THE COMMAND AND PROHIBITION SENTENCES ACHIEVEMENT OF THE
FIRST SEMESTER STUDENTSOF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF KUTAI
KARTANEGARA UNIVERSITY
KartikaPuspandari
FKIP UniversitasKutaiKartanegara
Abstract.The purpose of the research is to study the command and
prohibition sentences achievement of the first semester students of English
Department of Unikarta in academic year 2016/2017.This research was
conductEd at English Department of KutaiKartanegara University with 37
randomly selected respondents derived from students. The instrument used
to obtain the data was an written test. The main tools to analyze the data
used descriptive statistics, namely mean score and rate percentage
calculation. The result of this research indicated that the command and
prohibition sentences achievement of the FisrtSemesterof English
Department of Unikarta was fair. This fact was supported by the students
mean score 61.84 which fell on C (fair level).
Key Words: command and prohibition, sentences, achievement
ENGLISH is an international language, which is used by most countries around the
world. Everything will use English as medium to expand the information development so
that the education knowledge, skills, and proficiency of English are badly needed. When
people do not have them, they will find it difficult to communicate not only in their own
country but also in the world. Because of that reason, the government take the step to
anticipate the global era, in case of information, technology and science, which are
spread all over the world by English as a compulsory subject at junior up to university
level. It is hoped that Indonesia will not leave behind among other nation.
Grammar, no matter what the language, is necessarily made of certain units, certain
structures, certain relationship and certain grammatical classes. For example in English
the unit included: the morphemes, the words, the phrase, the clause, and the sentences.
These can be arranged in order of increasing size, and the each can be defined in terms of
the other.
Sentence is one of the component language that not easy to be master. Because,
sentence built by a clause typically contains at least a subject noun phrase and a finite
verb. While the subject is usually a noun phrase, other kinds of phrases (such as gerund
phrases) work as well, and some languages allow subjects to be omitted. As stated by
Wikipedia 1 (2011) in the field of linguistics, asentence is an expression in natural
language, and often defined to indicate a grammatical unit consisting of one or more
words that generally bear minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow
it. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question,
exclamation, request, command or suggestion and prohibition.
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Command and prohibition sentences are the sentences that more often used in our
daily live, such as “close the door!” or “do not leave me”. It is very closely with our live.
We can imagine what happened if we do not know about this sentence. Concerning to the
description above, the researcher would like to conduct the command and prohibition
sentences achievement of the First Semester of English Department of Unikarta in
academic year 2016/2017.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
1. Concept of Sentence
A sentence is a grammatical unit that is composed of one or more clauses.
Manate (2004) stated that sentence is a group of words that tells a complete thought,
a punctuation mark are used to show “what kind” of sentence you are reading. While
Collins (2003) stated that in linguistics, a sentence is a sequence of words capable of
standing alone to make an assertion, ask a question, or give a command, usually
consisting of a subject and a predicate containing a finite verb. Furthermore,
Wikipedia 1 (2012) confirmed that in the field of linguistics, a sentence is an
expression in naturallanguage, and often defined to indicate a grammatical unit
consisting of one or more words that generally bear minimal syntactic relation to the
words that precede or follow it.
Based on the statement above, the researcher concluded that sentence is a
grammatical unit, composed of one or more clause, punctuation marks are used
toshow “what kind” of sentence they are reading, it can be ask a question, or give a
command, usually consisting of a subject and a predicate containing a finite verb.
2. Kind of Sentences
Baxamusa (2011) there are three kinds of sentences; simple, complex and
compound sentences.
(a) Simple Sentence
A sentence that contains a subject and a verb to express the complete thought or
emotion is called a simple sentence. The simple sentence is also called an independent
clause. As Examples: 1) Annlikes to dance on weekends; 2) Bettygoes to the church
and prays every Sunday.
From the above examples of simple sentences, a subject and a verb help express
the idea behind the thought. The second example also proves, a simple sentence can
contain compound verb or subjects as well.
(b) Compound Sentence
The sentences that contain two independent clauses that are connected with the
help of a coordinator are called compound sentences. The coordinators help build a
relationship between the two clauses. The coordinators used to connect independent
clauses are and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet. In most cases, a comma precedes a
coordinator. However, in very short sentences, the commas can be exempted
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according to rules of English grammar. As examples: 1) Annwanted to study, so Tom
went fishing alone, 2) Annwanted to sleep, for Tom went bowling.
As you can see, the independent clause is connected with a coordinator. In both
cases, the relationship between the independent clause changes with the use of a
different coordinator. You can play around with the coordinators and use them to
express the basic idea.
(c) Complex Sentences
When an independent clause is connected with one or more dependent clauses,
it is called a complex sentence. Complex sentences are connected using subordinators.
These subordinators include although, after, since, because, when. When the sentence
contains a relative pronoun, the subordinator used included that, which, who. Commas
are to be added after the dependent clause, in cases when the complex sentence begins
with a subordinator. You do not add a comma in sentences where independent clause
begins with a subordinator in the middle of a sentence. As examples: 1) The
modelreturned the clothes aftershefinished with the ramp walk; 2) WhenAnnwoke up
in the morning,sheforgot to call her friend for notes.
The sentences above, the first complex sentence example does not require a
comma before the subordinator. Whereas, the second example needs a comma as the
sentence begins with a subordinator.
3. Type of Sentence
According to Harianto (2003) based on predicate, the sentence can be divided into
two sentences there are verbal and nominal sentences.
1. Verbal sentence is sentences that predicate a verb
a. Verbal negative;
This sentence grouped into affirmative sentence.
b. Verbal negative sentence;
Verbal negative sentencealso calledfordenyingan actor event, is formed by
addingdo, does, ordidnotthat is locatedbefore the verband thesubject of the
sentenceshouldbe adjustedbunch.
c. Asked verbal sentence;
Asked verbal sentences formed by lying do, does or did at the beginning of the
sentence. Form of this sentence is generally used to inquire whether an act or
event took place.
d. Verbal command sentence;
The phrase is generally used verbal commands to command someone to do
something.
2. Nominal sentence
Nominal sentence is the sentence that predicate is non verb, it can be noun, adjective
and adverb. It formed by adding auxiliary verb before noun, adjective and adverb.
a. Nominal positive sentence;
Form ofthis sentenceis generallyusedtodeclarea state, rank or position
b. Nominal negative sentence;
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Negative nominal sentences can be called a sentence denying it because it denies
the occurrence of a state, rank, position or status.
c. Nominal question sentence;
Nominal sentence question has function to ask a state, department, position, and
others. This sentence in the form to place to be at the beginning of a word
d. Nominal command sentence;
Nominal command sentence commonly used to give the order to someone.
Brainpop (1999) there are four main types of sentences, included: statements,
questions, exclamations, and commands. The students should understand the end
punctuation that is used with each type of sentence like periods, question marks, and
exclamation marks. Punctuation helps writers convey their message clearly and helps
readers understand the text. Those four types of sentences were as follows:
(1) A statement is a type of sentence that tells something. Also called a declarative or
assertive sentence, statement shares information with the reader and usually ends
with a period. A period is a punctuation mark that looks like a small dot and signals
an end of an idea or thought. A period also tells the reader to come to a full stop.
Statements always start with a capital letter. Capital letters help the reader recognize
a new thought or idea.
(2) A question is a type of sentence that asks something. Also called an interrogative
sentence, a question usually begins with who, what, where, when, why, how or do
and ends with a question mark. Have your children come up with different questions
and write them on the board. Point out to them the different intonation they use when
they ask a question. Explain that a question mark tells a reader how to read a
sentence out loud. Challenge them to write questions that start with different words
such as would or have. Remind your children that questions always begin with a
capital letter, too.
(3) An exclamation is a type of sentence that shares a strong feeling such as excitement,
happiness, anger, and surprise. Also called an exclamatory sentence, an exclamation
is punctuated with an exclamation mark. An exclamatory sentence’s intonation
conveys a strong emotion when read out loud. Write different exclamations on the
board and have children practice reading them with the correct intonation. Have
children brainstorm and write their own sentences. Remind your children to
capitalize the first letter of any sentence.
(4) A command is a type of sentence that gives a direction or an order to do something.
Also called an imperative sentence, a command can be punctuated with a period or
an exclamation mark. For example, a sign in the library might say, “Please whisper.”
Many warning signs often use exclamation marks, such as “Danger!” or “Beware of
dog!”
4.
Concept of Command
In this sub-chapter presented concept of command sentence, included the definition
of command and types of command sentences. The detail presentations are as follows:
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a. Definition of Command
According to Manatee (2004:1) a command is a sentence that is used to tell
someone to do something, or to give an order. Commands can end with a period, or with
an exclamation mark. If a command ends with an exclamation mark, it means that the
author is giving an order with strong emotion. In (1) Bring me the book, this command,
the author uses a period to show that she is giving an order calmly; (2) Bring me the
book! In this command, the author is using an exclamation mark to show that he really
wants the book, and that he doesn't want to wait for it. When you read a command that
ends in an exclamation mark aloud, you should read it with very strong emotion. In
addition, Raflees (2011:1) said that we can express commands in English by an
imperative sentencemade with the infinitive without to.
Then, Baxamusa (2011) said that command sentence is the sentence that used to
ask someone to do something. These sentences generally end with a period like
declarative sentences. These imperative sentences tend to lack a specific subject. The
subject is usually an implied subject that is commanded or requested to do some task.
These sentences too can be are short, simple or complex sentences.
Furthermore, Brainpop (1999) said that command sentence is a type of sentence
that gives a direction or an order to do something. Also called an imperative sentence, a
command can be punctuated with a period or an exclamation mark. For example, a sign
in the library might say, “Please whisper.” Many warning signs often use exclamation
marks, such as “Danger!” or “Beware of dog!”
Based on the statement above, the researcher concluded that command sentence in
sentence that is used to tell someone to do something, or to give an order, and can
express using exclamation mark or not.
b. Type of Command
Raffless (2011) there are five types of command sentences, included:
(1) Positive command with verb;
We can express commands in English by an imperative sentence made with the
infinitive without “to”. The formula is: Verb + ...........
(2) Negative command with verb;
For the negative commands, we can express commands in English by an imperative
sentence made with the infinitive without to and start with do not or don’t. The
formula is: Don’t + Verb + ...........
(3) Positive command without verb;
Positive command is contains advice. This time do not use the word "do", but just
use the word "be" at the beginning of a sentence and should be followed "an
adjective. The formula is: Be + ...........
(4) Negative command without verb;
We can express commands in English by an imperative sentence made with the
adjective and beginning with do not or don’t and followed by be.
The formula is: Don’t + be + ...........
(5) Polite command;
To make the command sentence to be more polite, by adding “please”.
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5. Concept of Prohibition
According to Herman (2008:1) prohibition is an expression to warn other people
not to do something or to forbid. In the same way in command expression, prohibition
also has two patterns; they are verbal prohibition and nominal prohibition. Then,
www.yourdictionary.com/prohibit stated that prohibition sentence is the sentence that
used to forbid someone from doing something or to prevent something from being done.
While, Herman (2010) said that prohibition sentence is the sentence that describes
how to forbid someone else to do something. He also said that there are any two patterns
in prohibition sentences, included verbal prohibition and nominal prohibition sentences.
The detail presentation is as follows:
(a) Verbal Prohibition
Verbalprohibitionis a sentence of prohibition which uses lexical-meaning-verb
inside. To express the prohibition we should combine the word /do not/ or /don't/ before
the verb. The formula is don’t + lexical meaning Verb.
(b) Nominal Prohibition
Nominalprohibitionis a sentence of prohibition which
/don't/. After that you have to place a complement in the end;
Formula
Sentence
Don’t + be + complement
Don’t be lazy!
Don’t be crazy!
Don’t be careless!
Please + Don’t + be + complement Please don’t be a liar!
Please don’t go!
uses /be/ after /do not/ or
Remark
Normal
prohibition
Polite prohibition
Besides, you can also express the prohibition by using /no/ instead of /don't/ or
/do not/.Then, change the verb into -ing form verb (Here, the ing-form is called
"Command and prohibition sentence";
Formula
Sentence
No + -ing form Verb
No smoking!
To express heavy prohibition you can also use the word /mustn’t/ in a simple
sentence;
Formula
Sentence
Subject + mustn’t + bare-infinitive
You mustn’t stop singing!
You musn’t be late!
You mustn’t go out!
1. Achievement
According to Hornby (2004) achievements are gain or reach something by effort, to
get something done. Furthermore, Webster (2004:1) achievement is the result gained by
effort; the quality and quantity of a student's work. Besides, Garrison, et al (1955-1964)
in Isnian (2009) confirmed the definition of achievement is the progress pupils make
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toward the goals and objectives of the curriculum, they then assert further about the
definition that achievement may be the one’s ability or the extent of his/her knowledge in
a specific content area. In general, Collins (2000) defines that achievement is something,
which someone has succeeded in doing, especially after a lot of effort.
Supposing to the ideas of achievement above, achievement was meant as the
status or level of someone effort in doing something after the process of learning. In this
study, achievement is students' scores (status or level) in command and prohibition
sentences test after the process of learning the materials of it.
RESEARCH METHOD
The design of the research was a descriptive research. It was to describe the fact
accurately and systematically ways with the fact or the phenomena where is the research
conducted. The population of this research was the Fisrt Semester of English Department
of Unikarta. There were five classes with the total number of students was 183. The size
of the sample selected was 20% from the whole population. The calculation of the
sample size was 20% X 183 = 37 students. The 37 students were from five classes under
the proportional and simple random technique.The instrument of this research was
written test. The test is the equipment or procedures used in the measurement and the
ability to obtain or drawn of the person's behavior in the field of teaching. Santyasa
(2007) stated that when we will collect the data, then the result is in cognitive learning,
the instrument is a test of verbal or written test. The steps to analyze the data gave the
test to the sample,the scores were tabulated for preparation of rate percentage.After all
scores were obtained, the researcher listed from the highest to the lowest, so that the
frequency of scores occurrences would found. Furthermore, the steps to analyze the
dataused quantitative design.
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
1. Research Findings
The findings were presented into finding of command and prohibition sentence
achievementThe Finding on mean score on command and prohibition sentence
achievement found out from the scored of the test that was conducted on the Fisrt
Semester of English Department of Unikarta. The test consisted of 25 items.So that, in
every item was gave scores 4. The scores were presented on the table
Table 1.
Raw Score on Command and Prohibition Sentence Achievement
No
Score
1
88
51
Frequency
Score x Frequency
3
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2
80
1
80
76
2
152
72
2
144
68
4
272
64
6
384
60
4
240
56
3
168
52
2
104
48
10
480
37
2288
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
the mean score was search with the following calculations:
Mx=
Mx=
∑X
N
2288
37
Mx = 61.84
From the calculation above, there was showed that the students got mean score
61.84. It means that the students were got fair level. From the mean score and the
interpretation, means that the most of the students were not successful on command and
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prohibition sentences. The summarize result of command and prohibition sentences
achievement was presented on table.
Table 2
Students’ Scores
Total Number of
Students
Mean scores
Highest Score
Lowest Score
37
61.84
88
48
Based on the table above, showed that the result of the test on command and
prohibition sentences achievement. The scores were distributed into mean scores, highest
score and lowest score. The mean score 61.84 was categorized as fair level. The highest
score 88 was categorized as excellent level. The lower score 48 was categorized as fail
level.
Based on analysis of the mean score summary, the research question of this study
which stated that “How is the command and prohibition sentence achievement of the
FisrtSemesterof English Department of Unikarta?” could be answered that the command
and prohibition sentences achievement of the FisrtSemesterof English Department of
Unikarta was fell into fair level. This fact was supported by the mean score of the student
was 61.84.
The second steps to answer the research question was by using rate percentage.
The finding on rate percentage can be seen from scoring criteria that was presented in
table.
Table 3.
Scoring Criteria on Command and Prohibition Sentence Achievement
No
Interval
1
2
3
4
5
80-100
70-79
60-69
50-59
00-49
Letter
Grade
A
B
C
D
E
Total
Qualification
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Fail
4
4
14
5
10
37
10.81
10.81
37.84
13.51
27.03
100
It was showed that the score distribution of the Fisrt Semester of English Department of
Unikarta was divided into five categorizes; with the total sample were 37 students. The
students who got score A (range 80 -100), categorizes in excellent value, there were
10.81% or 4 students. The score B (range 70-79), categorizes in good value, there were
10.81% or 4 students. The score C (range 60-69), categorizes in fair value, there were
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37.84% or 14 students. The score D (range 50-59), categorizes in poor value, there were
13.51% or 5students. While score E (range 00-49), categorizes in fail value, there were
27.03% or 10 students.
2. Discussion
Referring to the data analysis, the findings of raw scores, it was found that the
command and prohibition sentences achievement of the FisrtSemesterof English
Department of Unikarta was fair. This fact was supported by the students mean score
61.84 which fell on C (fair level). And the score distribution show that the distribution
score was divided into five categorizes. The students who got score A (range 80 -100),
categorizes in excellent value, there were 10.81% or 4 students. The score B (range 7079), categorizes in good value, there were 10.81% or 4 students. The score C (range 6069), categorizes in fair value, there were 37.84% or 14 students. The score D (range 5059), categorizes in poor value, there were 13.51% or 5 students. While score E (range 0049), categorizes in fail value, there were 27.03% or 10 students. In other word, the
student who was successes in learningcommand and prohibition sentence was 22 or
59.46%, and the student who was not successes in learning command and prohibition
sentences was 15 or 40.54% from the total sample (37 students).
CONCLUSION
The conclusions are as follows:
1. The command and prohibition sentences achievement of the Fisrt Semester of
English Department of Unikarta was fair. This fact was supportedby the mean score
61.84 which fell on C (fair level).
2. The score distribution on command and prohibition sentences achievement of the
Fisrt Semester of English Department of Unikartahas five levels.There was divided
into score A(excellent level) up to score E (failed level).The data analysis on
distribution score was4 or 10.81% of students got score A (excellent level), 4 or
10.81% of students got score B (good level),14 or 37.84% of students got score C
(fair level), 5 or13.51% of the students got score D (poor level), and 10 or 27.03%
got score E (fail level). From the data above, could be seen that most of the student
were successful in learning command and prohibition sentences 22 or 59.46%, and
the student who were not successes in learning command and prohibition sentences
were 15 or 40.54% from the total sample (37 students).
SUGGESTIONS
Base on the scope and limitation of this research, and the significance of the
study, in this part, the researcher would like to give some suggestion:
1. The command and prohibition sentences achievement of the Fisrt Semester of
English Department of Unikarta was fair.For the English teacher, suggested to
encourages the student and improve their understanding command and prohibition
sentences. Because the command and prohibition sentences are the important
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2.
3.
4.
element to build the sentence become understandableespecially in spoken language.
One way to improve student knowledge is give a student more exercises.
The improvement on command and prohibition sentences can be applied by using
the appropriate method, such as total phisical respond method (TPR). In this method,
the students try to stimulate with the direct object.
For the student suggested improve their learning English, especially command and
prohibition sentences. The improvement can do in many ways, for example by doing
exercise. The exercise can be found from the book and also can be search from the
internet.
To the other researcher suggested to make improvement command and prohibition
sentences achievement of the students. It is better for the future researcher to uses
the appropriate and the certain strategy to teach grammar especially in command and
prohibition sentences.
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Arikunto, Suharsini. 2002. ProsedurPenelitianSuatuPendekatanPraktek. Jakarta:
RinekaCipta.
Collins, Harper. 2003. Collin English Dictionary. Downloaded from: http//
www.thefreedictionary.com/sentence. Downloaded onAugust 5th 2016.
Djiwandono, Soenardi. 1996. Test BahasadalamPengajaran. Bandung: Penerbit ITB
Bandung.
Hariyanto, Dony. 2003. English Grammar for General Aplication. Surabaya:
GitamediaPress.
Hornby, 2004.Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary (Third Edition). Oxford New York:
Oxford University Express.
Santyasa, Wayan.2007. LandasanKonseptual Media Pembelajaran. Universitas
PendidikanGanesha. Downloaded on September 1st 2016 from:
www.freewebs.comsantyasapdf2media_pembelajaran.pdf
Sudijono, Anas. 2007. PengantarEvaluasiPendidikan. Jakarta. PT Raja Grafindo Press.
Sukardi.2003.
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Bumiaksara.
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