Write a
definition of
discharge
Storm Hydrograph
Draw a labelled diagram of a storm hydrograph
Label the diagram above which shows the Drainage Basin System
Exam Question –
Describe how water reaches a river channel in a drainage basin. (4)
What factors influence discharge?
1. The Drainage
Basin Hydrological
Cycle:
The Water
Lag time =
Exam Question - Explain likely effects of the forest on river discharge.
(5 marks)
Draw sketch hydrographs on Figures 1a and 1b to
show the contrasting effects of each of the two
rainfall periods on river discharge.
Types of erosion – state and define:
1
2
3
4
Hjulstrom Curve
a) Label the Hjulstrom Curve
2 The long
profile –
changing
processes:
types of
erosion,
transportation
and deposition
Types of Load
and the
Hjulstrom
Curve
Types of transportation – state and define:
1
2
3
4
Exam question: Outline the ways in which a river
transports its load. (4 marks)
b) Describe the relationship between velocity and load size for the process of erosion.
3. Valley profiles – long profile and changing cross profile downstream, graded profile, potential and kinetic energy.
Changing channel characteristics – cross profile, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, roughness, efficiency and links to velocity and discharge.
ACTIVITY - Label the Bradshaw Model to show changes in river variables downstream
EXAMPLE EXAM QUESTION - Contrast the cross profile of the valley occupied by the river at 775851 (Dee Side House) with that at 715868. (4 marks)
Competence =
Capacity =
Calibre =
Vertical erosion =
Lateral erosion =
Headward erosion =
How and why does the type of erosion vary
between the upper and middle courses of a
river?
Example Exam Question using an OS map - Describe the long profile of the River Dee from one of its sources at 775833 to the bridge in Dent at 707872. (4 marks)
PAPER 2 FOCUS State one hypothesis or research question or issue for evaluation that you have investigated in 2(a)(i). Describe one
method of primary data collection used in this investigation.
Upper Course
_ - _ _ _ _ valley.
V_ _ _ _ _ _ _ e_ _ _ _ _ _
dominates
I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
S_ _ _ _
S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ and landslides –
very active hillslope
T_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ formed
by soil creep
Narrow, shallow c_ _ _ _ _ _, low
velocity and discharge
Large, angular
b_ _ _ _ _ _
>
>
>
>
>
4. Landforms of fluvial erosion and
deposition
Valleys in the upper, middle and lower course
Potholes
> Rapids
Waterfalls
> Meanders (+oxbow lake)
Levees
> Deltas
Braiding
> Flood plains
Example Exam Questions – place different
landforms in the spaces to create your own
questions
 Picture provided - Describe the X and
explain its/their formation. (7 marks)
Middle Course
Valley opens out, more g_ _ _ _ _
slopes, w_ _ _ _ valley bottom
First signs of
m_ _ _ _ _ _ _
F_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
River channel is
wider, deeper;
greater velocity
and discharge
 Describe and explain the formation of
landforms resulting from erosion/deposition.
(15 marks)
 Describe the characteristics of X and
explain their formation. (7 marks)
 Describe the landforms resulting from
erosion/ deposition shown in Figure X
(picture). (4 marks)
 Choose one of the landforms of fluvial
erosion shown in Figure X.
Name the landform and explain its formation.
(7 marks)
 Explain the formation of X(6 marks)
 Describe and explain the development of
X (15 marks)
EROSIONAL LANDFORMS: Using the resources (PowerPoints) on the VLE:
(i) List the features of the landforms (ii) Explain the formation (iii) Draw supporting diagrams
Potholes
Explanation of formation
Features/description
Diagram
Rapids
Explanation of formation
Features/description
Diagram
Waterfalls
Features/description
Explanation of formation
Labelled Diagram
Landforms Resulting from Erosion and Deposition - MEANDERS
P_ _ _ _
b_ _
deposits on
the inner
meander
bend where
there is low
e_ _ _ _ _/
river has
low
c________
F_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Labelled Diagram – Cross Section of a meander bend
Steep bank or river
c_ _ _ _ caused by
concentrated
e_______ owing to
the t_ _ _ _ _ _
and h__________
f_____
P_ _ _ _ develop at meander bends and r_ _ _ _ _ _ in
stretches between bends
Diagram of formation (straight channel to meandering channel)
Explanation (include keywords: riffles ; pools; abrasion;
undercutting, thalweg; helicoidal flow; competence; point bar)
Ox-bow lake
Diagram
Features
Explanation of formation
LANDFORMS RESULTING FROM DEPOSITION
Levees & Flood plains
Diagram
Features
Explanation of formation
Braiding
Features and
explanation
Deltas
Diagram
Features and
explanation
Diagram
5. Process and impact of rejuvenation – knick points, waterfalls, river terraces and incised meanders
What is Base level?
Rejuvenation =
Graded profile =
EXAM QUESTION - Describe and explain the formation of landforms resulting from rejuvenation. (15 marks)
(knick points, waterfalls, river terraces and incised meanders - use diagrams)
6. Physical and human causes of flooding – location of areas of high risk in a more developed and a less developed country case
study, magnitude, frequency (risk) analysis.
Impact of flooding – two case studies of recent events should be undertaken from contrasting areas of the world.
EXAM QUESTION - Compare and comment on the economic and social effects of flooding in two contrasting areas of the world.
Physical Causes of Flooding
Human Causes/ Contributing Factors
Areas prone to flooding and why
Flood recurrence Intervals =
CASE STUDIES
Causes
Bangladesh 1998/2004
Impacts (PEEPS)
Mississippi, USA 1993 or Boscastle 2004
Causes
Impacts (PEEPS)
7. Flood management strategies
 Hard engineering: dams, straightening, building up of levees, diversion spillways
 Soft engineering – forecasts and warnings, land use management on floodplain, wetland and river bank conservation and river
restoration
EXAM QUESTIONS:
 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of hard engineering as a flood management strategy. (15 marks)
 With reference to one or more examples that you have studied, discuss alternative ways of managing flood plains to reduce the risks to
settlements from flooding. (15 marks)
Technique &
description
Hard Engineering
Advantages
Disadvantages
Technique &
description
Soft Engineering
Advantages
Disadvantages
Technique &
description
Advantages
Disadvantages
Technique &
description
Advantages
Flood Management Case Studies – Hard and Soft (alternative engineering)
Example 1
Example 2
Disadvantages