STE ENS
MOUN TA I N
Volume 38,
April
No.4
1976
STATE OF OREGON
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES
The Ore Bin
Publi$hed Monthly By
STATE OF OREGON
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES
Head Office: 1069 State Office Bldg., Portland, Oregon - 97201
Telephone, [503J - 229-5580
FIELD OFFICES
2033 First Street
521 N. E. "E" Street
Boker
97814
Grants Pass
97526
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Subscription Rate
yeor -
53.00; 3 years - $8.00
Available bock issues - S .25 ot counter; S.35 moi led
Second class postage paid at Portland, Oregon
GOVERNING BOARD
R. W. deWeese, Portland, Chairman
Leeanne MacCo II, Portland
H. lyle Van Gordon, Grants Pass
STATE GEOLOGIST
R. E. Corcoran
GEOLOGISTS IN CHARGE OF FIELD OFFICES
Howard C. Brooks, Boker
len Romp, Grants Pass
Permission is Vanted to r.int information contained herein.
Credit given the Stot. of Oregon Depcrtment of Geology and Mineral Industries
fO( compiling this information will be apprec iated .
State of Oregon
Department of Geology
and Mineral Industries
1069 State Office BI dg.
Portland Oregon 97201
The ORE BIN
Volume 38, No.4
Apri I
1976
STEENS MOUNTAIN, OREGON
Ernest H. Lund* and Elton Bentley**
Steens Mountain, in Harney County, is Oregon IS highest and scenically
grandest fault-block mountain (Figure 1). It extends in a northeasterly direction for about 50 miles and rises at its highest point to 9,733 feet above
sea level. Burns, the nearest city, is situated about 50 mi les to the north.
A round trip of about 245 miles, starting and ending at Burns, will
take one completely around the mountain. To make this trip, drive east from
Burns on Oregon Highway 78 about 2 miles, then south on Oregon Highway
205, crossing part of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, and continue south through the small settlement of Frenchglen into Catlow Valley.
Here the road changes to a good rock-surfaced road. Continue south along
the face of Catlow Rim to Long Hollow, then east across the southern end of
the Steens to Fields. From Fields, turn north on the rock-surface road and
follow the base of the Steens escarpment northward to Oregon Highway 78.
Turn northwest and return to Burns.
To reach the top of the Steens for spectacular views of this great fault
block mountain and its glaciated valleys, take the Steens Mountain summit
loop road from Frenchglen (see map). At the time of this writing, the loop
road was improved only as far as Fish Lake.
Physiographic and Structural Setting
The Great Basin, which occupies Nevada and parts of adjacent states
and extends into southeastern Oregon, is characterized by fault-block mountains and intermountain basins. Steens Mountain is the most prominent of
the fault blocks in the northern part of the Great Basin.
The Steens Mountain block was uplifted and tilted gently toward the
west along a major set of faults that determines the northeasterly trend of
the mountain. The block itself is cut by many smaller faults, one set parallel to the major faults and another set trending northwesterly at nearly right
angles. Displacement along the northwesterly-trending faults has separated
* Department of Geology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
** Department of Geography, Calif. State College, Dominguez Hills 90747
51
Figure 1. High Steens viewed from the south. Wildhone Canyon
and little Wildhorse Canyon are in lower-left quarter of
photograph. (Conk ling photo)
Figure 2. Central part of High Steens with Northern Steens in
the distance. A small fault block lies east of and parallel
to the Northern Steens. Note dike in center of photo.
(Ore. Hwy. Div. photo by Kinney)
52
the mountain into three distinct topographic units known as Northern Steens,
High Steens, and Southern Steens (Fuller, 1931, p. 23).
Th e Northe rn Steens (Figure 2) extends for a distance of more than
25 mi les and is bounded on the east by a steep, continuous scarp trending
N. 30° E. At its southern end, the scarp rises nearly 3,000 feet above the
valley floor; toward the north it diminishes in height, finally merging with
the hilly terrain southeast of Malheur Lake. The west side of the Northern
Steens slopes gently toward the valley of Donner und Blitzen River, which
lies along the hinge line of the fault block. East of the scarp, a long narrow valley occupies the hinge line of a low fault block that parallels the
Northern Steens. This valley contains a number of shallow, intermittent
lakes. Mann Lake, near the south end of this valley, is a permanent lake
fed by creeks that originate just below the crest of the scarp.
The High Steens (Figure 3), which forms the central segment of the
mountain, is about 15 miles long. It rises along a north-south scarp about
5,500 feet above the floor of the Alvord Desert and reaches an altitude of
9,733 feet. Bounded on the north and south by northwest-trending fau It
scarps, the High Steens stands about 2,000 feet above the other two segments of the mountain. Its back slope, between the crest and the Donner
und Blitzen River 20 miles to the west, has an inclination of about 3°. The
steep eastern scarp has been shaped into spectacu lar va II eys and sharp ri dges
by glaciation and stream erosion. Streams originating high on the scarp,
some in small cirque basins just below the rim, have built prominent alluvial fans along the base of the scarp, as at Alvord Creek, Pike Creek, and
Indian Creek.
The Southern Steens is separated from the High Steens by a prominent
northwest-trending fault scarp that decreases in height toward the west owing to a greater amount of tilt in the High Steens block. On the west, the
Southern Steens is bounded by Catlow Rim (Figure 4), a prominent fault
scarp which at its highest part rises about 2,000 feet above Catlow Valley.
Thus the Southern Steens, bounded on both the east and west sides by fault
scarps, is a horst.
Another fault scarp, trending about N .60oW. with the downfaulted
block to the south, divides the Southern Steens into two parts. The northern
and larger part, known as Smith Flat (Figure 8), is a structura I sag wh i ch
controls the northwest-trending course of the Blitzen River. In the other
part, south of Smith Flat, numerous faults have produced a very irregular
terrain through ti Iting of the blocks and subsequent erosion by running water.
Some of the blocks have been elevated to heights above the less 'rugged
Smith Flat.
To the south, Steens Mountain merges with the Pueblo Mountains,
and the boundary between the two is not sharply defined either structurally
or in terms of rock types. However, a topographic break northwest of Fields,
marked by a gap in the mountain and by Long Hollow, can be considered
the southern end of Steens Mountain.
53
Figure 3. High Steens from the Alvord Ranch. Alvord Creek
beds moke up the foothills and are overlain by the Steens
Mountoin Andesite Series. (Ore. Hwy. Div. photo)
Figure 4. Catlow Rim near Roaring Springs Ranch. Coves near
the base of the scorp were once occupied by Indians.
54
Rock Sequence
The bedrock exposed in Steens Mountain is mostly flow lava, but
bedded pyroclastics and intrusive bodies are also exposed in the east scarp
of the High Steens. The scarp provides the thickest exposed section in the
southeastern part of the State, and rocks as old as Oligocene (Walker and
Repenning, 1965) crop out at the bOse. Fuller (1931) made a comprehensive
study of the rocks of Steens Mountain, and the more recent work by Walker
and Repenning has led to modifications of Fullerls interpretation of the volcanic sequence. The following descriptions of the rock units are drawn principally from these two works. For detailed lithologic descriptions, the
reader is referred to Fuller and for mapped distributions to Walker and
Repenning.
A Ivord Creek beds
Fu" er appli ed the name Alvord Creek beds to light-colored tuffs that
crop out at a number of places in the lower thousand feet of the scarp (Figure 3) between Cottonwood and Toughey Creeks, a distance of more than
5 miles. The unit consists of stratified acidic tuffs. The color is predominantly white, but brownish and greenish varieties of altered tuff are common. North of Alvord Creek, two thick andesite flows are interlayered
with the sediment, and north of Uttle Alvord Creek the beds are intruded
by a 200-foot-thick basalt si II. A rhyolite intrusion in the form of a laccolith has uparched the sedimentary beds and sill and has altered them
locally.
Although the Alvord Creek beds appear to be at the base of the Miocene rock sequence in the east scarp of Steens Mountain, there is disagreement on the age and distribution of the unit. A study of plant fossi Is in the
Alvord Creek beds by Chaney (in Fuller, 1931, p. 51) led him to conclude
that the unit was equivalent to the late Miocene Mascall Formation in the
John Day Valley. Axelrod (1944, p. 225) assigned an early Pliocene age
to the beds on the basis of composition of the fossil flora and its geographic
and. climatic implications. Possibly, rock units of similar lithology occurring in Pliocene structural terraces as well as beneath Miocene volcanic
rocks are being mapped as Alvord Creek beds by different workers.
The fossil flora includes species of fir, spruce, pine, juniper, maple,
aspen, cottonwood, willow, beech, Oregon grape, service berry, mountain
mahogany, Christmas berry , cherry, rose, mountain ash, sumac, madrona,
chaparral, and pondweed. Axelrod concluded that this flora denotes a region
of moderate topographic diversity with an annual rainfall of 20 :~o 30 inches
and temperatures ranging from below freezing in winter to high in summer
and that these conditions are intermediate between the moister and mi Ider
climate of the Miocene and the drier and colder climate of the region today.
55
Figure 5. Pike Creek Formation at the mouth af Pike Creek
Canyon. (Ore. Hwy. Div . photo)
Figure 6. Kiger Gorge. Steens Basalt flaws are well disployed
in the canyon walls. (Ore. Hw y . Div. photo)
56
Pike Creek Volcanic Series
Fuller gave the name Pike Creek Volcanic Series to a thick series of
acidic flows and stratified tuffs that are best exposed in Pike Creek Canyon
(Figure 5). The aggregate thickness totals more than 1,500 feet. The lower
1,000 feet of the series consists of two tuff members interlayered with two
rhyolite flows, each unit 200 to 300 feet thick. The lowermost tuff unit is
intruded by five basalt sills ranging from a few inches to 15 feet in thickness. A 40-foot layer of tuff overlies the uppermost rhyolite, and this is
in turn followed by two biotite-dacite flows, the lower of which is about
200 feet thick and the upper ranging from 200 feet to 500 feet. Walker
(Walker and Repenning, 1965) renamed this series the Pike Creek Formation, to which he assigns an age of Oligocene and Miocene.
Steens Mountain Andesitic Series
This series consists of an andesite flow up to 200 feet or more in thickness at the base and capped by a stratified tuff unit up to 20 feet thick, a
unit called the "great flow" with a maximum thickness of about 900 feet,
and a series of alternating thin layers of andesite breccias and platy flowandesite with a maximum aggregate thickness of more than 600 feet. Pyroc lasHc deposits marking sites of small volcanic cones are related to the
upper andesite series.
The "great flow" is a prominent unit in the Alvord Creek locality,
where it is about 900 feet thick. Joint columns measure as much as 5 feet
across and rise 300 feet above the talus. The unit thins to about 500 feet
in the valley of Cottonwood Creek, a mile to the north. Fuller did not
identify the unit with certainty north of there, though he reports that similar rock with exposed thickness of about 400 feet crops out.at Mann Creek,
abQUt 7 mi les north of Cottonwood Creek. South of Alvord Creek the flow
is exposed only in scattered outcrops.
.
Steens Mountain Basalt
The Steens Mountain Basalt (name shortened to Steens Basalt) (Figure
2), a series of thin flood or plateau basalt, constit.utes the bulk of the mountain and extends into Pueblo Mountain to the south and to Abert Rim to the
west. It makes up the upper 3,000 feet of the east scarp and is the rock
exposed along the glacial valleys on the back slope of the mountain. Except
where covered locally by a younger ash flow, it is the bedrock over most of
the western slope.
The maximum original thickness of the Steens Basalt is not known, for
much of it has been removed from the High Steens by glacial erosion, and
it is only on the east scarp of this part of Steens Mountain that the base is
exposed. Wilkerson (1958) measured 3,280 feet of section on the west rim
57
DESERT
HoI Sprlnv
SMITHS fLAT
OREGON
LOCATION
MAP
Map of Steens Mountain ,
~ i ' ~ •• ,
I"",oy" """." , •••
IM,d ... d •••.
-
Harney CO., Oregon
-
___ Uftl.. ",OYd
Sco le in Mil"
,,41"TW
CONTOUII INTEIIV.u 1000
FEET
•
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I
.to lnU I,
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VI •• poI~t
Figure 7. View east up Little Blitzen Canyon. Alvord Desert in for
rignt distance . (Ore. Hwy. Div. photo by Kinney)
Figure 8 . Narrow wall separates east scarp from Big Indion Canyon
(white potch in foreground is snow clinging to east scarp). Smith
Flot in background. (Ore. Hwy. Div . photo by Kinney)
60
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is in the distance. (Ore. Hwy. Div. photo by Kinney)
62
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64
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AVAILABLE PUBLICATIONS
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BULLETINS
26. SoU: Iborigin, destnx:tion, preservation, 19«: Twenhofel.
$0.45
33. Bibliogrophy (1st wppl.l geology and mi~al resourclII of Or"90n, 19<17: Allen
1.00
35. Geology of 00110$ and VaIStl~ quoctongles, Oregon, rev . 196-4: Baldwin.
3.00
36. Papers on Tertiary foraminifera: Culhmon, St_ort & SI_ort.
vol. 2-1.25
39. Geology and mineralization of Morning mlroe region, 19-48: Allero and Thayer.
1.00
«. Bil)ll0gr0phy (2nd $Oppl.) geology and minerai r.sources of Oregon, 1953: Steer. . 2.00
-46. Ferruginous boWlit. deposits, Solem Hills, 1956: Corcoran and Libbey.
1.25
49. lode mlroes, Granit. mining district, Grant County, Oregoro, 1959; Koch.
1. 00
52. Chromil. In southw ..t ..n Oregon, 1961: Ramp
5.00
53. Bibliography (3rd $Oppl.) geology arod mineral resources of Oregoro,l962:Steete,Owen 3.00
57. wnor Geological Field Conf. guidebook, 1965: Peter50n and Gron, editor,
3.50
60. Engineering geology of Tuololin VoUey region, 1967: Schlicker and Deacon
7.50
61. Gold and "lvlIf in Oregon, 1968: Brooks and Ramp .
7.50
62 . Andlllire Conference Guidebook, 1968, Dole .
3.50
6.01 . Geology, mlnerol, ond woter resources of Oregon, 1969.
3.00
65. Proc:eeding5 of the Andesite Conferente,. 1969, Mdirney, editor (photocopy) •
10.00
66 . Geology ond mj~at resourclII of Klomath and Loke Counties, 1970.
6.50
67 . Bibliography (4th suppl.) geology ond mineral IndU$lries, 1970: Rob.. b
3 .00
68 . Seventeenth biennial repa-taf .... e Deportment, 1968- 1970 •
1.00
69 . Geology of the touth_tern Oregon Coost, 1971: Doll .
4.00
70. Geologic formations of western Oregon, 1971: Beaulieu.
2.00
71 . Geology of seleeted lova tubes in the Bend orea, 1971: Greeley
2.50
72. Geology of Mitchell quoctangle, Wheeler Couroly, 1972: Oles and EnlOW's
3.00
73. Geologic formations of _1.. 1'1 Oregon, 1972: Beaulieu.
2.00
75. Geology, ml~alrlllOUl'cesofDouglosCounty, 1972, Romp.
3.00
76. Eighteenth biennial reporl of ..... Deportment, 1970-1972.
1.00
n. Geologic field trips In nor......n Oregoro and south.. n Wcshington, 1973.
5.00
78. Bibliography (5th $Oppl.) geology ond min..al indU$trl~, 1973: Roberts and others
3.00
79. Envirarmentol geology Inland Tillamook Clatsop Countl .. , 1973, Beaulieu.
7 .00
80. Geology and mineral rll$Ourc.. of COO$ County, 1973, aol<tNin and oth ..s .
6 .00
81. Enviranmentol geology of linealn County, 1m: Schlicker andoth .., •
9 .00
82. Geol. Hazards of Bull Ruro Watershed, Mult. Clackomos Counlles, 197": Beaulieu 6.50
83. Eocen. stratigraphy of ~""western Oregon, 1974: Baldwin.
4 .00
804. Envir_ental geology of western linn Co., 1974: Beoull.u and others .
9.00
85. Erovlrormentol geology of cOO$101 lone Co. , 1974, Schlick.. ond ath..,
9.00
86. N ineteenth biennial report of the Deportmllflt, 19n- 1974
1. 00
87. Envir_entol geology of westllf'n COO$ ond Douglo. Counties, Oregon, 1975
9 . 00
88 . Geology and ml~al resourCIII of uPI*' Chetca Riv.. drainage, 1975: Romp
4.00
GEOLOGIC MAPS
Geologic map Of Q.egon w..t of 121st meridian, 1961: W.II, and Peek 52.00; moiled Geologic ITICIp of Oregon (12" x 9"), 1969: Walk.. aM King.
Geologic mop of Albany quoctongl., Oregon, 1953: Alliton (from Bull.tin 37) •
Geologic mop of Galice quadrangl., Oregon, 1953: Wells and Walk.. •
Geologic mop of Lebanon quactangl., Oregon, 1956, Allison and F.lts •
Geologic map of Bend quodrongle, and portion of High C(Qtade Mtll$ . , 1957: Wllllall'll
GMS - }, Geologic mop of ..... Sporto quadrangl., Oregon, 1962: Pr05iko
GMS -~ Geologic mop, MllcheIlButtequoclrongl., Oregon: l'iY12 •
GMS-3: Preliminary geologic mop, Durkee quodrongle, Oregon, 1967: Proslko
GMS....: Grovlty mapa, Oregon on.hat. & affshor.; [set only]: at counter $3.00, moi led
GMS- 5: Geology of the Power, quoctangle, 1971: Baldwin ancl Hess
GMS-6: Prellminory report, geology of port of Snake River Canyon, 1974: Vallier.
(Continued on bock coyer]
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Available Publicolion$, Continued:
SHORT PAPERS
18. Roeliooctive mi ....... ols ptO$pl!'Ctors Ulould know, 1976: White, Schafer, Peterwn
19. Brick and lile induSlry in Oregon, 1949: Allen and Mown.
21. lightwillight aggrillgatill industry in Oregon, 1951: Mason
24. The Almedg mine, JO$epnine County, Oregon, 1967, Libbey. .
25. Pelrogrophy, type Rattlesnake Fm., central Oregon, 1976: Enl"""
MISCELlANEOUS PAPERS
1. Description of lOme Oregon rocks ond minerals, 19so, 001111
2. Oregorl mi ....... ol depO$i~ mop (22 ~ J.4 inches) and key (reprinted 1973):
5. Oregon's QOld plocers (reprin~), 195« .
6. Oil and QOs e~plorolion in Oregon, rev. 1965: Stewart ond Newton .
7. Bibliography of theslll on Oregon geology, 1959, Schlicker.
(Supplement) Bibliography of thllSes, 195910 Dec. 31, 1965: Roberts.
8. Avoiloble well record$ 01 oil and gos e~plorolion in Oregon, rev. 1973: NfNlton
11. A collection of orticles on meteorites, 1968 (reprints from The ORE BIN)
12. Inde.>< to published geologic moppil'l9 in Oregon, 1968: Corcoran.
13. Inde.>< to The ORE BIN, 1950-1974.
'4. Thermol !p'ings and wells, 1970: Bowen and Peletson
15. Quicksilver deposits in Oregon, 1971: Brooks
16. Mosaic of O'egorl from ERTS-I imagery, 1973:
lB. Proceedings of CitiuM' Forum on potential future SOurCIlS 01 energy, 1975
OIL AND GAS INVESTIGATIONS
I Petroleum geology, western Snake River ~in, 1963: Newton and Corcoron
2. Subwrfoce geology, lOOOter Columbia and Willomette bosim, 1969: Newton
3. Prelim. identificoliam of foraminiflllfo, General Petroleum Long Bell No . 1 well.
4. Prelim identificoliom of foraminifera, Eo M. Warren Coos Co . 1-7well: Rou •
50.75
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MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS
Landforms of Orogon: 17" J< 22" pictorial relief mop •
0.25
Mining claims (Slote lows governing qvorlz and ploce.- claims)
0.50
Oregon base mop (22" ~ 30").
0.50
Geologic time chart fOf Oregon, 1961 .
10
Postcard - geology of Oregon, in colar
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GO LD AND MONEY SESSION PROCEEDINGS
Second Gold and Money Seuion, 1963 [G-2J .
Third Gold and Money Seulon, 1967 [G-3]
G .... Fifth Gold and Money Session, Gold Technical Seuion .
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