Theo Rindlisbacher / Lucien Chabbey
Guidance on the Determination of
Helicopter Emissions
Reference: COO.2207.111.2.2015750
Edition 2 - December 2015
Guidance on the Determination of Helicopter Emissions, Edition 2, Dec 2015, FOCA, CH-3003 Bern
Contact person: Theo Rindlisbacher
Tel. +41 58 465 93 76, Fax +41 58 465 92 12, [email protected]
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
Contents
Motivation and Summary
1. Classification of Helicopters by Engine Category
1.1 Piston Engine Powered Helicopters
1.2 Single Engine Turboshaft Powered Helicopters
1.3 Twin Engine Turboshaft Powered Helicopters
2. Operational Assumptions for Emissions Modelling
2.1 General Remarks about Helicopter Operations and their Modelling
2.2 Piston Engine Helicopter Operations
2.3 Single Turboshaft Engine Helicopter Operations
2.4 Twin Turboshaft Engine Helicopter Operations
3. Estimation of Fuel Flow and Emission Factors from Shaft Horsepower
3.1 Piston Engines
3.2 Turboshaft Engines
4. Final Calculations
4.1 LTO Emissions
4.2 Emissions for One Hour Operation
5. Helicopter Emissions Table
References
Appendix A: LTO data, cruise data and estimated emissions for a single engine turboshaft helicopter
Appendix B: LTO data, measured fuel flow and estimated emissions for a small twin engine turboshaft
helicopter
Appendix C: LTO data, measured fuel flow and estimated emissions for a large twin engine turboshaft
helicopter
Appendix D: Estimated one hour operation emissions and indicated scale factors
Appendix E: Graphical Representation of Approximation Functions for Piston Engines
Appendix F: Graphical Representation of Approximation Functions for Turboshaft Engines
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Motivation and Summary
The civil aviation emission inventory of Switzerland is a bottom-up emission calculation based on
individual aircraft tail numbers, which includes the tail numbers of helicopters. Although helicopters
may be considered a minor source of aviation emissions, it is interesting to see that in a small country
like Switzerland, more than 1000 individual helicopters have been flying in the last couple of years,
some of them doing thousands of cycles or so called rotations. Switzerland therefore needs to include
helicopters in the country’s aviation emission inventory. However helicopter emissions are extremely
difficult to assess because their engine emissions data are usually not publicly available and there is
no generally accepted methodology on how to calculate helicopter emissions known by FOCA. In the
past, the helicopter emission estimations done by FOCA have been based on two engine data sets
only. Assumptions for fuel flow and Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have been conservative and it has become
evident that the share of helicopter emissions in the emission inventory of Switzerland has been
significantly overestimated so far, at least for CO2 and NOx.
FOCA therefore launched project HELEN (HELicopter ENgines) in January 2008 with the main goal to
fill significant gaps of knowledge concerning the determination of helicopter emissions and to further
improve the quality of the Swiss civil aviation emission inventory. The FOCA activity for engine
emission testing is based on Swiss aviation law1, which states that emissions from all engine powered
aircraft have to be evaluated and tested. The legal requirement also incorporates aircraft engines that
are currently unregulated and do not have an ICAO 2 emissions certification – like aircraft piston,
helicopter, turboprop and small jet engines. Helicopter engine emissions have been measured at the
engine test facility of RUAG AEROSPACE, Stans, Switzerland, where turboshaft engines are tested
after overhaul. The measured turboshaft engines are owned by the Swiss Government. As turboshaft
engine emissions measurements during ordinary engine performance tests are not very costly, the
measurements have been extended to incorporate particle emissions, smoke number, carbonyls and
to study the influence of different probe designs used for small engine exhaust diameters. These
measurements have been performed by DLR INSTITUTE OF COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY,
Stuttgart, Germany.
The results of the measurements as well as confidential helicopter engine manufacturer data are the
basis for the suggested mathematical functions for helicopter engine emission factors and fuel flow
approximations. In order to make the functions work, only the input of shaft horsepower (SHP) is
necessary. The maximum SHP of the engine(s) of a certain helicopter must first be determined and
can be found in spec sheets or in flight manuals. Percentages of maximum SHP for different operating
modes and times in mode are listed and are differentiated between three categories of helicopters:
piston engine powered, single and twin turboshaft powered helicopters. Calculated shaft horsepower
for different modes is then entered into approximation formulas which provide fuel flow and emission
factors.
Power settings and times in mode for the modelling have been established a first time in 2009 with inflight measurements, from helicopter flight manuals and with the help of experienced flight instructors.
In 2015, the Working Group 3 of the ICAO Committee on Environmental Protection (CAEP) developed
a guidance for generating aggregated cycle emissions data for small turbofan, turboprop, helicopter
and APU engines. FOCA was interested to compare the guidance of the report with its own guidance
(2009). Indeed, the Working Group 3 used the FOCA guidance of 2009 as a basis but adjusted it.
Some adaptations have been made and are re-used and implemented in the updated version of the
FOCA guidance (2015). The main adaptations are listed below:
1
2
SR 748.0, LFG Art. 58
International Civil Aviation Organisation
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-
The GI departure (4 minutes) and the GI arrival (1 minute) have been merged into a single GI
mode (5 minutes). Furthermore, the power setting of the GI mode has been adjusted to 20%,
13%, 7% and 6% for the piston engine, the single light engine, the twin light engine and the
twin heavy engine respectively.
-
Concerning the Take-off and Approach mode, the power settings stay unchanged in
comparison with the guidance of 2009.
-
A number of new helicopter models and engines have been added to the database.
-
Finally, a new variable has been added with the 2015 update: The number of PM non-volatile
matter is now roughly estimated and taken into account.
In consequence, the FOCA reviewed the 2009 helicopter emissions guidance and provides an
update with edition 2. The edition 2 report presents the updated estimation of LTO3 and one hour
emissions for individual helicopter types. It has to be noted that helicopters may fly many cycles
(rotations) far away from an airport or heliport, especially for aerial work. To overcome problems
with emissions estimation for helicopter rotations, estimations of per hour emissions are
suggested to complement the LTO values. In the case of Switzerland, helicopter companies
transmit the annual flight-hours of their helicopters to FOCA, which allows applying a flight-hour
based emissions calculation in most cases. This guidance suggests using the emission values per
hour also for determination of helicopter cruise emissions. Finally, the guidance material offers a
summary list of helicopters with estimated LTO and one hour emissions for direct application in
emission inventories.
3
LTO = Landing and Take-off cycle
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1. Classification of Helicopters by Engine Category
1.1 Piston Engine Powered Helicopters
Piston engine powered helicopters are the
smallest helicopter category. Most of them are
two-seaters used for pilot education and
training. Their operation includes a lot of hover
exercises. Generally, they are operated at low
level and at low altitudes because of their
limited high altitude performance. Typical
engines have four or six horizontally opposed
cylinders and are air cooled. The engine
technology goes back to the 1950s. The
engines run on gasoline (AVGAS or MOGAS).
For operational studies, the Schweizer 269C
and the Robinson R22 have been selected as
the representative helicopter in this category.
1.2 Single Engine Turboshaft Powered Helicopters
The majority of civil helicopters are powered
by a single gas turbine with a shaft for power
extraction (“turboshaft engines”). The shaft
drives a reduction gear for the main rotor and
the tail rotor. Maximum shaft power for this
helicopter category is normally in the range of
300 to 1000 kW. Most of the turboshaft engine
compressors are single stage and the driving
shaft is a free turbine, which means that it is
not mechanically connected to the compressor
shaft. The engines run on jet fuel. For
operational studies, the Eurocopter AS350B2
Ecureuil has been selected as the
representative helicopter in this category.
1.3 Twin Engine Turboshaft Powered Helicopters
The basic engine design is normally identical
to that of the single engine turboshaft
helicopters. The reason for making a
distinction is the fact that the engines run at
significantly lower power during normal
operation compared to a single engine
powered helicopter. If one engine should fail,
the remaining engine is capable of restoring
nearly the performance of the helicopter at
twin engine operation. This has to be taken
into account when doing emissions
calculations, as e.g. a doubling of the fuel
flow of the single engine for a twin engine
helicopter would result in an excessive overestimation of the fuel consumption. For operational studies,
the Agusta A109E (MTOM 2850 kg) and the Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma (MTOM 8600 kg) have
been chosen as the representative helicopters in this category.
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2. Operational Assumptions for Emissions Modelling
2.1 General Remarks about Helicopter Operations and their Modelling
In contrast to fixed wing aircraft, helicopters usually need a high percentage of the maximum engine
power during most of the flight segments. They often fly cycles (or so called rotations) away from an
airport or heliport, especially for aerial work. This poses special problems to emissions estimation of
helicopters. Airport or heliport movements are usually not consistent with the actual number of
rotations flown. This guidance material suggests two ways of how to deal with helicopter emissions:
A practitioner may use one of the three suggested standard LTO cycles below, corresponding to the
respective helicopter category and multiply the resulting LTO emissions (see section 3) with the
number of LTO ( = number of movements divided by 2). This is suggested for airport LTO emissions
calculation.
For a country’s emission inventory, the practitioner may use the emissions calculation given per flighthour, if the helicopter operating hours are known. In this case, helicopter rotations and cruise are
considered to be included and the final emission calculation is given simply by multiplying the
emissions per hour by the number of operating hours.
If helicopter cruise emissions have to be calculated for a given flight distance, it is suggested to start
again with the emissions per hour data and divide them by an assumed mean cruising speed for the
respective helicopter type.
Example:
Estimated fuel consumption for helicopter type XYZ (see section 3) = 133 kg fuel / hour
Mean cruising speed (from spec sheet, flight manual etc.) 4 = 120 kts
 133 kg fuel / hour divided by 120 Nautical Miles / hour = 1.11 kg fuel / Nautical Mile
The value of 1.11 kg fuel / Nautical Mile is multiplied by the number of Nautical Miles
flown in order to get the number of kg fuel.
2.2 Piston Engine Helicopter Operations
Engine running time on ground shows a great seasonal variability, with a long engine warm up
sequence in winter and a long cool down sequence at the end of the flight in summer (air cooled
engines). Total engine ground running time has been determined to be approximately 5 minutes.
Climb rate has been assumed 750ft/min based on performance tables of the reference helicopter
manuals, resulting in more time needed to climb 3000ft (LTO) with piston engine than with turboshaft
powered helicopters. However, approach time is considered similar to the other helicopter categories.
Engine percentage power for ground running is higher than for piston engine aircraft. From RPM and
Manifold Pressure indications, it is assumed 20% of max. SHP. For hover and climb, nearly full SHP is
used. According to information from experienced flight instructors, cruise power is usually set near the
maximum continuous power. Therefore, 95% of max. SHP is the suggested cruise value. Approach
shows a large variation in power settings, but it is generally relatively high (60% of max. SHP), either
for maintaining a comfortable sink rate or for gaining speed in order to reduce flight time.
4
Aircraft or helicopter speeds are often given in kts (knots). 1 knot = 1 Nautical Mile per hour
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Table 1: Suggested times in mode and % of max. SHP for piston engine helicopters. GI = Ground Idle
before departure and after landing, TO = Hover and Climb, AP = Approach. “Mean
operating % power per engine” = power setting for determination of emissions per flight-hour.
GI_Time
(Min.)
TO_Time
(Min.)
5
AP_Time
(Min.)
4
5.5
GI %Power
per engine
20
TO %Power
per engine
95
AP %Power
per engine
60
Mean
operating
%Power
per engine
90
2.3 Single Engine Turboshaft Helicopter Operations
The values of table 2 have been generated from flight testing. An example of detailed recording and
calculation of weighted averages is given in Appendix A.
Table 2: Suggested times in mode and % of max. SHP for single engine turboshaft helicopters
GI_Time
(Min.)
TO_Time
(Min.)
5
AP_Time
(Min.)
3
5.5
GI %Power
per engine
13
TO %Power
per engine
87
AP %Power
per engine
46
Mean
operating
% power
per engine
80
2.4 Twin Engine Turboshaft Helicopter Operations
For twin engine helicopters, the % power values per engine are normally lower than for single engine
helicopters. At 100% rotor torque, the two engines are running at less than their 100% power rating 5.
This has been taken into account in table 3 (see Appendix B). It is suggested to first calculate the
emissions of one engine based on the % power and times in mode below, followed by a multiplication
of the results by a factor of 2.
Table 3: Suggested times in mode and % of max. SHP per engine for small twin engine turboshaft
helicopters (below 3.4 tons MTOM)
GI_Time
(Min.)
TO_Time
(Min.)
5
AP_Time
(Min.)
3
5.5
GI %Power
per engine
7
TO %Power
per engine
78
AP %Power
per engine
38
Mean
operating
% power
per engine
65
For large twin engine turboshaft helicopters it is suggested to further reduce the %power values (see
Appendix C)
Table 4: Suggested times in mode and % of max. SHP per engine for large twin engine turboshaft
5
Generally, if an engine should fail, the remaining engine can restore nearly the twin engine performance (depending on the
helicopter model).
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helicopters (above 3.4 tons MTOM)
GI_Time
(Min.)
TO_Time
(Min.)
5
AP_Time
(Min.)
3
5.5
GI %Power
per engine
6
TO %Power
per engine
66
AP %Power
per engine
32
Mean
operating
% power
per engine
62
3. Estimation of Fuel Flow and Emission Factors from Shaft
Horsepower
The functions suggested in this section are based on the fitting of FOCA’s own engine test data and
on confidential engine manufacturer data. Manufacturer data are confidential and can not be published
together with a corresponding engine name.
The main concept consists of entering a SHP value into the formulas and getting fuel flow (kg/s) and
the emission factors for the standard pollutants (EI NO x (g/kg), EI HC (g/kg), EI CO (g/kg), EI PM non
6
volatile (g/kg), and EI PM number) . The following steps are recommended:




Firstly, the practitioner need to determine the maximum SHP of the engine(s) of the selected
helicopter. The information can be found in publicly available helicopter or engine spec sheets
or in helicopter operating manuals.
Secondly, the helicopter category (piston, single turboshaft, twin turboshaft) has to be
determined. With the corresponding table in section 2, the estimated SHP for the different
operating modes of that helicopter engine are calculated.
Next, the mode related SHPs are entered into the corresponding approximation functions,
suggested in this section. The results are fuel flow and emission factors estimations for all
modes of that particular helicopter.
Finally, fuel flow and emission factors are combined with time in mode (from the appropriate
table in section 2) to generate kg of fuel and grams emissions for LTO and one hour operation
(see next section 4).
Due to a substantial variability of real measured emissions data between different engine types, the
suggested general approximation functions for emissions may still lead to an error of a factor of two or
more for a specific engine (see Appendix F). For PM emissions, these are very rough estimations and
the error may be one order of magnitude. For fuel flow, the error is assumed +- 15%. The suggested
formulas are representing the current state of knowledge. With additional data, a further refinement
and improvement of the approximations would be possible.
6
NOx = Nitrogen oxides, HC = unburned hydrocarbons (unburned fuel), CO = Carbon monoxide, PM non volatile = Non volatile
ultra fine particles, generally soot
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3.1 Piston Engines

Fuel flow (kg/s)
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 ≈ 19 ∗ 10−12 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃4 − 10−9 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃3 + 2.6 ∗ 10−7 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃2 + 4 ∗ 10−5 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃 + 0.006

Emission factors for NOx
Table 5
Mode
% max. SHP
EI Nox (g/kg)

GI
TO
20%
1
AP
95%
1
CRUISE
60%
4
90%
2
Emission factors for HC:
𝑔
𝐸𝐼 𝐻𝐶 ( ) ≈ 80 ∗ (𝑆𝐻𝑃 −0.35 )
𝑘𝑔

Emission factors for CO:
𝑔
𝐸𝐼 𝐶𝑂 ( ) ≈ 1000 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝐻𝑃)
𝑘𝑔

Emission factors for PM (non volatile particles, soot)
Table 6
Mode
% max. SHP
EI PM (g/kg)
GI
TO
20%
0.05
AP
95%
0.1
CRUISE
60%
0.04
90%
0.07
All data for approximations of fuel flow and emission factors are taken from FOCA project ECERT. A
graphical representation of approximation functions can be found in Appendix E.

PM number:
𝑔
𝐸𝐼 𝑃𝑀 ( )
𝑘𝑔
𝑃𝑀 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 ≈ 𝜋
2
∗ 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 3 (𝑛𝑚3 ) ∗ 𝑒 (4.5∗1.8 )
6
EI PM (g/kg) and the mean particle size depends on the power settings and are approximated in table 6 and 7
respectively.
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Table 7
Estimation of the Mean Particle Size depending on the Power settings.
Piston Engine
Idle/Taxi
Approach
Takeoff
Mean
Power setting
20%
60%
95%
90%
Mean Particle Size nm
18.9
29.2
40.3
39.3
3.2 Turboshaft Engines

Fuel flow (kg/s) for engines above 1000 SHP
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 ≈ 4.0539 ∗ 10−18 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃5 − 3.16298 ∗ 10−14 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃4 + 9.2087 ∗ 10−11 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃3
− 1.2156 ∗ 10−7 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃2 + 1.1476 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃 + 0.01256

Fuel flow (kg/s) for engines above 600 SHP and maximum 1000 SHP

𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 ≈ 3.3158 ∗ 10−16 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃5 − 1.0175 ∗ 10−12 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃4 + 1.1627 ∗ 10−9 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃3 −
5.9528 ∗ 10−7 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃2 + 1.8168 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃 + 0.0062945

Fuel flow (kg/s) for engines up to 600 SHP
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 ≈ 2.197 ∗ 10−15 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃5 − 4.4441 ∗ 10−12 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃4 + 3.4208 ∗ 10−9 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃3 − 1.2138
∗ 10−6 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃2 + 2.414 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃 + 0.004583

Emission factors for NOx
𝑔
𝐸𝐼 𝑁𝑂𝑥 ( ) ≈ 0.2113 ∗ (𝑆𝐻𝑃0.5677 )
𝑘𝑔

Emission factors for HC
𝑔
𝐸𝐼 𝐻𝐶 ( ) ≈ 3819 ∗ (𝑆𝐻𝑃−1.0801)
𝑘𝑔

Emission factors for CO
𝑔
𝐸𝐼 𝐶𝑂 ( ) ≈ 5660 ∗ (𝑆𝐻𝑃−1.11 )
𝑘𝑔
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
Emission factors for PM (non volatile particles, soot)
𝐸𝐼 𝑃𝑀 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 (

𝑔
) ≈ −4.8 ∗ 10−8 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃2 + 2.3664 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝑃 + 0.1056
𝑘𝑔
PM number:
𝐸𝐼 𝑃𝑀 (
𝑔
)
𝑘𝑔
𝑃𝑀 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 ≅ 𝜋
2
∗ 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 3 (𝑛𝑚3 ) ∗ 𝑒 (4.5∗1.8 )
6
EI PM (g/kg) can be obtained by applying the aforementioned equation. An estimation of the mean particle size in
function of SHP is found in the table 8.
Table 8
Estimation of the Mean Particle Size depending on the Power settings and on the engine type.
Twin Engine (light)
Power setting
Mean Particle nm
Idle/Taxi
Single Engine
Power setting
Mean Particle nm
Idle/Taxi
Twin Engine (heavy)
Power setting
Mean Particle nm
Idle/Taxi
Approach
Takeoff
Mean
38%
78%
21.8
35.8
65%
31.1
Approach
Takeoff
Mean
13%
46%
87%
19.1
24.2
38.5
80%
36.5
Approach
Takeoff
Mean
6%
32%
66%
20.2
20.4
31.5
62%
30
7%
20
A graphical representation of approximation functions can be found in Appendix F.
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4. Final Calculations
4.1 LTO Emissions
LTO Fuel = 60 ∗ (GITime ∗ GIFuelflow + TOTime ∗ TOFuelflow + APTime ∗ APFuelflow ) ∗ number of engines
Remark: The factor of 60 converts minutes to seconds, as the times in the tables of section 2 are
given in minutes but the estimated fuel flow values are in kg per second (see sections 2 and 3 of this
guidance material)
LTO NOx = 60 ∗ (GITime ∗ GIFuelflow ∗ GIEINOx + TOTime ∗ TOFuelflow ∗ TOEINOx + APTime ∗ APFuelflow
∗ APEINOx ) ∗ number of engines
LTO HC, CO and PM are calculated accordingly by replacement of EI NO x by EI HC, EI CO or EI PM.
4.2 Emissions for One Hour Operation
Fuel for one hour operation =
3600 * (fuel flow for mean operating power per engine) * number of engines
NOx emissions for one hour operation =
3600 * (fuel flow for mean operating power per engine) * (EI NO x for mean operating
power per engine) * number of engines
HC, CO and PM emissions for one hour operation are calculated accordingly.
5. Helicopter Emissions Table
Based on this guidance material, estimated LTO emissions and emissions for one hour operation have
been calculated for a variety of helicopters. The table is offered for direct application in emission
inventories, for example by matching helicopter tail numbers with the emission results for the
corresponding helicopter types contained in the table. The original excel file, containing all input data
and calculation formulas can be downloaded from the FOCA Web As far as fuel consumption and
emissions for one hour operation (respectively cruise) are concerned, the results have been scaled in
a range of about +-15% for some of the helicopters according to information from operators. This
procedure allows to more accurately reflecting differences between different helicopter models. With
more information expected from operators in the future, the scaling factors will be updated. For details
about current one hour operation scaling factors, see Appendix D.
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Table 9: Estimated LTO emissions and one hour operation emissions for different helicopter models.
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Table 9: (Continued)
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Table 9: (Continued). Green shaded lines are piston engine powered helicopters.
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Table 10: Comparison between the 2009 and 2015 FOCA guidance
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References
1) Rotorcraft Flight Manuals: Robinson R22, Schweizer 300C Helicopter Model 269C,
Hughes 500D, Bell 206B, Eurocopter EC120B, EC145 (645), Agusta A109E, Agusta
A119, Aerospatiale AS350 B2 Ecureuil, AS532 Cougar
2) FOCA engine database (not publicly available)
3) FOI (Swedish Defence Research Agency) engine database for turboprop and turboshaft
engines (not publicly available)
4) Aircraft piston engine emissions , FOCA, 2007
5) Emission indices for gaseous pollutants and non-volatile particles of flight turboshaft
engines, FOCA/DLR turboshaft engine measurements, FOCA/DLR, 2009 (not publicly
available yet)
6) Helicopter performance test results, written communication to FOCA, Swiss Air Force
Operations and Aircraft Evaluation, 2009
7) Helicopter performance test results, FOCA test flights, FOCA, 2009
8) Civil and military turboshaft specifications, www.jet-engine.net
9) Turboshaft specifications Turbomeca
10) Turboshaft specifications Pratt & Whitney Canada
11) Turboshaft specifications Honeywell
12) Turboshaft specifications Rolls-Royce
13) Engine specifications GE Aviation
14) Control of air pollution from aircraft and aircraft engines, US Environmental Protection
Agency, US federal register, Volume 38, Number 136, July 17, 1973
15) Helicopter Pictures © by B. Baur, FOCA, Switzerland
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732 SHP
688 SHP
2020 kg
1820 kg
94%T (MCP)
TOM
OM test end
3.7
3
TO 5 NM
TO 3000ft
7.7
7
2
4
4.3
6.8
15
23
65
90
7
23
65
90
70
80.2
90.3
95.8
0
0
0
1000
GI
TO
Total 1
51
168
476
659
2.5
1
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
1
4.5
5.5
DCT
DCT
AP
FINAL
FINAL
HOVER IGE
GI
L 5NM
L 3000ft
5.5
6.5
2.5
3.5
4.2
4.5
5.2
5.5
6.5
60
45
30
15
20
60
15
60
45
30
15
20
60
7
78
80
89
69
700
500
500
250
250
0
0
1.974
54.375
71.639
0.118
3.879
15.045
19.129
0.144
6.996
4.899
6.038
0.207
8.416
3.447
4.207
0.241
Est NOx
(g)
Est. HC (g) Est. CO (g) Est. PM (g)
14.9
137.3
178.9
0.6
67.5
29.1
35.5
1.9
82.4
166.4
214.4
2.6
24.4
GI
AP
Total 2
TOTAL
LTO
146.9
299.4
384.2
4.6
6.686
5.341
6.599
0.200
5.678
7.287
9.081
0.178
4.511
11.292
14.243
0.155
3.043
23.872
30.743
0.131
3.583
17.496
22.339
0.139
6.686
5.341
6.599
0.200
1.974
54.375
71.639
0.118
Est NOx
(g)
Est. HC (g) Est. CO (g) Est. PM (g)
1.7
46.3
61.0
0.1
62.8
86.7
108.8
2.0
64.5
133.0
169.8
2.1
Est. FF
Est. EI Est. EI HC Est. EI CO Est. EI PM
(kg/s) NOx (g/kg) (g/kg)
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
0.014
0.025
0.039
0.050
Est. Fuel
(kg)
4.7
8.1
12.8
Est. FF
Est. EI Est. EI HC Est. EI CO Est. EI PM
(kg/s) NOx (g/kg) (g/kg)
(g(kg)
(g/kg)
0.037
0.032
0.028
0.020
0.023
0.037
0.014
Est. Fuel
(kg)
0.9
10.7
11.6
439
329
220
110
146
439
51
RoC
Time Incr. Time sum Rotortorque
Engine N1 RoD
(Min)
(Min.)
%
SHP %
%
(ft/min) Est. SHP
2
2
0.3
2.5
GI
GR (full rotor RPM)
HOVER IGE
CL
LTO MODE
(= 90% MTOM)
RoC
Time Incr. Time sum Rotortorque
Engine N1 RoD
(Min)
(Min.)
%
SHP %
%
(ft/min) Est. SHP
AS350B2
Arriel 1D1
Type
Engine
Ref. Power:
100%T
LTO MODE
19.02.2009
HBXVA
SINGLE ENGINE TURBINE HELICOPTER LTO AND CRUISE DATA
Cruise
75%
80%
85%
90%
15
87
AP
GI
46
7
LTO Mean SHP %
GI
TO
LTO Mean SHP %
CR
CR
CR
CR
CR
Est. Mean
NOx (g)
1178
1281
1389
1501
Est. Mean HC Est. Mean CO Est. Mean PM
(g)
(g)
(g)
651
799
34
637
781
37
625
765
40
615
751
43
GI
TO
Total 1
110
639
3.043
8.273
Est. Mean
NOx (g)
14.9
67.2
82.2
0.020
0.048
Est. Mean Fuel
(kg)
4.9
8.1
13.0
30.743
4.351
0.131
0.237
Est. Mean HC Est. Mean CO Est. Mean PM
(g)
(g)
(g)
117.2
151.0
0.6
28.9
35.4
1.9
146.2
186.3
2.6
23.872
3.561
5.5
1
TOTAL
LTO
AP
GI
Total 2
336
51
24.7
Est. Mean Fuel
(kg)
10.8
0.9
11.6
0.033
0.014
145.8
Est. Mean
NOx (g)
62.0
1.7
63.6
5.743
1.974
8.882
71.639
0.180
0.118
269.4
343.2
4.6
Est. Mean HC Est. Mean CO Est. Mean PM
(g)
(g)
(k)
76.9
95.8
1.9
46.3
61.0
0.1
123.2
156.8
2.0
7.131
54.375
Mean Time
Est. Mean FF Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
(Min.)
Est. SHP
(kg/s)
NOx (g/kg)
HC (g/kg)
CO (g/kg)
PM (g/kg)
4
2.8
Mean Time
Est. Mean FF Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
(Min.)
Est. SHP
(kg/s)
NOx (g/kg)
HC (g/kg)
CO (g/kg)
PM (g/kg)
75%
80%
85%
90%
Est. Mean Fuel
(kg)
155
163
171
178
Mean Time
Est. Mean FF Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
(Min.)
Est. SHP
(kg/s)
NOx (g/kg)
HC (g/kg)
CO (g/kg)
PM (g/kg)
60
549
0.043
7.588
4.197
5.151
0.221
60
586
0.045
7.872
3.914
4.795
0.228
60
622
0.047
8.147
3.666
4.483
0.234
60
659
0.050
8.416
3.447
4.207
0.241
CRUISE and LTO MEAN
Appendix A: LTO data, cruise data and estimated emissions for a single engine
turboshaft helicopter
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
550 SHP
900 SHP
450 SHP
100% Rotor-Torque
MC per engine
2.5
1
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
1
4.5
5.5
DCT
DCT
AP
FINAL
FINAL
HOVER IGE
GI
L 5NM
L 3000ft
LTO MODE
4
3
TO 5 NM
TO 3000ft
8
7
3.3
4
4
7
6
21
95
9
21
95
90.4
61.5
75.5
91.4
60.3
74.7
GI
TO
Total 1
0.03333
0.01
0.01583
5.5
6.5
2.5
3.5
4.2
4.5
5.2
5.5
6.5
60
45
30
15
20
70
8
60
45
30
15
20
70
6
32.9
GI
TO
Total 1
TOTAL
LTO
700
500
500
250
250
0
0
TOTAL
LTO
GI
AP
Total 2
270
203
135
68
90
315
27
171.4
Est NOx
(g)
1.7
73.9
75.6
Est. Fuel
(kg)
1.2
16.6
17.8
36.5
5.072
4.308
3.422
2.309
2.718
5.536
1.372
0.028
0.025
0.022
0.016
0.019
0.030
0.010
11.324
15.584
24.443
52.758
38.336
9.543
145.882
0.166
0.152
0.137
0.121
0.127
0.175
0.112
920.6
1210.6
6.0
Est. HC (g) Est. CO (g) Est. PM (g)
134.0
180.0
0.1
227.7
289.9
2.6
361.7
469.9
2.7
9.033
12.325
19.097
40.376
29.592
7.648
108.626
Est. EI HC Est. EI CO Est. EI PM
per engine per engine per engine
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
0.198
0.112
0.128
Est. EI
NOx per
engine
(g/kg)
6.800
145.882
36.315
RoC Est. SHP Est. FF per
Engine 2
RoD
per
engine
FF (kg/s) (ft/min) engine
(kg/s)
GI
TO
Total 1
5.499
108.626
28.073
Est. HC (g) Est. CO (g) Est. PM (g)
487.3
652.2
0.7
71.6
88.5
2.6
558.9
740.7
3.2
1.372
2.795
Est NOx
(g)
10.1
85.7
95.8
0.010
0.019
Est. Fuel
(kg)
5.7
13.0
18.7
27
95
0
428
Est. EI HC Est. EI CO Est. EI PM
per engine per engine per engine
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
6.584
0
0
0
1000
Est. EI
NOx per
engine
(g/kg)
0.036
0.03194
Meas.
Total fuel
(kg)
5.3
11.7
17.0
0.01
0.01583
RoC Est. SHP Est. FF per
Engine 2
RoD
per
engine
FF (kg/s) (ft/min) engine
(kg/s)
0.0257
0.0222
0.0167
0.0148
0.0158
0.0275
0.01
Meas.
Total fuel
(kg)
1.2
14.6
15.8
0.0257
0.0222
0.0167
0.0148
0.0158
0.0275
0.01
Time Incr. Time sum Rotortorque Total Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 1
(Min)
(Min.)
%
SHP % N1 %
N1 % FF (kg/s)
3.3
0.7
0
3
GI
GR (full rotor RPM)
HOVER IGE
CL
LTO MODE
(= MTOM)
Time Incr. Time sum Rotortorque Total Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 1
(Min)
(Min.)
%
SHP % N1 %
N1 % FF (kg/s)
2850 kg
2650 kg
A109
PW206C
Type
Engine
Ref. Power:
max. one engine
TOM
OM test end
12.02.2009
HBXQE
TWIN ENGINE TURBINE HELICOPTER LTO DATA
Appendix B: LTO data, measured fuel flow and estimated emissions for a small twin
engine turboshaft helicopter (continued on next page)
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
4
3
Mean Time
(Min.)
Mean total
SHP %
9
95
Mean total
SHP %
46
6
LTO
GI
TO
LTO
AP
GI
5.5
1
Mean Time
(Min.)
200
Meas. Fuel
(kg)
Est. Total
SHP
675
720
765
810
CR
75%
80%
85%
90%
Est. Mean Fuel Est. Mean
(kg)
NOx (g)
225
1296
233
1394
242
1497
251
1603
Est. Mean HC
(g)
1598
1545
1501
1464
Est. Mean
CO (g)
1990
1921
1863
1813
Est. Mean
PM (g)
41
43
46
49
GI
TO
Total 1
39
428
1.686
6.584
Est. Mean Fuel Est. Mean
(kg)
NOx (g)
5.9
10.0
13.0
85.7
18.9
95.7
0.012
0.036
Est. Mean HC
(g)
433.9
71.6
505.4
73.401
5.499
Est. Mean
CO (g)
576.4
88.5
664.9
97.512
6.800
Est. Mean
PM (g)
0.7
2.6
3.3
0.115
0.198
38
5
TOTAL
LTO
AP
GI
Total 2
209
27
4.386
1.372
37.1
171.6
Est. Mean Fuel Est. Mean
(kg)
NOx (g)
16.9
74.2
1.2
1.7
18.2
75.9
0.026
0.010
841.0
Est. Mean HC
(g)
201.5
134.0
335.6
11.909
108.626
1099.4
Est. Mean
CO (g)
254.6
180.0
434.6
15.044
145.882
6.0
Est. Mean
PM (g)
2.6
0.1
2.7
0.153
0.112
Mean est.
Est. Mean
SHP % Mean est. Est. Mean FF EI NOx per Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
per
SHP per
per engine
engine
HC per engine
CO per
PM per
engine
(kg/s)
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg)
engine
7
78
Mean est.
Est. Mean
SHP % Mean est. Est. Mean FF EI NOx per Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
per
SHP per
per engine
engine
HC per engine
CO per
PM per
engine
(kg/s)
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg)
engine
75%
80%
85%
90%
Est. Mean
Est. SHP
Est. Mean FF EI NOx per Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
%
per
Mean Time
Est. SHP
per engine
engine
HC per engine
CO per
PM per
(Min.)
(kg/s)
(kg/s)
(kg/s)
engine (kg/s) engine (kg/s)
engine per engine
60
61
338
0.031
5.757
7.098
8.840
0.180
60
65
360
0.032
5.972
6.620
8.228
0.185
60
70
383
0.034
6.181
6.201
7.693
0.189
60
74
405
0.035
6.385
5.830
7.220
0.194
AP
GI
LTO
GI
TO
LTO
CR
75%
80%
85%
90%
43
9
Mean total
SHP %
9
92
Mean total
SHP %
Est. Total
SHP
675
720
765
810
5.5
1
Mean Time
(Min.)
4
3
Mean Time
(Min.)
200
Meas. Fuel
(kg)
Mean Time
(Min.)
60
60
60
60
35
7
Mean est.
SHP % per
engine
7
75
Mean est.
SHP % per
engine
Est. Mean
Fuel (kg)
225
233
242
251
Est. Mean
NOx (g)
1296
1394
1497
1603
Est. Mean
HC (g)
1598
1545
1501
1464
Est. Mean
CO (g)
1990
1921
1863
1813
Est. Mean
PM (g)
41
43
46
49
Est. Mean
Fuel (kg)
5.9
12.7
18.6
0.012
0.035
Est. Mean
NOx (g)
9.9
84.0
93.9
1.679
6.452
Est. Mean
HC (g)
437.7
74.4
512.0
74.045
5.715
Est. Mean
CO (g)
581.6
92.1
673.6
98.391
7.075
Est. Mean
PM (g)
0.7
2.5
3.2
0.115
0.195
TOTAL LTO
AP
GI
Total 2
193
39
36.5
Est. Mean
Fuel (kg)
16.5
1.5
17.9
0.025
0.012
166.8
Est. Mean
NOx (g)
70.8
2.1
72.9
4.186
1.679
823.7
Est. Mean
HC (g)
220.3
91.3
311.7
13.018
74.045
1074.0
Est. Mean
CO (g)
279.0
121.4
400.4
16.485
98.391
5.9
Est. Mean
PM (g)
2.5
0.1
2.7
0.149
0.115
Mean est. Est. Mean FF Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
SHP per
per engine
NOx per
HC per
CO per
PM per
engine
(kg/s)
engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg)
GI
TO
Total 1
39
413
Mean est. Est. Mean FF Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
SHP per
per engine
NOx per
HC per
CO per
PM per
engine
(kg/s)
engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg)
75%
80%
85%
90%
Est. Mean FF Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
Est. SHP % Est. SHP per per engine
NOx per
HC per
CO per
PM per
(kg/s)
engine (kg/s) engine (kg/s) engine (kg/s) engine (kg/s)
per engine engine
61
338
0.031
5.757
7.098
8.840
0.180
65
360
0.032
5.972
6.620
8.228
0.185
70
383
0.034
6.181
6.201
7.693
0.189
74
405
0.035
6.385
5.830
7.220
0.194
Appendix B: Weighted average LTO data, measured cruise fuel flow and estimated
emissions for a small twin engine turboshaft helicopter
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
7600 kg
kg
TOM
OM test end
4
3
TO 5 NM
TO 3000ft
2.5
1
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
1
4.5
5.5
DCT
DCT
AP
FINAL
FINAL
HOVER IGE
GI
L 5NM
L 3000ft
LTO MODE
(= MTOM)
8
7
3.3
4
4.1
7.1
7
15
64
81
5.8
15
64
81
65
75
90
90.3
65
75
90
90.1
GI
TO
Total 1
0.0233
0.0375
0.0653
0.075
5.5
6.5
2.5
3.5
4.2
4.5
5.2
5.5
6.5
45
41
30
15
20
65
7
45
41
30
15
20
65
5.8
84.2
83.9
84.5
83.2
76.3
GI
TO
Total 1
TOTAL
LTO
TOTAL
LTO
GI
AP
Total 2
674
614
449
225
300
974
87
656.9
Est NOx
(g)
6.9
273.9
280.8
Est. Fuel
(kg)
2.6
34.4
37.0
77.0
8.526
8.088
6.773
4.570
5.381
10.506
2.665
0.057
0.054
0.047
0.033
0.038
0.069
0.022
Est. EI HC Est. EI CO Est. EI PM
per engine per engine per engine
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
Est. EI
NOx per
engine
(g/kg)
RoC Est. SHP Est. FF per
Engine 2
RoD
per
engine
FF (kg/s) (ft/min) engine
(kg/s)
700
500
500
250
250
0
0
Est. HC (g) Est. CO (g) Est. PM (g)
294.5
380.8
0.4
51.0
61.1
8.6
345.5
441.9
9.0
GI
TO
Total 1
4.101
4.548
6.433
13.885
10.089
2.727
39.865
0.188
0.174
0.132
0.069
0.090
0.255
0.027
572.3
726.3
15.0
Est. HC (g) Est. CO (g) Est. PM (g)
79.9
103.7
0.1
146.9
180.8
5.9
226.8
284.4
5.9
3.362
3.718
5.210
11.015
8.073
2.260
30.740
0.300
Est NOx
(g)
35.6
340.4
376.1
2.136
0.027
0.069
Est. Fuel
(kg)
11.4
28.6
40.0
1.782
39.865
13.885
11.904
30.740
11.015
0.079
87
225
959
1213
Est. EI HC Est. EI CO Est. EI PM
per engine per engine per engine
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
2.665
4.570
0
0
0
1000
Est. EI
NOx per
engine
(g/kg)
0.022
0.033
0.0233
0.0375
0.0653
0.075
Meas.
Total fuel
(kg)
12.4
27.8
40.2
RoC Est. SHP Est. FF per
Engine 2
RoD
per
engine
FF (kg/s) (ft/min) engine
(kg/s)
0.0542
0.05
0.047
0.0375
0.04
0.066
0.0233
Meas.
Total fuel
(kg)
2.8
33.3
36.1
0.0542
0.05
0.047
0.0375
0.04
0.066
0.0233
Time Incr. Time sum Rotortorque Total Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 1
(Min)
(Min.)
%
SHP % N1 %
N1 % FF (kg/s)
3.3
0.7
0.1
3
GI
GR (full rotor RPM)
HOVER IGE
CL
LTO MODE
2996 SHP
1589 SHP
100% Rotor-Torque
MC per engine
Time Incr. Time sum Rotortorque Total Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 1
(Min)
(Min.)
%
SHP % N1 %
N1 % FF (kg/s)
1820 SHP
AS32
MAKILA 1A1
12.01.2009
Type
Engine
Ref. Power:
max. one engine
HBXQE
TWIN ENGINE TURBINE HELICOPTER LTO DATA
Appendix C: LTO data, measured fuel flow and estimated emissions for a large twin
engine turboshaft helicopter (continued on next page)
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
7
80
Mean total
SHP %
39
5.8
LTO
GI
TO
LTO
AP
GI
Est. Mean Fuel Est. Mean
(kg)
NOx (g)
544
6195
567
6705
591
7234
616
7784
Est. Mean HC
(g)
1053
1024
1000
980
Est. Mean
CO (g)
1265
1228
1197
1170
Est. Mean
PM (g)
154
169
183
NOT
199
PRACTICAL
6
66
GI
TO
Total 1
111
1205
3.062
11.858
Est. Mean Fuel Est. Mean
(kg)
NOx (g)
11.5
35.2
29.4
348.8
40.9
384.0
0.024
0.079
Est. Mean HC
(g)
270.9
52.8
323.7
23.593
1.795
Est. Mean
CO (g)
348.8
63.3
412.1
30.374
2.152
Est. Mean
PM (g)
0.4
8.8
9.2
0.035
0.299
Mean est.
Est. Mean
SHP % Mean est. Est. Mean FF EI NOx per Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
per
SHP per
per engine
engine
HC per engine
CO per
PM per
engine
(kg/s)
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg)
engine
75%
80%
85%
90%
Est. SHP
% per Est. SHP
engine per engine
62
1124
66
1198
70
1273
74
1348
Est. Mean
Est. Mean FF EI NOx per Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
per engine
engine
HC per engine
CO per
PM per
(kg/s)
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg)
0.076
11.395
1.937
2.326
0.284
0.079
11.820
1.806
2.166
0.297
0.082
12.234
1.692
2.025
0.310
NOT
0.086
12.637
1.590
1.900
0.322
PRACTICAL
5.5
1
32
5
TOTAL
LTO
AP
GI
Total 2
579
87
7.819
2.665
78.4
663.6
Est. Mean Fuel Est. Mean
(kg)
NOx (g)
34.9
272.6
2.6
6.9
37.5
279.6
0.053
0.022
541.9
Est. Mean HC
(g)
138.2
79.9
218.2
3.964
30.740
685.1
Est. Mean
CO (g)
169.4
103.7
273.0
4.858
39.865
15.0
Est. Mean
PM (g)
5.8
0.1
5.8
0.165
0.027
Mean est.
Est. Mean
SHP % Mean est. Est. Mean FF EI NOx per Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
per
Mean Time
SHP per
per engine
engine
HC per engine
CO per
PM per
(Min.)
engine
(kg/s)
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg)
engine
4
3.1
Mean Time
(Min.)
Mean total
SHP %
Meas. Fuel
(kg)
Mean Time
(Min.)
60
60
60
60
480
Operating
Mass (kg)
Est. Total
SHP
2247
2397
2547
2696
7600 (light)
CR
75%
80%
85%
90%
CRUISE and LTO MEAN
AP
GI
LTO
GI
TO
LTO
CR
75%
80%
85%
90%
43
9
Mean total
SHP %
9
91
Mean total
SHP %
7600 (light)
Operating
Mass (kg)
Est. Total
SHP
2247
2397
2547
2696
CRUISE and LTO MODEL
5.5
1
Mean Time
(Min.)
4
3
Mean Time
(Min.)
480
Meas. Fuel
(kg)
Mean Time
(Min.)
60
60
60
60
35
7
Mean est.
SHP % per
engine
7
75
Mean est.
SHP % per
engine
TOTAL LTO
AP
GI
Total 2
637
127
Mean est.
SHP per
engine
GI
TO
Total 1
127
1365
Mean est.
SHP per
engine
75%
80%
85%
90%
Est. Mean
NOx (g)
6195
6705
7234
7784
Est. Mean
HC (g)
1053
1024
1000
980
Est. Mean
CO (g)
1265
1228
1197
1170
Est. Mean
PM (g)
154
169
183
199
Est. Mean
NOx (g)
38.0
374.4
412.4
3.311
12.727
Est. Mean
HC (g)
233.5
46.2
279.6
20.331
1.569
Est. Mean
CO (g)
299.3
55.1
354.4
26.066
1.874
Est. Mean
PM (g)
0.5
9.6
10.0
0.040
0.325
82.8
Est. Mean
Fuel (kg)
36.5
3.0
39.6
0.055
0.025
708.9
Est. Mean
NOx (g)
287.9
8.6
296.5
8.257
3.311
457.1
Est. Mean
HC (g)
124.6
52.9
177.5
3.574
20.331
574.5
Est. Mean
CO (g)
152.3
67.8
220.1
4.367
26.066
16.4
Est. Mean
PM (g)
6.3
0.1
6.4
0.179
0.040
Est. Mean FF Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
per engine
NOx per
HC per
CO per
PM per
(kg/s)
engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg)
Est. Mean
Fuel (kg)
12.2
31.1
43.3
0.025
0.086
Est. Mean FF Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
per engine
NOx per
HC per
CO per
PM per
(kg/s)
engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg)
Est. Mean
Fuel (kg)
544
567
591
616
Est. Mean FF Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI Est. Mean EI
Est. SHP % Est. SHP per per engine
NOx per
HC per
CO per
PM per
(kg/s)
engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg)
per engine engine
62
1124
0.076
11.395
1.937
2.326
0.284
66
1198
0.079
11.820
1.806
2.166
0.297
70
1273
0.082
12.234
1.692
2.025
0.310
74
1348
0.086
12.637
1.590
1.900
0.322
Appendix C: Weighted average LTO data, measured cruise fuel flow and estimated
emissions for a large twin engine turboshaft helicopter
Appendix D: Estimated one hour operation emissions and indicated scale factors
(status March 2009). Example: Scale factor 0.9 means that the estimated one hour fuel
and emissions have been multiplied by a factor of 0.9
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
Appendix E: Graphical Representation of Approximation Functions for Piston Engines
Conventional Aircraft Piston Engine Full Rich Fuel Flow
(from Project ECERT/Piston Engines)
FF = 1.9 * 10-12* SHP4 - 10-9*SHP3 + 2.6*10-7*SHP2 +4*10-5*SHP + 0.006
0.035
0.03
FF (kg/s)
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0
100
200
300
Shaft Horse Power (SHP)
400
Conventional Aircraft Piston EI NOx measured
(Full Rich)
(Project ECERT)
8
EI NOx (g/kg)
7
6
100%
5
85%
4
45%
3
Taxi
2
1
0
0
100
200
300
400
Shaft Horse Power (SHP)
Conventional Aircraft Piston Full Rich EI NOx
Approximation
4.5
4
EI NOx (g/kg)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
% Shaft Horse Power
Conventional Aircraft Piston EI HC (Full Rich)
(Project ECERT)
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
60
Conventional Aircraft Piston EI CO measured
(Full Rich)
(Project ECERT)
1600
EI CO (g/kg)
1400
1200
1000
100%
85%
800
45%
600
Taxi
400
200
Approximation
0
0
100
200
300
Shaft Horse Power (SHP)
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
400
Appendix F: Graphical Representation of Approximation Functions for Turboshaft
Engines
Helicopter turboshaft engines: Fuel Flow up to 600 SHP
0.0500
0.0450
0.0400
Fuel flow [kg/s]
0.0350
0.0300
0.0250
0.0200
Turboshaft engine data up to 600 SHP
Turboprop data 100%
0.0150
Turboprop data 85%
Turboprop data 30%
0.0100
Fuel Flow Approx.
0.0050
0.0000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
SHP
Helicopter turboshaft engines: Fuel Flow up to 1000 SHP
0.0800
0.0700
0.0600
Fuel flow [kg/s]
0.0500
0.0400
0.0300
Turboshaft engine data up to 1000 SHP
Fuel Flow Approx. 1000 SHP
0.0200
0.0100
0.0000
0
100
200
300
400
500
SHP
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
600
700
800
900
1000
Helicopter turboshaft engines: Fuel Flow up to 2000 SHP
0.1200
0.1000
Fuel flow [kg/s]
0.0800
0.0600
Turboshaft engine data up to 2000 SHP
Fuel Flow Approx. 2000 SHP
0.0400
0.0200
0.0000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
SHP
Helicopter Turboshaft Engines: Fuel Flow Approximation curves
for the three power ranges
0.12
0.1
Fuel flow [kg/s]
0.08
0.06
FF Approx. 600 SHP
FF Approx. 1000 SHP
0.04
FF Approx. 2000 SHP
FF (SHP)
Example: 980 SHP engine --> yellow fuel flow approximation curve. At 720 SHP the
estimated fuel flow is 0.0532 kg/s.
0.02
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
SHP
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Helicopter turboshaft engines: EI NOx Approximation vs SHP
18
16
EI NOx FOCA measurement Family 1
EI NOx FOCA measurement Family 2
14
EI NOx turboshaft data 3
EI NOx [g/kg]
EI NOx turboshaft data 4
12
EI NOx Approx.
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
SHP
Helicopter turboshaft engines: EI HC Approximation vs SHP
90
80
70
EI HC [g/kg]
60
EI HC FOCA measurement Family 1
50
EI HC FOCA measurement Family 2
EI HC turboshaft data 3
EI HC turboshaft data 4
40
EI HC Approximation
30
20
10
0
0
500
1000
SHP
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
1500
2000
Helicopter turboshaft engines: EI CO Approximation vs SHP
60
50
EI CO FOCA measurement Family 1
EI CO FOCA measurement Family 2
EI CO turboshaft data 3
EI CO turboshaft data 4
EI CO Approx.
EI CO [g/kg]
40
30
20
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
SHP
Helicopter turboshaft engines: EI PM non vol mass vs SHP
(EI for non volatile particle mass respectively soot)
400
350
EI PM non vol mass (mg/kg)
300
250
200
EI PM non vol DLR/FOCA measurement Family 1, Probe K
EI PM non vol DLR/FOCA measurement Family 1, Probe E
150
EI PM non vol DLR/FOCA measurement Family 2, Probe 1
EI PM non vol DLR/FOCA measurement Family 2, Probe 3L
100
EI PM non vol Approx. 600 SHP
EI PM non vol Approx. Family 1
50
EI PM non vol General Approximation
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
SHP
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Helicopter turboshaft engines: EI approximations
(all functions)
1000
EI NOx
EI HC
EI CO
EI PM
100
= 0.2113 *SHP 0.5677
= 3819 * SHP -1.0801
= 5660 * SHP -1.11
= - 4.8 * 10 -8 * SHP 2 + 2.3664 * 10-4 * SHP + 0.1056
EI NOx Approx.
EI HC Approx.
EI CO Approx.
EI (g/kg) or SN
EI PM Approx
10
1
0.1
0
500
1000
SHP
*COO.2207.111.3.2270810*
1500
2000