Groups of Living Plants
Mosses
Liverworts
Hornworts
Plant Kingdom
Nonvascular Plants
Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts
Seedless Vascular Plants
Club mosses & spike mosses
Whisk ferns
Horsetails
Ferns
Nonvascular
Plants
Club mosses
Seedless Vascular Plants
Whisk ferns
Horsetails
Ferns
Vascular
Plants
Gymnosperms
Conifers
Gnetophytes
Ginkgo
Seedbearing
Vascular
Plants
Flowering Plants
Angiosperms
Nonvascular Land Plants
Phylum: Bryophyta
Mosses
I. Phyla (25,000 species)
1. Bryophyta
…… mosses
2. Hepaticophyta …… liverworts
3. Anthocerotophyta…… hornworts
Capsule
II. Unifying characteristics
1. No vascular tissue
2. No roots, stems and leaves
3. Dominant gametophyte
4. Sporophyte attached to gametophyte
Sporophyte
Seta or stalk
Gametophyte
Moss Reproduction: Male Gametophytes
Mosses: Male gametophyte
Sterile jacket
Sperm
Antheridium
1
Moss Life Cycle
Sperm
Neck
Antheridia
Egg
Sporophyte =
Capsule & Seta
Archegonia
Archegonium
Egg
Gametophytes
Female gametophyte
Venter
Moss Ecology & Importance
Pioneer organisms:
Granite mosses
Volcanic soil (55 C)
Antarctic and Arctic
… dominant flora with lichens
Rare in cities (SO2 sensitivity)
Protonema
Spores (n)
Liverworts (8000 species)
1. Flattened Gametophytes
2. Thallose (20%)
3. Leafy (80%)
Asexual reproduction
Gemmae in Gemmae cups
Accumulators. Scopelophila ..copper moss
Other mosses accum lead, strontium & zinc
Liverwort Life Cycle
Liverwort
Antheridial
Head of Male
Gametophyte
Antheridiophore
2
Liverwort Female Gametophyte
Archegoniophores
Foot
Liverwort
Sporophyte
Seta
Capsule
Spores
Elaters
Archegonium
Groups of Living Plants
Mosses
Liverworts
Hornworts
Nonvascular
Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants
Vascular
Plants
Gymnosperms
Club mosses
Whisk ferns
Horsetails
Ferns
Conifers
Gnetophytes
Ginkgo
Seedbearing
Vascular
Plants
END
End Mosses
& Liverworts
Mosses
& Liverworts
Angiosperms
Phyla of Seedless Vascular Plants
Lycopodiophyta Æ club mosses
Living fossils
Psilophyta Æ whisk ferns
Flowering Plants
Phylum: Lycopodiohyta
Club Mosses, Ground Pines & Spike mosses
¾1200 species: tropical & temperate
¾perennial,evergreen, branched
Equisetophyta Æ horsetails
Closely related
Pterophyta Æ ferns
¾leaves microphylls
¾rhizomes & adventitious roots
All form antheridia and archegonia
¾Sporangia … strobilus
All have flagellated sperm
¾Homospory & heterospory
Water required for fertilization
¾Gametophyte: free living
¾Fossil trees
3
Fossil lycopods
Phylum: Lycopodiophyta
Selaginella = spike moss
Lepidodendron
Phylum: Lycopodiophyta Club Mosses
Heterospory - Spore production in Selaginella
Megasporangia
Microsporangia
Phylum: Psilophyta…whisk ferns
Characteristics
¾Herbaceous, Evergreen
¾Dichotomously branched
¾No roots,No leaves
¾Homosporous
¾Underground gametophyte
Phylum: Equisetophyta
Horsetails/ ScouringRushes/
Snake grass/ Joint Grass
¾Equisetum …15 species
¾Moist, temperature areas
¾Stems: Upright -Herbaceous,
evergreen, jointed, fluted
Rhizomes
¾Leaves: scalelike,whorls
¾Homosporous
¾Small gametophytes
Psilotum gametophyte
gametophyte
rhizome
4
Fossil Horsetails
Equisetum strobilus & sporangia
Calamites
Sporangia in strobilus
Phylum: Pterophyta
Ferns
Fern Vegetative Sporophyte
¾365 genera,
12,000 species
75% tropical
Pinnae
¾Free-living gametophytes
¾Stem = rhizome
¾Leaves = fronds
Often compound
Frond
or
compound leaf
¾Homosporous mostly
¾Sporangia in a sorus (sori)
Fern gametophyte
= prothallus
Sporangium
Archegonium
sorus
Antheridium
Gametophyte
5
Fern Life Cycle
Gametophyte
Fern Life Cycle
n = haploid
Spore
Mature
sporangium
Mature
frond
Sporophyte
n
MEIOSIS
2n = Diploid
2n
Sorus (cluster
of sporangia)
Rhizome
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fern Life Cycle
Antheridium
Gametophyte
Gametophyte (Prothallus)
Archegonium
Mitosis
Spore
Spore
n
MEIOSIS
Sporangium
MEIOSIS
2n
Egg
in archegonium
n
Sperm in antheridium
2n
Sorus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fern Life Cycle
Summary: Seedless Vascular Plants
Archegonium
™ Dominant Sporophyte
Egg
Antheridium
Gametophyte
MEIOSIS
n
2n
Sperm
FERTILIZATION
Sporangium
™ Free-living gametophytes
– All form antheridia & archegonia
– Motile sperm in most
… External water for fertilization
Embryo
Young sporophyte
Adult sporophyte
– Vascular Tissue in sporophyte
– Usually evergreen and herbaceous
– Most are homosporous… some heterosporous
Gametophyte
™ 4 Phyla
•
•
•
•
Lycopodiophyta – club mosses, ground pines & spike mosses
Psilophyta – whisk ferns
Equisetophyta - horsetails
Pterophyta – ferns
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
6
END
Mosses, Liverworts & Seedless Vascular Plants
7