition of the Soviet Union was under taken partly for what reason?
Why did FDR embark on the Good Neighbor Policy toward Latin America?
Throughout most of the 1930s, how did the American people respond to the
aggressive actions of Germany, Italy, and Japan?
Give four provisions of the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937.
What occurred shortly after Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet
Union?
America’s attempt to remain neutral in the war between the Axis powers and the
Allies came to an end with what event of 1940?
What largely blocked efforts to bring large numbers of Jewish refugees from Nazi
Germany to the U.S.?
By 1940, a strong majority of American public opinion had come to favor what act?
Give four principles of the Atlantic Charter signed by FDR and Churchill in August
1941.
By 1941, why did Japan believe that it had no alternative to war with the U.S.
because of a demand by FDR?
What was the immediate response of many Americans to the rise of fascist dictators
Mussolini and Hitler? *
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What was the effect of the strict American arms embargo during the Spanish Civil
War for the Loyalist Spanish government? *
The cash-and-carry Neutrality Act of 1939 was cleverly designed to do what? *
What twin events changed U.S. foreign policy from neutrality to active, though
nonbelligerent support of the Allies? *
America in World War II, 1941-1945
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What was the fundamental strategic decision of WWII made by FDR and the British
at the beginning of the war?
Why were Japanese Americans placed in concentration camps during WWII?
Give four actions by African Americans during WWII.
What was the greatest consequence of WWII for American race relations?
What was one of the most valuable contributions of Native Americans to the war
effort in WWII?
What was the economic experience of most Americans during WWII?
What crucial mistake did the Japanese make in 1942 in their attempt to control much
of the Pacific?
In waging war against Japan, the U.S. relied mainly on what strategy in the Pacific?
Until spring 1943, Hitler’s greatest opportunities to defeat Britain and win the war
centered on what campaign?
Why did the Allies postpone opening a second front in Europe (France) until 1944?
What may have been the real impact of the Italian front on the course of WWII?
The spending of enormous sums on the original atomic bomb project was spurred by
what belief?
How were wartime inflation and shortages of critical goods kept partly in check? *
What was the aim of the Bracero Program created by the federal government during
WWII? *
Why was the U.S. conquest of Guam and the other Mariana islands in 1944
especially important? *
The Cold War Begins, 1945-1952
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Many Americans feared that the end of WWII would bring what?
Why was the U.S. extremely eager to secure the Soviet Union’s participation in the
projected invasion of Japan in early 1945?
By 1945, the Soviet Union had reason to be suspicious of the U.S. for what three
reasons?
What did the U.S. pledge to do under the Truman Doctrine?
Truman’s Marshall Plan called for what action by the U.S.?
The NSC-68 document reflected what American belief?
Give four examples of the increasing domestic anticommunist uproar in the late
1940s.
What was the result of Senator McCarthy’s crusade against communist subversion in
the U.S.?
What was a partial motivation for the passage of the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
(GI Bill of Rights)?
Why did many southern Democrats split from their party to support Governor J.
Strom Thurmond in 1948?
The prosperity of the postwar decades paved the way for what four social
transformations?
What three factors fueled the long economic boom from WWII to about 1970?
What four things encouraged many post-1945 Americans to move to the suburbs?
Population distribution after WWII followed what pattern?
How did the federal government play a large role in the growth of the Sunbelt? *
The postwar baby-boom population expansion contributed to what? *
What was a crucial event and development that began the Cold War? *
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The NATO alliance represented what historic departure from traditional U.S. foreign
policy? *
American Zenith, 1952-1963
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What were four truths about the changing nature of work in the 1950s?
Give four truths about the 1963 best-seller The Feminine Mystique.
Give four effects television had on politics.
What generated the new militancy and restlessness among many members of the
African American community after WWII?
Give four methods that African Americans used in an effort to overturn Jim Crow laws
and segregation.
What did the Supreme Court rule in the epochal 1954 decision Brown v. Board of
Education of Topeka?
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) rose as an outgrowth of
what movement?
The New Look policy of Eisenhower and Dulles in the 1950s aimed at the use of
what military power to stem the tide of communism?
What was the U.S. response to the Soviet Union’s launching of Sputnik in 1957?
What factor may well have tipped the electoral scales for JFK in the presidential
election of 1960?
What are four descriptions of the Beat Generation?
What was the essential purpose of Kennedy’s promise to land a man on the moon by
the end of the 1960s?
American military forces enter Vietnam in order to accomplish what?
Give four consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
JFK and RFK began to join hands with the civil rights movement when they took what
action?
American and world public opinion turned strongly in favor of the civil rights
movement when what event occurred?
Guidebook: Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era, 1952-1960
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What was a key economic transformation of the 1950s? *
What was the precipitating event that led to the rise of Martin Luther King, Jr. as the
most prominent civil-rights leader? *
How did the U. S. first become involved in Vietnam during the 1950s? *
What was JFK’s principle issue against Nixon in the 1960 presidential campaign? *
The Stormy Sixties, 1963-1973
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Give four accomplishments of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964.
What three things inspired the War on Poverty by LBJ?
What was the consequence of the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
Voters supported LBJ in the 1964 presidential election for what four reasons?
In the final analysis, LBJ’s Great Society programs made what achievements?
What became the chief goal of the black civil rights movement in the South after the
passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964?
What did the Watts’ riot in 1965 symbolize?
Some advocates of Black Power made the slogan the basis for what goal?
Aerial bombardment in Vietnam had what effect?
The 1968 Tet Offensive had what three results?
The political challenge to LBJ’s Vietnam policies gained great momentum with what
political event?
The 1968 Democratic party convention witnessed what events?
How did Richard Nixon win the 1968 presidential election?
What three P’s largely explained the cultural upheavals of the 1960s?
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Give four elements of Nixon’s Vietnam policy.
The American armed forces in Vietnam were composed largely of what group?
Give three consequences of the Cambodian incursion by Nixon in 1970.
The Supreme Court’s Miranda and Escobedo decisions came under sharp attack
from many conservatives for what reason?
Why did the Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration arouse bitter opposition among many business people?
U.S. strong support for Israel in the 1973 Arab-Israeli war had what consequence?
Guidebook: Chapter 38: The Stormy Sixties, 1960-1968
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The Cuban missile crisis ended when what occurred? *
What was one reason for LBJ’s overwhelming landslide victory in the 1964
presidential election? *
Give four political problems that the Johnson administration faced in waging the
Vietnam War. *
What was the one dominant theme of the 1960s youth culture that had deep roots in
American history? *
Challenges to the Postwar Order, 1968-1980
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Give four of Nixon illegal administration activities uncovered in the Watergate
scandal.
What was the turning point in the Senate Watergate hearings?
LBJ’s insistence on fighting the Vietnam War and funding the Great Society without a
tax increase to pay for them had what economic consequence? p. 917
The poor economic performance of the 1970s brought what ideal to an abrupt end?
What was President Ford’s most controversial action?
What occurred as a result of the North Vietnamese launching a full-scale invasion of
South Vietnam in 1975?
The people of the U.S. had provided just about everything for South Vietnam except
what? p
Congress passed Title IX in 1972 for what purpose?
The Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade declared state laws prohibiting abortion
were unconstitutional for what reason?
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) failed largely because of what opposition?
What was the guiding principle of Carter’s foreign policy?
Carter believed that the fundamental problem of the U.S. economy in the 1970s was
what dependence?
What was the most humiliating failure during the Iran hostage crisis for the Carter
presidency?
Many of the neoconservative intellectuals of the 1980s were reacting most strongly
against what historical phenomenon?
Guidebook: Chapter 39: The Stalemated Seventies, 1968-1980
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Give four causes of the growing economic slowdown and crises of the 1970s? *
What was the essential principle of Nixon’s Vietnamization policy? *
In what two areas did Nixon create powerful new federal agencies that directly
affected business? *
What was the most serious of the many corrupt Nixon administration practices that
were exposed by the Senate Watergate Committee? *
When did President Jimmy Carter’s political support plummet? *
Resurgence of Conservatism, 1980-1992
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What group spearheaded the New Right movement that helped to elect Ronald
Reagan?
In contrast to the Old Right, many New Right activists of the 1980s were most
concerned about what issues?
What was Ronald Reagan’s essential domestic goal as president?
Reagan’s supply side economic advisors assured that the combination of budgetary
discipline and tax reduction would have what four consequences?
What were the first results of Reagan’s supply-side economics in 1982?
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In the 1980s, what occurred for the first time in the 20 century concerning income?
Give four true statements about the “yuppies.”
What had to occur for the Soviet’s new policies of Glasnost (openness) and
Perestroika (restructuring) to work?
What was one of the greatest consequences of Reagan’s expansion of the federal
debt?
What was one of the more disturbing trends that became apparent in the 1990s?
Guidebook: Chapter 40: The Resurgence of Conservatism, 1980-1992
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How did Ronald Reagan differ from FDR? *
What was Reagan’s fundamental principle in negotiating with the Soviet Union? *
What were two issues that many religious right activists were most concerned?*