Zoonotic Diseases
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Diseases transmissible from animal to humans
Biological Hazards
Chapter 4: Biological Hazards and Controls
HACCP A Systematic Approach to Food Safety
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Agriculture Analytical Service
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Origin of HACCP
Food‐borne diseases (CDC)
Development of foods for the space program.
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In 1999
 76 million cases per year
 325,000 hospitalizations
 5,000 deaths
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Current Statistics by FDA
 48 million cases
 128,000 hospitalizations
 3,000 deaths
NASA had two principal safety issues:
First, potential problems with food particles in zero gravity
Second, absolute assurance of freedom from pathogens and biological toxins
http://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm103263.htm
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Biological Hazards
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Hazard Guide
Types of food‐borne disease can be classified as either infection or intoxications.
A hazard guide is found in the back of Chapter 5 beginning on page 33. Elements include:
 Disease, symptoms and onset
 Source
 Transmission
 Characteristics of Microorganism
 Control
Codex classifies feed biological hazards as:
 Bacterial (Salmonella, Brucella)
 Endoparasites (Toxoplasma and Taenia spp.)
 Prions
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Zoonotic Pathogens in Feed
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Bacteria Salmonella spp
 Brucella
 Listeria monocytogenes
Endoparasites
 Toxoplasmosis
 Taenia
 Trichinellosis
BSE
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http://www.fda.gov/downloads/iceci/compliancemanuals/compliancepolicyguidancemanual/ucm361105.pdf
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Salmonella‐Contaminated Animal Feed –
Serotypes Pathogenic to Animals Food‐borne illness associated with animal feed
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Numerous examples of outbreaks of Salmonella
infections in animals that were traced to contaminated feeds including cattle, pigs, chickens, turkeys, and mice. Although it is less well documented, bacteria that cause humans infections but may not cause illness in animals can also be readily transmitted to food animal via contaminated feed and appear on animal carcasses destined for human consumption.
The following are some examples of animal feeds and the pathogenic Salmonella serotypes that have been associated with disease in the particular animal species consuming these feeds: 
Poultry feed with Salmonella Pullorum, Salmonella Gallinarum, or Salmonella Enteritidis
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Swine feed with Salmonella Choleraesuis
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Sheep feed with Salmonella Abortusovis
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Horse feed with Salmonella Abortusequi
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Dairy and beef feed(s) with Salmonella Newport or Salmonella Dublin Crump et al 2002
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Salmonellosis
Investigation Update: Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Enteritidis Infections Associated with Shell Eggs
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July 2010, CDC identified a nationwide sustained increase in the number of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates with PFGE pattern JEGX01.0004 Wright County Egg in Iowa was found as the common source of the shell eggs associated with four of the clusters. Through traceback and FDA investigational findings, Hillandale Farms of Iowa, In The feed was provided to pullets (young female chickens or hens) raised at Wright County Egg facilities in Iowa. 
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Number of Salmonella Enteritidis cases matching PFGE pattern JEGX01.0004 reported to PulseNet, United States, 2010
http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/enteritidis/
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Taeniasis
Brucella
Brucella spp. are small, Gram‐negative, short, non‐sporeforming coccobacilli. Members of the genus Brucella, of which there are six recognized species, belong to a class of Proteobacteria.
In countries where Brucella is endemic, pasture may be contaminated by ruminants which deliver or abort offspring there, because the placentas of infected animals contain high levels of these microorganisms. Milk‐producing animals may become infected by eating forage from contaminated pastures and excrete the microorganisms in their milk. This milk may be a risk to human health if not pasteurized prior to use.
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Listeriosis
Trichinellosis
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Toxoplasmosis
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
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United Kingdom BSE Cases
Control Measures
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Resistance of Bacteria
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Non‐sporeformers
 Sensitive to heat, chemicals, and other treatments
Examples:
 Salmonella
 L. monocytogenes
 E.coli 0157:H7
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Sporeformers
 Resistant to heat, chemicals, and other treatments
Examples
 C. botulinum
 C. perfringens
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Summary
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Prevent contamination of feed
(keep it out)
Destroy food‐borne disease agent
(kill it)
Prevent multiplication of food‐borne disease agents (control it)
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Control of Pathogenic Organisms
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Human vCJD Cases ‐ UK
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Conditioning temperature and time
Application of microbial control agents
Receiving (serological test)
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HACCP originated as a part of the US space program and this effort focused on controlling the entire process of manufacturing food to eliminate biological hazards
There are an estimated 48 million cases of food‐borne disease annually in the US Hazard guides for many HACCP regulated products
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END
Dr. Tim Herrman
Professor, State Chemist & Director
Office of the State Chemist
Texas A&M University
(979) 845-1121
[email protected]
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Texas Feed and Fertilizer Control Service
Agriculture Analytical Service
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