Participation in Government
Dimmitt High School
Coach Aimee Broom
Unit Four:
The Executive Branch
Student Name: ____________________________
Section: ______________________
Working Relentlessly to Ensure that 100% of Students
will Graduate in May 2015!
Executive Branch Schedule – Last 6 weeks of Government
Dates are subject to change at the teacher’s discretion.
Roles of The President ....................................................................................................... 11/20/14
Work on Research Paper .................................................................................................... 11/21/14
Roles of The Vice President and Succession ..................................................................... 11/24/14
............................................................................................................................................ 11/25/14
RESEARCH PAPER DUE 11/25/14
Presidential Selection: The Framers’ Plan ......................................................................... 12/01/14
............................................................................................................................................ 12/02/14
Presidential Nominations ................................................................................................... 12/03/14
............................................................................................................................................ 12/04/14
The Election ....................................................................................................................... 12/05/14
............................................................................................................................................ 12/08/14
The Growth of Presidential Power ..................................................................................... 12/09/14
............................................................................................................................................ 12/10/14
The President’s Executive Powers ..................................................................................... 12/11/14
............................................................................................................................................ 12/12/14
Diplomatic and Military Powers ........................................................................................ 12/15/14
............................................................................................................................................ 12/16/14
Review & Study Guide for Exam 4 ................................................................................ 12/17/14
Final Exam 4 ..................................................................................................................... 12/18/14
............................................................................................................................................ 12/19/14
2
ROLES OF THE PRESIDENT
Objective: SWBAT identify the President’s many roles
Do Now: List the characteristics that you think make someone a good President
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
Vocabulary
1. Chief of State: _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Chief Diplomat: ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Commander in Chief: _______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Chief of Party: _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Chief Executive : ___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Chief Administrator: ________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3
7. Chief Legislator: ___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
8. Chief Citizen: ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
The President’s Job Description
What are the President’s many roles?
The President’s Roles
__________________________________
The President is chief of state. This means he is the ceremonial head of the government of the
United States, the symbol of all the people of the nation.
__________________________________
The Constitution vests the President with the executive power of the United States, making him
or her the nation’s chief executive.
__________________________________
The President is the chief administrator, or director, of the United States government.
__________________________________
As the nation’s chief diplomat, the President is the main architect of American foreign policy and
chief spokesperson to the rest of the world.
More Roles of the President
__________________________________
The Constitution makes the President the commander in chief, giving him or her complete control
of the nation’s armed forces.
__________________________________
The President is the chief legislator, the main architect of the nation’s public policies.
__________________________________
The President acts as the chief of party, the acknowledged leader of the political party that
controls the executive branch.
__________________________________
The President is expected to be “the representative of all the people.”
4
What are the formal qualifications necessary to become President?
Formal Qualifications:
Article II, Section 1, Clause 5, of the Constitution says that the President must:
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
What issues have arisen involving the length of the President’s term?
Until ____________________, the Constitution placed _______________________ on the number of
________________________ a President might serve.
Traditionally, Presidents limited the number of terms served to _________________. This tradition was broken
by _____________________________ in 1940 when he ran for and won a third term in office. He then went on
to be elected to a ______________________ in 1944.
The ___________________________________ placed limits on presidential terms. A President now may not be
elected more than twice or only once if they became President due to succession.
The President’s Term:
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
How is the President compensated?
Pay and Benefits
Congress determines the President’s salary, and this salary cannot be changed during a presidential term.
5
Pay and Benefits:
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Assessment:
1. Explain the President’s role as Chief of State?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. How does the President function as the Chief of Party?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why can Arnold Schwarzenegger be Governor of California, but not President of the United States?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Admiral George Dewey once said, “the office of President is not such a very difficult one to fill, his duties
being mainly to execute the laws of Congress.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement- Why or why not?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. At $400,000 per year, the President’s salary is far more than that of many wealthy Americans, but far less than
the yearly income of the wealthiest. Do you think the President is fairly compensated? Why or why not?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
6
Review
1. As commander in chief, the President
(a) is the leader of all the nation’s armed
(c) is the director of the government.
forces.
(d) represents the citizens of the United
(b) initiates legislation.
States abroad.
2. In order to become President, a citizen needs to be at least
(a) 25 years old.
(c) 45 years old.
(b) 35 years old.
(d) 30 years old.
7
ROLES OF THE VICE PRESIDENTAND SUCCESSION
Objective: SWBAT describe the role of the Vice President. SWBAT explain the role of the list of
Presidential Succession
Vocabulary:
1. Presidential Succession: _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Balance the Ticket: ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Presidential Succession Act of 1947: _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Presidential Succession and the Vice Presidency
How does the Constitution provide for presidential succession?
The Constitution and Succession
Presidential _____________________________ is the plan by which a presidential vacancy is filled.
The ______________________ Amendment, ratified in 1967, made it clear that the
__________________________ will become President if the President is removed from office.
The Presidential Succession Act of _________________ set the order of succession following the Vice
President
Presidential Succession:
1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
4. ___________________________________
5. ___________________________________
6. ___________________________________
7. ___________________________________
What are the constitutional provisions for presidential disability?
Presidential Disability
●
Sections 3 and 4 of the 25th Amendment provide procedures to follow when the President is disabled.
●
The Vice President is to become acting President if
(1) _____________________________________________________________________________ or
(2) ______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
What is the role of the Vice President?
The Constitution only gives the Vice President two duties besides becoming President if the President is removed
from office:
Vice Presidential Duties:
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
●
If the office of Vice President becomes vacant, the President nominates a new Vice President subject to the
approval of Congress.
●
Today, the Vice President often performs diplomatic and political chores for the President.
Fun Fact: There have been 9 VPs who have had to take over
Review
1. Who is in line for presidential succession following the Vice President?
(a) the First Lady
(c) the president of the Senate
(b) the Speaker of the House
(d) the Secretary of State
2. Which constitutional amendment provides for presidential succession?
(a) the 25th Amendment
(c) the 22nd Amendment
(b) the 26th Amendment
(d) the 21st Amendment
9
Presidential Selection: The Framers’ Plan
Vocabulary:
1. Presidential electors: ________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Electoral Votes: ____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Electoral College: __________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
What were the Framers’ original provisions for choosing the President?
Original Provisions
●
According to the Constitution, the President and Vice President are chosen by a special body of presidential
electors.
●
Originally, these electors each cast two electoral votes, each for a different candidate. The candidate with the
most votes would become President, and the candidate with the second highest total would become Vice
President.
How did the rise of political parties change the original provisions set out in the Constitution?
The Rise of Parties
●
The electoral college is the group of people (electors) chosen from each State and the District of Columbia
that formally selects the President and Vice President. With the rise of political parties in 1796, flaws began
to be seen in the system.
The 12th Amendment
●
The 12th Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1804 following the election of 1800.
●
The major change in the electoral college made by the amendment was that each elector would distinctly cast
one electoral vote for President and one for Vice President.
Review
1. Which year’s election paved the way for changes in the electoral college?
(a) 1800
(c) 1804
(b) 1792
(d) 1812
2. Which amendment to the Constitution modified the electoral college to avoid electoral ties for the office of
President?
(a) the 11th Amendment
(b) the 5th Amendment
(c) the 9th Amendment
(d) the 12th Amendment
10
Presidential Nominations
Vocabulary:
1. Presidential Primary: _________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Winner-take-all: _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Proportional representation: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. National convention: __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Platform: __________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Keynote address: ___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
What role do conventions play in the presidential nominating process?
The Role of Conventions
Convention Arrangements
●
The convention system has been mainly built by the two major parties in American politics.
●
Party national committees arrange the time and place for their party’s nominating convention.
The Apportionment and Selection of Delegates
●
Parties apportion the number of delegates each State will receive based on electoral votes and other
factors.
●
Delegates are selected through both presidential primaries and the caucus-convention process.
How important are presidential primaries?
Depending on the State, a presidential primary is an election in which a party’s voters
(1______________________________________________________________________
and/or
(2) _____________________________________________________________________
●
Many States use a proportional representation rule to select delegates. In this system, a proportion of a
State’s delegates are chosen to match voter preferences in the primary.
●
More than half of the States hold preference primaries where voters choose their preference for a
candidate. Delegates are selected later to match voter preferences.
What differences exist between the caucus-convention process and the primary process?
The Caucus-Convention Process
•
In those States that do not hold presidential primaries, delegates to the national conventions are chosen in
a system of caucuses and conventions.
•
The party’s voters meet in local caucuses where they choose delegates to a local or district convention,
where delegates to the State convention are picked.
•
At the State level, and sometimes in the district conventions, delegates to the national convention are
chosen.
What events take place during a national convention?
A party’s national convention is the meeting at which delegates vote to pick their presidential and vicepresidential candidates. Party conventions accomplish three main goals:
1) _____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(2) ____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(3) ____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
12
What characteristics determine who is nominated as a presidential candidate?
Who Is Nominated?
•
If an incumbent President wants to seek reelection, his or her nomination is almost guaranteed.
•
Political experience factors into the nomination process. State governors, the executive officers on the State
level, have historically been favored for nomination. U.S. senators also have fared well.
•
Many candidates come from key larger states. Candidates from larger states, such as California, New York,
and Ohio, have usually been seen as more electable than candidates from smaller states.
Review
1. More than half of the presidential primary States hold only a
(a) caucus.
(c) preference primary.
(b) winner-take-all primary.
(d) nominating convention.
2. A party’s formal statement of its basic principles and views is called the party’s
(a) plank.
(c) constitution.
(b) primary.
(d) platform.
13
The Election
Vocabulary:
1. District Plan: _____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Proportional Plan: _________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Direct Popular election: _____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Electorate: _______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. National bonus plan: _______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
What is the function of the electoral college today?
The Electoral College Today
Voters do not vote directly for the President. Instead, they vote for electors in the electoral college.
All States, except two (Maine and Nebraska), select electors based on the winner of the popular vote in
that State.
Electors then meet in the State capitals on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December and cast
their votes for President and Vice President.
On January 6, the electoral votes cast are counted by the president of the Senate, and the President and
Vice President are formally elected.
If no candidate wins a majority of electoral votes (270), the election is thrown into the House of
Representatives.
14
What are the flaws in the electoral college?
Flaws in the Electoral College
There are three major defects in the electoral college:
(1) _____________________________________________________________________________.
This has happened four times in U.S. history (1824, 1876, 1888, and 2000).
(2) ______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(3) _______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
In this process, each State is given one vote, meaning that States with smaller populations wield the
same power as those with larger populations.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of proposed reforms in the electoral college?
Proposed Reforms
•
In the district plan, electors would be chosen the same way members of Congress are selected: each
congressional district would select one elector (just as they select representatives), and two electors would
be selected based on the overall popular vote in a State (just as senators are selected).
•
The proportional plan suggests that each candidate would receive the same share of a State’s electoral
vote as he or she received in the State’s popular vote.
•
A commonly heard reform suggests that the electoral college be done away with altogether in favor of
direct popular election. At the polls, voters would vote directly for the President and Vice President
instead of electors.
•
The national bonus plan would automatically offer the winner of the popular vote 102 electoral votes in
addition to the other electoral votes he or she might gain.
15
Electoral College Supporters
There are two major strengths of the electoral college that its supporters espouse:
•
It is a known process. Each of the proposed, but untried, reforms may very well have defects that could
not be known until they appeared in practice.
•
In most election years, the electoral college defines the winner of the presidential election quickly and
certainly.
Review
1. . Which of the following is a possible flaw of the electoral college system?
(a) Electors are not bound to cast their
(c) A candidate can win the popular vote but
electoral vote for the party they represent.
lose the electoral vote.
(b) A candidate can fail to win a majority of
(d) All of the above.
electoral votes
2. The proportional plan for electoral college reform suggests that
(a) electors are chosen by State legislatures.
(c) electors are chosen based on congressional
(b) candidates receive a share of a State’s
districts.
electoral votes correlating to his or her share
(d) the candidate that wins the popular vote
of the State’s popular vote.
automatically receives 102 electoral votes
16
The Growth of Presidential Power
Why is Article II of the Constitution controversial?
Article II
Article II, the Constitution’s Executive Article, begins this way:
“The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.”
With these few words, the Framers established the presidency.
How has presidential power grown over time?
•
Over the course of American history, the champions of a stronger presidency have almost always prevailed.
•
The nation’s increasingly complex social and economic life has also influenced the growth of presidential
power.
•
By passing laws and expanding the role of the Federal Government, Congress has increased presidential
power as well.
•
The ability to use the mass media, as every President since Franklin D. Roosevelt has, aids in gathering and
holding public attention.
How have Presidents’ own views affected the power of the office?
The Presidential View
The nature of the presidency depends on how each President views the office and exercises its powers.
Two Views:
•
Some Presidents, such as Teddy Roosevelt, have taken a broad view of the powers they inherited.
•
Other Presidents, like William Howard Taft, have felt that they cannot exercise any power not
specifically granted to them.
Review
1. The Executive Article of the Constitution is
(a) Article I.
(b) Article II.
2. The two views of presidential power are mostly centered on
(a) the extent of powers the President may act
with.
(b) the President’s relationship to the
electorate.
(c) Article IV.
(d) Article V.
(c) constitutional amendments curtailing
presidential power.
(d) none of the above.
17
The President’s Executive Powers
Vocabulary:
1. Executive Article: _________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Mass Media: ______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Imperial Presidency: _______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Oath of Office: ____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Executive Order: __________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Ordinance Power: __________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Where does the President get the power to execute federal laws?
Executing the Law
•
As chief executive, the President executes (enforces, administers, carries out) the provisions of federal
law.
•
The oath of office instructs the President to carry out the laws of the land.
•
The other provision is the Constitution’s command that “he shall take care that the laws be faithfully
executed.”
What is ordinance power, and where does it come from?
The Ordinance Power
•
The President has the power to issue executive orders. An executive order is a directive, rule, or
regulation that has the effect of law.
•
The power to issue these orders, the ordinance power, arises from two sources: the Constitution and acts
of Congress.
•
Although not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, the ordinance power is clearly intended.
•
The size of government has caused Congress to delegate more and more discretion to the
18
How does the appointing power work?
The Appointment Power
•
With Senate consent, the President names most of the top-ranking officers of the Federal Government,
including:
(1) _________________________________________________________________________________;
(2) _________________________________________________________________________________;
(3) _________________________________________________________________________________;
(4) _________________________________________________________________________________;
(5) _________________________________________________________________________________.
How has the debate over the removal power evolved?
The Removal Power
The Historical Debate
•
Debate ensued in the First Congress as to whether the President could remove appointees without the
consent of the Senate.
•
The view that the President may remove the officials he appoints without Senate consent has prevailed
over time.
•
In general, the President may remove any appointees except federal judges.
Review
1. The President is commanded to execute the provisions of federal law by
(a) acts of Congress.
(c) the Supreme Court.
(b) the oath of office and another
(d) the electoral college.
constitutional provision.
2. Which of the following government officials is not appointed by the President?
(a) Supreme Court justices
(c) Speaker of the House
(b) Cabinet members and their top aides
(d) ambassadors and other diplomats
19
Diplomatic and Military Powers
Vocabulary:
1. treaty: ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. executive agreement: _______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. recognition: ______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. persona non grata: _________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
How are treaties made and approved?
The Power to Make Treaties
•
A treaty is a formal agreement between two or more sovereign states.
•
The President, usually through the secretary of state, negotiates these international agreements.
•
All treaties must pass approval by a two thirds of the members present vote in the Senate.
Why and how are executive agreements made?
Executive Agreements
•
An executive agreement is a pact between the President and the head of a foreign state, or a subordinate.
•
Unlike treaties, executive agreements do not require Senate consent.
What purpose does the power of recognition have?
The Power of Recognition
•
The power of recognition is exercised when the President, acting for the United States, acknowledges the
legal existence of another sovereign state.
•
The President may show American displeasure with the conduct of another country by asking for the recall of
that nation’s ambassador or other diplomatic representatives in this country.
•
The official is declared to be persona non grata, or an unwelcome person.
20
What powers does the President have in the role of commander in chief?
The Constitution makes the President the commander in chief of the nation’s armed forces.
Making Undeclared War
•
Many Presidents have used the armed forces abroad without a declaration of war.
Wartime Powers
•
The President’s powers as commander in chief are far greater during a war than they are in normal times.
The War Powers Resolution
•
The War Powers Resolution of 1973 limits the President’s war-making powers.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Review
1. A treaty is
(a) the power to build a navy and other armed
(c) recognition of a foreign government by the
forces.
President.
(b) a formal agreement between two or more
(d) a condemnation of a foreign government
sovereign states.
by the American people.
2. When acting as head of the nation’s armed forces, the President is filling the role of
(a) commander in chief.
(c) head elector.
(b) chief legislator.
(d) president pro tempore.
21
PRESIDENT’S JUDICIAL AND LEGISLATIVE POWERS
Objective: SWBAT describe the President’s major Legislative and Judicial powers
Vocabulary:
1. Line-item veto: ____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Reprieve: ________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Pardon: __________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Clemency: _______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Commutation: _____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
How are the President’s legislative powers an important part of the system of checks and balances?
Recommending Legislation
•
The Constitution provides that the President shall report to Congress on the state of the Union and
recommend necessary legislation.
•
This power is often called the message power.
The Veto Power
•
All legislation passed by Congress is sent to the President for approval.
If the President disapproves of a bill, he can veto it. That veto can only be overturned by a two-thirds vote of
both houses of Congress
The Line-Item Veto and Other Legislative Powers
The Line Item Veto
•
A line-item veto measure would allow the President to reject specific dollar amounts in spending bills
enacted by Congress.
•
In 1996, Congress passed the Line Item Veto Act; however, it was struck down by the Supreme Court in
1998.
22
Other Legislative Powers
•
According to Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution, only the President can call a Congress into special
session.
Legislative Powers: The President sends three things to the Legislative Branch each year:
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
Veto Power: The President can do four things when he receives a bill:
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________
The Line Item Veto:
1. ____________________________________________________________
What are the President’s major judicial powers?
Judicial Powers
•
The Constitution gives the President the power to “...grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the
United States, except in cases of impeachment.” —Article II, Section 2, Clause 1
•
A reprieve is the postponement of the execution of a sentence.
•
A pardon is legal forgiveness for a crime.
•
These powers of clemency (mercy or leniency) may be used only in cases of federal crimes.
Most Famous Pardon:
1. ________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
23
Review
1. A presidential veto of legislation can only be overturned by a
(a) two-thirds vote in both houses of
(c) two-thirds vote in the House.
Congress.
(d) three-fifths vote in both houses of
(b) two-thirds vote in the Senate.
Congress.
2. Reprieves and pardons are both examples of the President’s
(a) appointment power.
(c) ordinance power.
(b) wartime powers.
(d) clemency power.
24
Major elements of Federal Bureaucracy
Objective: SWBAT identify the major elements of federal bureaucracy
Vocabulary:
1. Bureaucracy: _____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Administration: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Bureaucrat: _______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Staff Agency: _____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Line Agency: _____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
What is a bureaucracy?
Three Features of a Bureaucracy:
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
What are the major elements of the federal bureaucracy?
Major Elements of the Federal Bureaucracy
The federal bureaucracy is all of the agencies, people, and procedures through which the Federal Government
operates.
•
The President is the chief administrator of the Federal Government.
•
In order to enact and enforce policy, Congress and the President have created an administration—the
government’s many administrators and agencies.
•
The chief organizational feature of the federal bureaucracy is its division into areas of specialization.
25
How are groups within the federal bureaucracy named?
The Name Game
•
The name department is reserved for agencies of the Cabinet rank.
•
Outside of department, there is little standardization of names throughout the agencies.
•
Common titles include agency, administration, commission, corporation, and authority.
What is the difference between a staff agency and a line agency?
Staff Agencies
•
Staff agencies serve in a support capacity.
•
They aid the chief executive and other administrators by offering advice and other assistance in the
management of the organization.
Line Agencies
•
Line agencies perform tasks for which the organization exists.
•
Congress and the President give the line agencies goals to accomplish, and staff agencies help the line
agencies accomplish them.
Benefit to Bureaucracy:
1. _________________________________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________________________________
Examples of Government Departments: People are appointed, not elected!
1. _________________________________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________________________________
“Red Tape”: Bureaucracies are considered to be “red tape” because there are often delays in paperwork and
actual action.
26
Review
1. All of the following are characteristics of bureaucracies EXCEPT
(a) hierarchical authority.
(c) lack of formal organization.
(b) formalized rules.
(d) job specialization.
2. Staff agencies are created to
(a) act as congressional watchdogs on
(c) serve as a check on the Supreme Court.
executive agencies.
(d) fulfill a specific task or function.
(b) aid other agencies in completing their
goals.
27
Constitution and Congress Powers to Tax
Objective: SWBAT explain how and why the Constitution gives Congress the power to tax
Vocabulary:
1. Progressive tax: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Excise tax: _______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Estate tax: ________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Gift tax: _________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Regressive tax: ____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
How and why does the Constitution give Congress the power to tax?
The Power To Tax
●
Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 of the Constitution grants Congress the power to tax.
●
The Sixteenth Amendment gives Congress the power to levy an income tax.
Limits on the Power to Tax
●
The power to tax is also limited through the Constitution. According to the Constitution:
●
1. Taxes must be used for public purposes only.
●
2. Federal taxes must be the same in every State.
●
3. The government may not tax exports.
What are the most significant federal taxes collected today?
Current Federal Taxes
The Income Tax
●
The income tax is the largest source of federal revenue today. The tax is also a progressive tax, that is,
the higher the income and the ability to pay, the higher the tax rate.
Individual Income Tax
●
Individual income taxes regularly provide the largest source of federal revenue.
●
The tax is levied on each person’s taxable income.
Corporation Income Tax
28
●
Each corporation must pay a tax on its net income, that is, on the earnings above the costs of doing
business.
Social Insurance Taxes
There are three main types of social insurance taxes levied:
OASDI
●
The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability program is the basic Social Security program.
Medicare
●
Medicare is health insurance for the elderly and part of the Social Security program.
Unemployment Compensation
●
The unemployment compensation program pays benefits to jobless workers and is also part of the
overall Social Security program.
Other Types of Taxes
Excise Taxes
●
An excise tax is a tax laid on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of goods and/or the performance
of services.
Custom Duties
●
A custom duty is a tax laid on goods brought into the U.S. from abroad.
Estate and Gift Taxes
●
An estate tax is a levy imposed on the assets (estate) of one who dies. A gift tax is one imposed on
the making of a gift by a living person.
Why does the Federal Government impose taxes for nonrevenue purposes?
Taxing for Nonrevenue Purposes
●
Besides taxing for revenue purposes, the Federal Government sometimes taxes for the purpose of
regulating and even discouraging some activity that Congress thinks is harmful or dangerous to the
public.
●
The Supreme Court has upheld Congress’s taxing for nonrevenue purposes.
●
However, the Supreme Court can still rule a tax unlawful if it finds that the tax was imposed for improper
reasons.
Review
1. Most of the Federal Government’s income comes from
(a) custom duties.
(c) estate taxes.
(b) licenses.
(d) income taxes.
2. OASDI, Medicare, and unemployment compensation program taxes are all types of
(a) social insurance taxes.
(c) nonrevenue taxes.
(b) progressive taxes.
(d) freedom taxes.
29
Foreign Policy and Components of Department of State
Objective: SWBAT describe foreign policy and understand the components of the Department of State
Vocabulary:
1. Domestic Affairs___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Foreign Affairs: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Isolationism: ______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Ambassador: ______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Foreign Affairs and National Security
What is foreign policy?
Foreign Policy Defined
•
A nation’s foreign policy is made up of all the stands and actions that a nation takes in every aspect of its
relationships with other countries.
•
The President, the nation’s chief diplomat and commander in chief of its armed forces, has traditionally
carried the major responsibility for both the making and conduct of foreign policy.
How can we differentiate between isolationism and internationalism?
Isolationism to Internationalism
•
For more than 150 years, the American people were chiefly interested in domestic affairs, or what was
happening at home.
•
Foreign affairs, or the nation’s relationships with other countries, were of little or no concern.
•
Isolationism, the purposeful refusal to become generally involved in the affairs of the rest of the world,
was American policy during this time.
•
Since World War II, however, U.S. policy has featured a broadening of American involvement in global
affairs.
30
How does the Department of State function?
The State Department
●
The State Department is headed by the secretary of state, who ranks first among the members of the
President’s Cabinet.
●
An ambassador is a personal representative appointed by the President to represent the nation in matters
of diplomacy.
●
The State Department issues passports, certificates issued to citizens who travel or live abroad.
●
Diplomatic immunity is usually applied to ambassadors and means that they are not subject to the laws of
state to which they are accredited.
The State Department:
1. _________________________________________
2. _________________________________________
3. _________________________________________
4. _________________________________________
5. _________________________________________
Ambassadors:
1. _________________________________________
2. _________________________________________
How do the Department of Defense and the military departments function?
The Military Departments
The Department of the Army
•
The army is the largest and the oldest of the armed services.
•
The army consists of standing troops, or the Regular Army, and its reserve units—the Army National
Guard and Army Reserve.
The Department of the Navy
•
The navy’s major responsibilities are for sea warfare and defense.
•
The U.S. Marine Corps, a combat-ready land force, are under the auspices of navy command.
The Department of the Air Force
•
The air force is the youngest branch of the armed services.
•
The air force’s main responsibility is to serve as the nation’s first line of defense.
31
The Defense Departments:
1. ______________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________
Review
1. United States foreign policy might consist of any of the following EXCEPT
(a) intrastate energy disputes.
(c) international trade policy.
(b) protection of overseas interests.
(d) sending diplomats to global conferences.
2. Under the principle of civilian control of the military,
(a) the military acts as an independent and
(c) mandatory service is used as a means of
autonomous body.
recruitment.
(b) military generals have unrestricted
(d) an officer of the people has ultimate
control of the armed forces.
control of the armed forces.
32