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Chapter 28 Arthropods and Echinoderms
Section 28–1 Introduction to the Arthropods
(pages 715–719)
TEKS FOCUS: 10A Body systems; 11B Response; TEKS SUPPORT: 2D Valid conclusions;
8A Classification; 10B Interrelationships of body systems
This section identifies the main features of arthropods. It also describes the
important trends in arthropod evolution and explains how growth and
development take place in arthropods.
What Is an Arthropod?
(page 715)
1. What is the basic body plan of all arthropods? Arthropods have a segmented body, a tough
exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.
2. A tough body wall that protects and supports the body of arthropods is called a(an)
exoskeleton
.
3. What is chitin? Chitin is made from protein and a carbohydrate and makes up the arthropod
exoskeleton.
4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about arthropod exoskeletons.
a. The exoskeletons of many land-dwelling species have a waxy covering.
b. All arthropod exoskeletons are the same shape.
c. Lobster exoskeletons cannot be crushed by hand.
d. An exoskeleton is an external covering.
5. What are appendages? Appendages are structures such as legs and antennae that extend from
the arthropod’s body wall.
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6. Is the following sentence true or false? The appendages of arthropods are jointed.
true
Evolution of Arthropods
(page 716)
7. Where did the first arthropods appear more than 600 million years ago?
the sea
8. What are two ways in which arthropods have evolved since they first appeared?
a. Fewer body segments
b. More specialized appendages for feeding, movement, and other functions
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9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about arthropod evolution.
a. Most primitive arthropods had only one or two body segments.
b. Arthropod appendages evolved into different forms.
c. The early body plan was modified gradually.
d. Appendages of living arthropods include wings, flippers, and mouthparts.
Form and Function in Arthropods
(pages 716–719)
10. Is the following sentence true or false? Arthropods include herbivores, carnivores,
true
and omnivores.
Match the arthropod structure with its description.
Structure
Description
b
11. Tracheal tubes
e
12. Spiracles
d
13. Book lungs
c
14. Book gills
a
15. Malpighian tubules
a. Saclike organs that extract wastes from the blood
and add them to feces
b. Network of branching tubes through which
arthropods breathe
c. Organs through which horseshoe crabs respire
d. Layers of respiratory tissue stacked like the pages
of a book through which spiders respire
e. Small openings on the side of the body through
which air enters and leaves tracheal tubes
16. Complete the concept map about arthropod respiration.
Arthropod
Respiratory
Structures
454
Tracheal tubes
Book lungs
Featherlike gills
Book gills
used by
used by
used by
used by
Most terrestrial
arthropods
Spiders and others
Most aquatic
arthropods
Horseshoe crabs
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include
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17. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the response to
the environment by arthropods.
a. Most arthropods have sophisticated sense organs.
b. All arthropods have a brain.
c. Ganglia along a ventral nerve cord coordinate the movements
of individual legs.
d. Very few arthropods have a well-developed nervous system.
18. How do aquatic arthropods carry out excretion? In aquatic arthropods, diffusion moves
cellular wastes from the arthropods’ body into the surrounding water.
19. How do arthropods move? Arthropods move using well-developed groups of muscles that
are coordinated by the nervous system.
20. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about arthropod reproduction.
a. Aquatic arthropods have only internal fertilization.
b. In some species, males have an organ that places sperm inside
females.
c. Terrestrial arthropods may have internal or external fertilization.
d. In some aquatic species, males shed sperm around eggs
released into the environment.
Growth and Development in Arthropods
(page 719)
21. When do arthropods undergo periods of molting? They molt when they become too large
for their exoskeletons.
22. What occurs in arthropods during molting? An arthropod sheds its entire exoskeleton and
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manufactures a larger one to take its place.
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Section 28–2 Groups of Arthropods
Date ______________
(pages 720–725)
TEKS SUPPORT: 7B Results of natural selection in diversity and adaptation; 8A Classify organisms;
9C Enzymes and food molecules
This section explains how arthropods are classified. It also describes the
distinguishing features of the three major groups of arthropods.
Introduction
1.
(page 720)
What characteristics do biologists use to classify arthropods? Arthropods are classified
based on the number and structure of their body segments and appendages—particularly their
mouthparts.
2.
What are the three major groups of arthropods?
a. Crustaceans
b. Spiders and their relatives
c. Insects and their relatives
Crustaceans
3.
(pages 720–721)
Circle the letter of each description of structures that crustaceans typically have.
a. two pairs of branched antennae
b. four or five body sections
c. chewing mouthparts called mandibles
d. two or three body sections
4.
Label the two body sections of a typical crustacean.
Abdomen
Cephalothorax
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5. The largest group of crustaceans are the
decapods
Date ______________
.
6. Complete the table about crustacean body parts.
CRUSTACEAN BODY PARTS
Body Part
Description
Thorax
Section just behind the head that houses most of the internal organs
Cephalothorax
Fusion of the head with the thorax
Abdomen
The posterior part of the body
Carapace
The part of the exoskeleton that covers the cephalothorax
Mandible
A mouthpart adapted to biting and grinding food
Chelipeds
First pair of legs in decapods, which bear large claws
Swimmerets
Flipperlike appendages used for swimming
7. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about barnacles.
a. They are sessile.
b. They have an outer, shell-like covering.
c. They move backward by snapping a tail.
d. They attach themselves to rocks and marine animals.
Spiders and Their Relatives
(pages 722–724)
8. Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, and scorpions are grouped as
chelicerates
.
9. Circle the letter of each description of structures that chelicerates have.
a. four or five pairs of legs
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b. three or four body sections
c. two pairs of branched antennae
d. mouthparts called chelicerae
10. What is the function of the chelicerae? Chelicerae contain fangs and are used to stab and
paralyze prey.
11. The appendages near the mouth that are usually modified to grab prey are called
pedipalps
.
12. How do spiders respire? Air enters through spiracles and then circulates across the surfaces
of the book lung.
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13. What arthropods do arachnids include? They include spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpions.
14. How are horseshoe crabs like and unlike crabs? They are heavily armored like crabs, but
they have an anatomy closer to that of spiders.
15. Why must spiders liquify their food to swallow it? Spiders do not have jaws for chewing.
16. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about spiders and silk.
a. Spiders spin silk into cocoons for eggs.
b. Spinning webs seems to be a programmed behavior.
c. Spinnerets are organs that contain silk glands.
d. Tarantulas cannot produce silk.
17. Is the following sentence true or false? Mites and ticks are often parasitic.
true
18. Scorpions have pedipalps that are enlarged into
claws
.
19. What do ticks transmit that cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease?
They carry bacteria that cause these diseases.
Insects and Their Relatives
(page 725)
20. Centipedes, millipedes, and insects are all grouped as
uniramians
.
21. Circle the letter of each description of structures that uniramians have.
a. one pair of antennae
b. unbranched appendages
c. mouthparts called chelicerae
d. jaws
they lack a waterproof coating on their exoskeleton. As a result, their bodies lose water easily.
23. How many pairs of legs does each body segment of most centipedes have? Most
body segments of centipedes bear one pair of legs each.
24. How many pairs per segment do millipedes have?
Each millipede segment bears two pairs of legs.
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22. Why are centipedes restricted to moist or humid areas? Their spiracles cannot close, and
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Section 28–3 Insects
Class __________________
Date ______________
(pages 726–733)
TEKS FOCUS: 3F History of biology and contributions of scientists; 10A Body systems;
TEKS SUPPORT: 7B Adaptation
This section identifies the distinguishing features of insects. It also describes
two types of development insects can undergo and explains what types of
insects form societies.
Introduction
1.
(page 726)
What are three characteristics of insects that have contributed to their evolutionary
success?
a. Different ways of responding to stimuli
b. The evolution of flight
c. A life cycle in which the young differ from adults
What Is an Insect?
2.
(pages 727–729)
Label the three body parts of an insect.
Abdomen
Thorax
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Head
3.
How many pairs of legs does an insect have, and where are they attached?
An insect has three pairs of legs, attached to the thorax.
4.
Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about a typical insect.
a. It has tracheal tubes used for respiration.
b. It has a pair of compound eyes on the head.
c. It has two pairs of wings on the abdomen.
d. It has a pair of antennae on the head.
5.
What is the multiple-lens structure of the compound eye better at detecting than the
human eye?
6.
Movement
Where do insects have chemical receptors for taste and smell? These receptors are
located on their mouthparts and also on their antennae and legs.
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7. Is the following sentence true or false? Many insects have well-developed ears.
true
8. Why do insect mouthparts take on a variety of shapes? Insect mouthparts are specialized
for a variety of functions.
9. How many pairs of wings does a flying insect typically have, and what are they
made of? A flying insect typically has two pairs of wings that are made of chitin.
10. What has the evolution of flight allowed insects to do? It has allowed insects to disperse
long distances and to colonize a wide variety of habitats.
11. What is metamorphosis? Metamorphosis is a process of changing shape and form.
12. What is the main difference between complete metamorphosis and incomplete
metamorphosis? Insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis gradually acquire
adult structures. Insects that undergo complete metamorphosis change in body form more
dramatically.
13. The immature forms of an insect that undergo incomplete metamorphosis are
nymphs
called
.
14. Circle the letter of each type of insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis.
a. moths
b. bees
c. chinch bugs
d. beetles
15. What do the insects that undergo complete metamorphosis hatch into?
Larvae
16. The stage in which an insect changes from larva to adult is called a(an)
pupa
.
a. The nymphs gradually acquire adult structures.
b. During the pupal stage, the body is completely remodeled
inside and out.
c. The larva molt a few times but change little in appearance.
d. The adult that emerges seems like a completely different
animal from the larva.
Insects and Humans
(page 730)
18. Is the following sentence true or false? Only male mosquitoes bite humans and
other animals to get a blood meal.
460
false
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17. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about complete metamorphosis.
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19. How do insects contribute beneficially to agriculture? Insects such as bees, butterflies,
wasps, moths, and flies pollinate many crops. About one third of the food you eat depends on
plants pollinated by animals.
Insect Communication
(page 731)
20. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about insect communication.
a. To attract females, male crickets chirp.
b. Much of an insect’s communication involves finding a mate.
c. Insects communicate using visual signals.
d. Fireflies use sound cues to communicate with potential mates.
21. What are pheromones? Pheromones are specific chemical messengers that affect the
behavior or development of other individuals of the same species.
Insect Societies
(pages 732–733)
22. What is a society? A society is a group of closely related animals of the same species that
work together for the benefit of the whole group.
23. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about castes.
a. Each caste has a body form specialized for its role.
b. Most insect societies have multiple queens.
c. Groups of individuals in a society are specialized to perform
particular tasks.
d. The queen is typically the largest individual in the colony.
24. What does a honeybee’s round dance tell the other bees? There is food within a relatively
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short distance from the hive.
25. What does a honeybee’s waggle dance tell the other bees? The food is a longer distance
away.
Reading Skill Practice
By looking carefully at illustrations in textbooks, you can help yourself understand
better what you have read. Look carefully at Figure 28–16 on page 728. What
important idea do these illustrations communicate? Do your work on a separate
sheet of paper.
Insect mouthparts are adapted for a variety of functions and therefore take on a variety of shapes.
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Section 28–4 Echinoderms
(pages 734–738)
Date ______________
TEKS FOCUS: 10A Body systems; TEKS SUPPORT: 12B Predation
This section identifies the distinguishing features of echinoderms. It also
describes functions carried out by the water vascular system of echinoderms
and describes the different classes of echinoderms.
Introduction
(page 734)
1. An internal skeleton is called a(an)
endoskeleton
.
2. What forms an echinoderm’s endoskeleton? Hardened plates of calcium carbonate form its
endoskeleton.
The sea
3. In what environment do all echinoderms live?
What Is an Echinoderm?
(page 734)
4. Is the following sentence true or false? The bodies of most echinoderms are
true
two-sided.
5. What are five features that characterize echinoderms?
a. Spiny skin
d. A water-vascular system
b. Radial symmetry
e. Tube feet
c. An internal skeleton
6. What characteristic of echinoderms indicates that they are closely related to
vertebrates? Both echinoderms and vertebrates are deuterostomes.
Form and Function in Echinoderms
(pages 735–736)
7. What functions does the water vascular system carry out in echinoderms?
It carries out respiration, circulation, and movement.
8. The water vascular system opens to the outside through a sievelike structure called
a(an)
madreporite
.
10. Is the following sentence true or false? Sea stars usually feed on mollusks.
true
11. In most echinoderms, how are solid wastes released? They are released as feces through
the anus.
12. What is the structure of the nervous system in most echinoderms? Most have a nerve
ring that surrounds the mouth and radial nerves that connect the ring with the body sections.
13. What do most echinoderms use to move? Most echinoderms move using tube feet.
14. Is the following sentence true or false? Echinoderms reproduce by internal
fertilization.
462
false
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9. What is a tube foot? A tube foot is a structure that operates much like a living suction cup.
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Groups of Echinoderms
Class __________________
Date ______________
(pages 737–738)
15. Complete the table about groups of echinoderms.
GROUPS OF ECHINODERMS
Group
Description of Feeding
Description of Body
Sea urchins and
sand dollars
Many are detritivores
or grazers
Disk-shaped
Brittle stars
Filter feeders
and detritivores
Star-shaped with slender,
flexible arms
Sea cucumbers
Most are detritus
feeders
Look like warty,
moving pickles
Sea stars
Carnivores
Star-shaped
Sea lilies and
feather stars
Filter feeders
Long, feathery arms and attached
to the ocean bottom by a stalk
16. How do sand dollars defend themselves? They often burrow under layers of sand or mud.
17. When a brittle star is attacked, it sheds one or more arms. How does this help the
echinoderm? The detached arm keeps moving, distracting the predator while the brittle star
escapes.
18. Where are most sea cucumbers found? On the deep-sea floor
19. What happens if a sea star is pulled into pieces? Each piece will grow into a new animal,
as long as it contains a portion of the central part of the body.
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20. Where do many feather stars live? They live on coral reefs.
Ecology of Echinoderms
(page 738)
21. What is the effect of a sudden rise or fall in the number of echinoderms in a marine
habitat? It can cause major changes to populations of other marine organisms.
22. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the ecology of echinoderms.
a. The crown-of-thorns sea star is a major threat to coral reefs.
b. Sea urchins help control the distribution of algae.
c. Echinoderms feed almost exclusively on coral.
d. Sea stars help control the number of clams and corals.
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WordWise
Answer the questions by writing the correct vocabulary terms in the blanks.
Use the circled letter in each term to find the hidden word. Then, write a
definition of the hidden word.
What is it called when an arthropod sheds its
entire exoskeleton and manufactures a large one
to take its place?
m
o
l
t
i
n
y
m
p
h
t
u
b
e
p
h
e
r
What is a mouthpart adapted for biting and
grinding food called?
m
a
n
What is the tough external covering of an
arthropod called?
e
x
o
What is the immature form of an insect called?
What is the structure called on an echinoderm
that operates much like a living suction cup?
What is a specific chemical messenger called that
affects the behavior or development of other
individuals of the same species?
Hidden Word:
t
h
o
r
a
n
g
f
o
o
t
o
m
o
n
e
d
i
b
l
e
s
k
e
l
e
t
o
n
x
Definition: The body segment just behind the head that houses most of the internal organs
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