Down syndrome
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
syndrome is around 50, compared to normal children with an IQ of
100.[3] A small number have a severe to high degree of intellectual
disability.
Individuals with Down syndrome may have some or all of the following
physical characteristics: microgenia (an abnormally small chin),[4] an
unusually round face, macroglossia[5] (protruding or oversized tongue),
an almond shape to the eyes caused by an epicanthic fold of the eyelid,
upslanting palpebral fissures (the separation between the upper and
lower eyelids), shorter limbs, a single transverse palmar crease (a single
instead of a double crease across one or both palms), poor muscle
tone, and a larger than normal space between the big and second toes.
Health concerns for individuals with Down syndrome include a higher
risk for congenital heart defects, gastroesophageal reflux disease,
recurrent ear infections that may lead to hearing loss, obstructive sleep
apnea, thyroid dysfunctions, and obesity.
Boy with Down syndrome assembling a bookcase
Down syndrome, or Down's syndrome, trisomy 21, is a chromosomal
condition caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st
chromosome. It is named after John Langdon Down, the British
physician who described the syndrome in 1866. The condition was
clinically described earlier in the 19th century by Jean Etienne
Dominique Esquirol in 1838 and Edouard Seguin in 1844.[1] Down
syndrome was identified as a chromosome 21 trisomy by Dr. Jérôme
Lejeune in 1959. Down syndrome in a fetus can be identified through
chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis during pregnancy, or in a
baby at birth.
Early childhood intervention, screening for common problems, medical
treatment where indicated, a conducive family environment, and
vocational training can improve the overall development of children
with Down syndrome. Education and proper care will improve quality
of life significantly, despite genetic limitations.[6]
Genghis Khan
Khagan of the Mongol Empire
(Supreme Khan of the Mongols)
King of Kings
Khagan of Khamag Mongol
Down syndrome is a chromosomal condition characterized by the
presence of an extra copy of genetic material on the 21st chromosome,
either in whole (trisomy 21) or part (such as due to translocations). The
effects and extent of the extra copy vary greatly among people,
depending on genetic history, and pure chance. The incidence of Down
syndrome is estimated at 1 per 733 births, although it is statistically
more common with older parents due to increased mutagenic
exposures upon some older parents' reproductive cells. Other factors
may also play a role. Down syndrome occurs in all human populations,
and analogous effects have been found in other species such as
chimpanzees[2] and mice.
Often Down syndrome is associated with some impairment of cognitive
ability and physical growth, and a particular set of facial characteristics.
Individuals with Down syndrome usually have low intelligence, ranging
from mild to moderate disabilities. Many children with Down syndrome
who have received family support, enrichment therapies, and tutoring
have been known to graduate from high school and college, and enjoy
employment in the work force. The average IQ of children with Down
[5][6]
Genghis Khan (/ˈɡɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/ or /ˈdʒɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/,
Mongol: [tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ] ( listen); 1162? – August 1227), born
Temujin and occasionally known by his temple name Taizu (太
祖), was the founder and Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol
Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history
after his death.
He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of
northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being
proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions
that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These
included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate,
Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties.
These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale
massacres of the civilian populations – especially in
Khwarezmia. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire
occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.
Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his
successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons
[7]
and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western
Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in
Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants went on to
stretch the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by
conquering and/or creating vassal states out of all of modernday China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asian countries, and
substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia and the
Middle East. Many of these invasions resulted in the large-scale
slaughter of local populations, which have given Genghis Khan
[8]
and his empire a fearsome reputation in local histories.
Mongol campaigns may have resulted in the deaths of 40
[9]
million people.
Beyond his military accomplishments, Genghis Khan also
advanced the Mongol Empire in other ways. He decreed the
adoption of the Uyghur script as the Mongol Empire's writing
system. He also promoted religious tolerance in the Mongol
Empire, and created a unified empire from the nomadic tribes
of northeast Asia. Present-day Mongolians regard him as the
[10]
founding father of Mongolia.
Reign
Spring 1206 – August 25, 1227
(more than 21 years)
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