The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
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IUCN 2008: T3038A47437046
Bradypus variegatus, Brown-throated Sloth
Assessment by: Moraes-Barros, N., Chiarello, A. & Plese, T.
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Moraes-Barros, N., Chiarello, A. & Plese, T. 2014. Bradypus variegatus. The IUCN Red List
of Threatened Species 2014: e.T3038A47437046. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20141.RLTS.T3038A47437046.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Pilosa
Bradypodidae
Taxon Name: Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825
Common Name(s):
• English:
• French:
• Spanish:
Brown-throated Sloth, Bolivian Three-toed Sloth, Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth
Aï De Bolivie, Bradype, Paresseux Tridactyle, Paresseux Tridactyle De Bolivie
Guasa, Perezoso Bayo, Perezoso Grisaceo, Perezoso Tridáctilo
Taxonomic Notes:
According to Gardner (2007) seven subspecies are recognized: B. v. boliviensis (Gray, 1871); B.v.
brasiliensis Blainville, 1840; B.v. ephippiger R.A. Philippi, 1870; B.v. gorgon O. Thomas, 1926; B.v.
infuscatus Wagler, 1831; B.v. trivittatus Cornalia, 1849; and B.v. variegates Schinz, 1825.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Least Concern ver 3.1
Year Published:
2014
Date Assessed:
October 6, 2013
Justification:
Bradypus variegatus is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution including a large part of
the Amazon forest, presumed large population, its occurrence in a number of protected areas, and
because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2013 – Least Concern (LC)
2008 – Least Concern (LC)
2006 – Least Concern (LC)
1996 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
Bradypus variegatus ranges from Honduras in the north, through southern Central America. In South
America, it ranges from Colombia into western and southern Venezuela, and south into Ecuador, eastern
Peru and Bolivia, into Brazil and northern Argentina (where it is now considered to be extirpated). Its
distribution overlaps with B. torquatus in the central part of the Atlantic forest (Hirsch and Chiarello
2012). In Brazil, the species currently occurs in forested areas of the Amazon, Atlantic forest, and
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bradypus variegatus – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3038A47437046.en
1
possibly in the contact zones between these biomes and Cerrado. There are historical records of B.
variegatus in the Caatinga biome (Moraes-Barros unpublished data 2010).
There are no confirmed records for B. variegatus in the Pantanal biome of Brazil, but the species might
occur in the contact zones between this biome and the Amazon forest to the north. Additional field
studies are necessary in order to properly define the current species distribution in the Cerrado,
Caatinga and Pantanal.
The southernmost distribution of this sloth in Brazil was reported by Cabrera (1957) as the state of Rio
Grande do Sul, which could, however, not be confirmed (Gardner 2007). It is historically absent from the
state of Santa Catarina (Brazil) and northeastern Argentina; the southernmost confirmed record of the
species is near Londrina, in the state of Paraná, Brazil, but today it is considered extinct in this state
(Mikich and Bernils 2004). The last record from Argentina was collected in Jujuy province and dates back
to 1916 (Vizcaíno et al. 2006), but field studies specifically aiming at this species are lacking from this
country. Bradypus variegatus is found from sea level to at least 2,400 m asl (Ureña et al. 1986).
Country Occurrence:
Native: Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Brasília Distrito Federal,
Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba,
Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia, Roraima, São Paulo, Sergipe,
Tocantins); Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru; Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of
Possibly extinct: Argentina (Jujuy)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bradypus variegatus – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3038A47437046.en
2
Distribution Map
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bradypus variegatus – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3038A47437046.en
3
Population
Population densities of B. variegatus have been estimated at 2.2 to 6.7 animals per hectare in the
Brazilian Amazon (Queiroz 1995), 8.5 animals per hectare in Panama (Montgomery and Sunquist 1975),
0.6 to 4.5 animals per hectare in the tropical dry forest of Colombia (Acevedo and Sanchez 2007) and 0.7
animals per hectare on Isla Palma, Valle, Colombia (Carvajal-Nieto et al. 2013). No demographic
information is available from the remaining area of distribution. Bradypus variegatus is commonly found
in public squares, where densities can reach 12.5 animals per hectare (Manchester and Jorge 2009).
Recent phylogeographic studies reveal that B. variegatus from the Central American, Western Amazon
and Atlantic forests constitute distinct and unique evolutionary units that are distinguishable by
molecular and morphological traits.
Current Population Trend: Unknown
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
Bradypus variegatus has been recorded from a number of forest types including seasonal mesic tropical
forest, semi-deciduous forest (inland Atlantic Forest), cloud forest, and lowland tropical forest. It
inhabits cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantations in Costa Rica (Vaughan et al. 2007, Ramirez et al. 2011).
This sloth species produces one litter of one infant at intervals of at least 19 months (T. Plese pers.
comm. 2010). Mating period varies depending on the year and geographical region, but occurs mainly in
spring (i.e., from July to November in South America and from February to May in Central America).
Systems: Terrestrial
Use and Trade (see Appendix for additional information)
In Brazil, especially in the northeastern region and in the Amazon, and in Colombia the common sloth is
hunted and sold in public markets as food, medicine, and as a pet species. In several touristic sites, B.
variegatus is used by locals to entertain visitors.
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
It appears that there are no major threats to B. variegatus at the global level. Nevertheless, some
subpopulations, especially in Colombia and the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, are declining due to
deforestation leading to severe habitat degradation and fragmentation. The lowest levels of genetic
diversity of the species were observed in the Atlantic Forest; they were similar to the levels observed in
the Critically Endangered Bradypus pygmaeus (Silva 2013). Furthermore, they are hunted by local
indigenous communities. Wild-caught individuals, especially offspring, are sold as pets to tourists in
Colombia (Moreno and Plese 2006). This illegal trade is increasing and represents a cause of concern
due to its impact on the wild populations. Mortality on roads also occurs.
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
Bradypus variegatus is present in many protected areas. It is included in CITES Appendix II.
Credits
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bradypus variegatus – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3038A47437046.en
4
Assessor(s):
Moraes-Barros, N., Chiarello, A. & Plese, T.
Reviewer(s):
Abba, A.M. & Superina, M.
Contributor(s):
González-Maya, J.F.
Facilitators(s) and
Compiler(s):
Superina, M.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bradypus variegatus – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3038A47437046.en
5
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Citation
Moraes-Barros, N., Chiarello, A. & Plese, T. 2014. Bradypus variegatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species 2014: e.T3038A47437046. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3038A47437046.en
Disclaimer
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External Resources
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For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
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Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland
Resident
Suitable
Yes
1. Forest -> 1.7. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above
High Tide Level
Resident
Suitable
No
1. Forest -> 1.8. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Swamp
Resident
Suitable
No
1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Resident
Suitable
No
14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations
Resident
Suitable
No
Use and Trade
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
End Use
Local
National
International
Food - human
Yes
Yes
No
Medicine - human & veterinary
Yes
No
No
Pets/display animals, horticulture
Yes
Yes
No
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder
farming
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
-
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry
farming
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching or
farming
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bradypus variegatus – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3038A47437046.en
-
-
-
-
10
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranching
or farming
4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.1. Roads &
railroads
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is
the target)
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Negligible declines
Unknown
-
Low impact: 4
Unknown
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Action Recovery plan: No
Systematic monitoring scheme: No
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
Area based regional management plan: No
Invasive species control or prevention: No
In-Place Species Management
Harvest management plan: No
Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No
Subject to ex-situ conservation: No
In-Place Education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Yes
Included in international legislation: Unknown
Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bradypus variegatus – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3038A47437046.en
11
Conservation Actions Needed
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Yes
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 10000000
Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown
Lower elevation limit (m): 0
Upper elevation limit (m): 2400
Population
Population severely fragmented: No
Habitats and Ecology
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown
Generation Length (years): 6
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bradypus variegatus – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3038A47437046.en
12
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