ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
ISSN 2394-9392 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJSS/issn. 2394-9392/2015; Volume 2 Issue 4 (2016)
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IMPACT OF SELF-MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (12 STEP ALCOHOLIC
ANONYMOUS) TO REDUCE ALCOHOLISM IN SOCIETY
J.B. Singh
Research Scholar
Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research
University - Udaipur
Dr. Artee Aggarwal
Associate Professor
Department of Business Studies
Amity University - Mumbai
ABSTRACT
Alcohol consumption for the purposes of relaxation or socialization has plagued the sustainability of several
civilizations across the world. The harmful consumption of alcohol has an indispensable effect on a huge range of
people, irrespective of their cultural background and social status. Treatment of this dependence on alcohol, has
therefore become imperative, especially among the younger generations. Several physicians, social workers and
psychiatrists have divulged into finding a ‘cure’ of alcoholism through the development of self-management programs.
The present study therefore, reviews the impact of 12-step alcoholic anonymous program on reducing the alcoholism
in the Indian society. The philosophy of twelve step program is based on changing the patients who are suffering from
alcohol addiction towards a path of enlightenment and healthy lifestyle. The suitability and effect of this program on
the mental and physical disorders among the alcohol addicted people are studied with specific pertinence to
cooperation, consensus building and trust. The revelations of the study will provide a valuable insight into the current
research domain of alcoholic dependence and how our society can take a step towards its riddance.
Introduction:
alcohol for various reasons and in unique
cultural and social contexts such as, religious
In the recent years, the consumption of
alcohol among the younger generation has
become a part of day to day life. Such a
drinking trend has become the major cause
for most of the social problems in many
developing countries. It is stated by Abbey et
al (2003) that, people mostly consume
observance,
cultural
participation,
sociability, peer influence, mood alternation,
relaxation, pleasure, intoxication, improved
creativity
and
boredom,
addiction,
to
overcome inhibitions, to drown sorrows or
forget or escape. According to Alati et al,
(2007), these reasons would be closely
ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
ISSN 2394-9392 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJSS/issn. 2394-9392/2015; Volume 2 Issue 4 (2016)
associated
with
culture,
age
and
various non- governmental organizations.
socioeconomic grouping. Reason no matter
The awareness and policies taken by the
what it may be, but it is an indispensable truth
government mainly focuses on alcohol
that, harmful alcohols consumption affects a
related problems and it also creates the
huge range of people, irrespective of cultural
conditions for an epidemic rise in alcohol
background, race, religion, education, age or
issues in social and economic development.
gender. Such an alcohol consumption
As stated by Marshall (1994), controlling the
phenomenon not only affects others but also
alcohol market to diminish alcohol related
the health of the people who consume. It is
problems is a vital task for alcohol
claimed by Aira, Hartikainen and Sulkava
consuming countries. The 12 step program of
(2005) and Akechi et al (2006) that,
alcoholic anonymous is one such self-
consumption of alcohol causes critical
management program designed to recover
impacts on the cardiovascular system;
people from the clutches of alcoholism.
increases the blood pressure; maximizes the
According to Alford, Koehler and Leonard
shortness of breath; causes haemorrhagic
(1991) Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was a
stroke, and risks of arrhythmias, other kinds
companionship of both men and women. It
of failure in cardiac and other circulatory
was founded in Akron, Ohio (August 11,
issues; increased risk of cancer; alcohol is
1938) by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith.
associated with the pharynx, liver, oral
cavity, larynx, colorectum, oesophagus and
female breast. Further, it is also claimed by
Abbey et al, (2006) and Abrams et al, (2002)
that, low consumption of alcohol may
increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
minimize arteries’ plaque accumulations and
also have effect of mild anti- coagulating.
Thus, as stated by Crum and Pratt (2001), in
order to make people overcome their
addiction over alcohol, a number of selfmanagement programs have been introduced
by the government of India as well as by
The
Twelve
steps
of
Alcoholics
Anonymous:
According
to
Schneider
(1978),
the
Alcoholics Anonymous program has been
linked by the emergence of medicalized
alcoholism treatment. The success of the
programme is evident to have been first
observed during the late 1930s and the early
1940s. The motive behind organizing the
Alcoholics Anonymous program was to
make the process of recovery easy for the
addicted people, through an adoption of
ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
ISSN 2394-9392 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJSS/issn. 2394-9392/2015; Volume 2 Issue 4 (2016)
apparently simple steps. The apparent
Step 2: Came to believe that a Power greater
effectiveness of the Alcoholics Anonymous
than our selves could restore us to sanity.
program is considered to be the members of
AA with recognized success at abstinence,
who guide the process of affiliation of the
new comers to the AA. It is strongly
Step 3: Made a decision to turn our will and
our lives over to the care of God as we
understood Him.
emphasized by the AA that, a person who has
Step 4: Made a searching and fearless moral
been recovered
inventory of ourselves.
from
the practice of
alcoholism may be decisive in serving
Step 5: Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to
another person who is ambivalently provoked
another human being the exact nature of our
to change his or her behavior of alcohol
wrongs.
drinking through 12 step work. The twelve
step program of alcoholic anonymous chiefly
aims at making its members stay sober and
achieve sobriety. Further, it not aims at
Step 6: Were entirely ready to have God
remove all these defects of character.
Step 7: Humbly asked Him to remove our
short comings.
stopping addiction but also help understand
to
Step 8: Made a list of all persons we had
Alcoholics anonymous (2014), the 12 step
harmed, and became willing to make amends
program
to them all.
the
emotional
is
reasons.
spiritually
According
oriented
and
recognizing the inability and accepting
support from a Higher Power. The Alcoholics
Anonymous, works as an organization with
Step 9: Made direct amends to such people
wherever possible, except when to do so
would injure them or others.
its members sharing their personal stories or
experiences. Members share like how they
Step 10: Continued to take personal
were previously and also about how and what
inventory and when we were wrong promptly
had changed them. The 12 steps that offer a
admitted it.
support for self-examination and recovery
from alcoholics are as follows:
Step 1: We admitted we were powerless over
alcohol — that our lives had become
unmanageable
Step 11: Sought through prayer and
meditation to improve our conscious contact
with God, as we understood Him, praying
ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
ISSN 2394-9392 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJSS/issn. 2394-9392/2015; Volume 2 Issue 4 (2016)
only for knowledge of His will for us and the
colonizing that community with scores of
power to carry that out.
recovered alcoholics. A majority of these
Step 12: Having had a spiritual awakening as
the result of these Steps, we tried to carry this
message to alcoholics, and to practice these
principles in all our affairs.
members of the AA community are also
stated
to
have
deserted
their
career
commitments and made use of their personal
transformations as recovered alcoholics so as
to form a base for new career by helping the
It is claimed by Blum and Roman 1985 that,
fellow alcoholics.
the recovered alcoholics have experienced
both recovery from alcoholism and active
alcoholism. All the 12 steps of Alcoholics
Anonymous have claimed to have been
achieved
by
those
who
became
the
interventionists. Most of the steps in the 12
steps AA are observed to demanding
compliance to and connections with a selfdefined higher power, in addition to the
regular
and
intense
spiritual
self-
examination. On the other hand, the
interventionists who are nonalcoholic are
claimed to have an educational background
that offers for objectively viewing the
problems related to consumption of alcohol
and their potential resolution through the
application or understanding of scientific
knowledge. It is stated by Trice and Roman
(1970) that, the 12 steps of Alcoholics
Anonymous
programmer
contributed
towards
organizational
culture
the
of
has
greatly
distinctive
treating
the
community of persons addicted to alcohol by
Purpose of 12 step program of alcoholic
anonymous:
The 12 step alcoholic anonymous serves to
recover both men as well as women who are
addicted to drinking. According to alcoholic
anonymous (2014), the program is available
everywhere
and is
established as
an
unofficial society (Adamson and Sellman,
2008), self-supporting, non- professional,
apolitical
and
multiracial
program.
Regardless of the education or age, the
program effectively works for betterment of
all in the society, by aiding all the people who
wish to recover from the problem of drinking.
It is also claimed that, the program is helping
more than 2 million people all over the world,
who are addicted to consumption of alcohol,
recover from the habit of uncontrolled
drinking. In spite of being a non-professional
organization,
counselors
having
or
no
doctors,
psychologists,
the
alcoholic
anonymous has proved successful in bringing
ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
ISSN 2394-9392 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJSS/issn. 2394-9392/2015; Volume 2 Issue 4 (2016)
about a change in the society. It thus, strongly
strength, experience and hopes with one other
serves to be a self-management program with
form the base to solve the problems of one
no central authority to control its functioning
another and to help other people to get back
or operations. It is sated by Alden (1988) that,
from the addiction of alcoholism. Thus, as
the program strongly motivates the alcoholics
stated by Alford, Koehler and Leonard
to recover themselves, by providing stronger
(1991), the Alcoholics Anonymous mainly
support. The recovered people and their
aims at making people overcome alcoholism
experiences bring in a confidence among the
and their intention to put an end to drinking
people who truly intend to recover from their
happens to be the one and only obligation in
habit and tend to make them follow similar
order to build a relationship with the
ways of recovery. Thus, as claimed by Barber
program, while it demands no payments or
et al (2006), the alcoholic anonymous is
dues for the relationship of alcoholic
helping people who do not even have limits
anonymous. All the participants are expected
in drinking and those who have lost their
to be self-supporting through their own
control regarding their drinking habits
contributions.
recover. It is also claimed to have the
capacity to break the behavior of the
alcoholics
and
aid
them
in
gaining
sustainability for consistently living a
restrained life style. According to Walitzer,
Dermen and Barrick (2009), the desire to stop
the habit of drinking alcohol is the only
requirement by the alcoholic anonymous for
people to join the fellowship. The primary
function of the alcoholic anonymous is to
help people addicted to alcohol to recover
from uncontrolled drinking and to achieve
sobriety. It helps everybody who has a
problem with alcohol to make them achieve
abstinence. The process through the recovery
of people addicted to alcohol, by sharing their
The effectiveness of 12 step program of
alcoholic anonymous
Leigh et al (1999) have stated that, the
treatments or self-management programs like
the alcoholic anonymous provides the
alcoholics with an opportunity to directly
relate the skills they have learned. The selfmanagement program targets the social
support network of the client with respect to
consumption of alcohol. It is stated by
Gottlieb (1983) that, the notion of social
support comprises of a network of friends,
workmates, neighbors and family members
up on whom the person can depend for advice
about
the
community
resources,
the
ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
ISSN 2394-9392 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJSS/issn. 2394-9392/2015; Volume 2 Issue 4 (2016)
definition of their problems, opting best
community
resources that would match their requirement
previously recovered alcoholics, are the chief
and the desired style of helping. Thus, such
driving force of the alcoholic anonymous
an availability of social groups in the life of
program. They are also termed as the
people are effectively utilized by the
invaluable resource of the community who
alcoholic anonymous as it is a significant
assist the alcoholics in a number of aspects
factor in making the person be able to cope
related to health care. According to Velleman
with a number of diverse physical and mental
(1992) and Brook, Fantopoulos, Johnston et
problems and in lessening the negative
al (1989), the most outstanding organization
impacts and stress of the life events. It is
of volunteers in the field of alcohol is the
further claimed by Gordon and Zrull (1991)
Alcoholics
Anonymous.
and McKay and Maisto (1993) that, the
volunteers
works
process of recovery from alcohol addiction
community by assisting the other participants
through social groups helps people by acting
in rehabilitation. They are helped by their
as a buffer at the times of stress, facilitating
partners or buddies in the community to
solutions for managing mental and physical
develop
problems during the problem situations. The
encourage participation in programs like
alcoholic anonymous program grants the
weight
alcoholics with the required social support
strength. The community also trains the
within the community and the people striving
volunteers to offer the required assistance to
to overcome the alcohol related problems are
the participants in obtaining the material
wholly dependent up on the alcoholic
needs, leisure activities and social skills that
anonymous community of people rather than
are recognized by the therapists and clients as
others outside the community. Thus, building
the key to improve the quality of life of the
of such a social network by the alcoholic
client.
anonymous program has been the center of
treatment interventions. The program has
also been praised to have shown promise in
making the alcoholically addicted people get
rid of the behavior by Mallams, Godley and
Hall (1982). The volunteers, who serve the
of
people
skills,
reduction
and
The
the
team
of
in
the
efficiently
maintain
or
legal
recover
other
status,
physical
The impact of self-management program
in reducing the alcoholism in society
Alcoholics Anonymous and its efficacy in
serving
the
women
alcoholics
were
exclusively analyzed by Ullman et al (2012).
ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
ISSN 2394-9392 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJSS/issn. 2394-9392/2015; Volume 2 Issue 4 (2016)
It is sated that, the Alcoholics Anonymous
financial problems, tolerance or withdrawal,
(AA) is effectively and widely serving its
legal problems and neurological problems.
members
stop
Hence, having a feeling of being associated
drinking. But, since it is a well-known fact
to these problems because of their drinking
that gender differences exist in every aspect,
behavior, the women are more predisposed
the consumption of alcohol and its recovery
and sensitized to stretch out for help
in addition to the progression to alcoholism,
compared to men. The latest empirical
response to treatment and impact of drinking
interests in behavior therapy of the alcoholics
are also determined based up on the gender of
in mindfulness and acceptance contributes to
the alcoholics. It is also emphasized by the
an additional way to offer treatments that are
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
empirically supported that fit more willingly
Alcoholism (1990) that, there lies a strong
with the accessible practice base. According
difference
between
to Linehan et al., (2002), the treatments or
regarding
the
maintain
sobriety
men
and
women
or
recovery programmes like the AA, are
motivating them to seek for treatments to
reasonably friendly to the basic beliefs of
recover from the behavior of drinking
numerous substance abuse providers. For
alcohol. According to Gomberg (1974),
instance, the 12 step recovery program
women are more liable when compared to
emphasizes much on the God and such
men, in terms of seeking alcohol treatments,
practices might hinder in the participation of
as they are influenced by the family problems
the non- believers. Further, it is emphasized
and are also encouraged by their children,
by Hayes, Strosahl and Wilson (1999) up on
partner or parents to do so. On the other hand,
the acceptance, mindfulness, spirituality and
men are generally persuaded by their wives
behavior change of the interventionists
and they tend to reach the treatments by
regarding the 12 step recovery program. It is
means
or
stated that, the experiential avoidance or the
Employee Assistance Programs. Therefore,
attempts to regulate feelings, thoughts and
women mostly seek the AA and other
other private behaviors, even when efforts are
recovery
made to do so, cause critical behavioral harm
of
factors
and
criminal
correlating
justice
self-management
system
programs
in
contrast to the men as they are closely
associated to a number of problems like
experiencing relationship problems, job or
in this area.
Summary:
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ISSN 2394-9392 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJSS/issn. 2394-9392/2015; Volume 2 Issue 4 (2016)
The
review
on
the
self-
helping others who are affected or are
management program, the 12 step alcoholic
suffering from the same problems. The
anonymous in reducing the alcoholism
program functions with the assessment of 12
behavior in the society thus makes it evident
simple steps in making the people achieve
that, the alcoholics anonymous is one of the
abstinence, maintain abstinence, enhance
most suitable treatments for mental and
their quality of life and that of their families,
physical disorders among the people addicted
minimize the intake of alcohol, and finally
to consumption of alcohol, forming the basis
minimize the health problems and accidents
of cooperation and consensus building and
that are caused by the consumption of
trust. It was clear that the 12 step program of
alcohol. Moreover, when compared to other
AA provides a daily disciplined trek with
similar recovery treatments, the AA assists
focus on spirituality that encompasses the
the alcoholics to accept treatments and
conventional paths to god as service,
continue them until they achieve the recovery
devotion, understanding and meditation
(Morgenstern and Bates, 1999). Such people,
(Kurtz et al, 1995). Being a self-management
on being recovered from the addiction to
program, demanding no fees for admission or
consumption of alcohol, participate in the
treatments, it is widely adopted by people
community in order to make others recover
everywhere. The family and the social circle
from the behavior by mentoring them and
of the people are considered to contribute
sharing
maximum for the recovery of the alcoholics
community. In addition, the review analyzed
and the self-management program like
the behavior of women in terms of seeking
Alcoholics
considered
for recovery procedures and it can be
significant in curing the disorders caused by
observed that, the women are more interested
alcohol addiction. The self-management
in the AA program, when compared to that of
program is better known to influence and
the men, as would focus on stronger
impact the behavior of the people addicted to
requirement for affiliation than men. It was
alcohol by involving recruits in social system
noted that, the philosophy of twelve step
which provides transcendent and new
program was to change the people or patients
meaning in their lives. The program is
who are suffering from alcohol addiction and
observed to follow a spiritual path, which
to promote them to take healthy choices such
prompt the individual into the tendency of
as, thinking to avoid drinking events and
Anonymous
impact
is
of
their
experiences
with
their
ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
ISSN 2394-9392 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJSS/issn. 2394-9392/2015; Volume 2 Issue 4 (2016)
reaching out to others who could support to
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Adamson SJ, Sellman JD (2008). Five-
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that AA attendance was much beneficial for
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Alcohol and Drugs; 69:589–593.
concluded that, the alcoholic anonymous

treated
with
motivational
of Studies
on
Aira M, Hartikainen S, Sulkava R (2005)
program influences the people addicted to
Community prevalence of alcohol use
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and concomitant use of medication – A
from the deadly behavior and also gains their
source of possible risk in the elderly aged
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75 and older? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry20:
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