Section
Section
3
3
Standards-Based Instruction
Advances in Farming,
Technology, and Trade
Reading Preview
Standards at a Glance
Section 2 focused on the religious life of
Tang and Song China. Here students
will explore aspects of Chinese agriculture, technology, and commerce.
Section Focus Question
How did developments in agriculture, technology, and commerce influence the economy of
China?
H-SS 7.3.2 Describe
agricultural, technological,
and commercial
developments during the
Tang and Song periods.
Reading Skill
Distinguish Sequence After
you have placed events in
time and can connect events
across time, study how they
are connected. Did one event
cause another? Did two or
more events take place at the
same time? If so, is there a
reason that explains this?
Ask these questions as you
read Section 3, to better
distinguish sequence and to
understand its importance to
the history.
H-SS Historical
Interpretation 2 Students
understand and distinguish
cause, effect, sequence, and
correlation in historical
events, including the longand short-term causal
relations.
Before you begin the lesson for the day,
write the Section Focus Question on the
board. (Lesson focus: The rise of rice farming
and advances in the use of irrigation, the
inventions of gunpowder and printing, and the
growth of trade and industry all helped China’s
economy grow.)
■
L2
Have students discuss the statements in
pairs or groups of four and then mark
their worksheets again. Use the Numbered Heads strategy (TE p. T38) to call
on students to share their group’s perspectives. The students will return to
these worksheets later.
280 Chapter 10
Farming
A shift to new farming
techniques in southern China
brought an increase in
population and food supply.
Under the Tang and Song, many changes affected Chinese
farming. The center of agriculture, or farming, shifted to the
south. Meanwhile, advances made farming more productive.
Southern Rice Farming You have read about the shift
to the south during the Song Dynasty. One reason for this
change was the rise of rice as China’s most important crop. In
the past, Chinese agriculture had been based on dry-land crops
like wheat and barley. These crops grew well in the arid north,
but not in the humid south. The south, however, was perfect
for rice farming.
L2
Read aloud each statement in the Reading Readiness Guide. Ask students to
mark the statements true or false.
Teaching Resources, Unit 5,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 17
■
Key Terms and People
land tenure (land TEHN yuhr),
p. 281
literacy (LIHT er uh see), p. 282
money economy (MUHN ee ih
KAHN uh mee), p. 284
porcelain (POR suh lihn),
p. 285
were times of great prosperity in China. Much of that growth
was fueled by advances in farming, technology, and trade. In
this section, you will read how these improvements helped
China develop the world’s most advanced economy.
Introduce the concept of change by asking
students what they think was the most
important invention in human history.
Point out that many people believe that it
was the printing press, which made it possible for books to be printed in large quantities. As a result, society changed: People
who were not wealthy now could gain
access to books and, thus, to education.
Explain that the printing press appeared in
China hundreds of years before it
appeared in Europe.
Set a Purpose
High-Use Terms
alter (AWL ter), p. 281
compound (KAHM pownd),
p. 282
Background Knowledge The Tang and Song eras
Prepare to Read
Build Background
Knowledge
Vocabulary Builder
280 Chapter 10 China’s Golden Age
Universal Access
L1 English Language Learners
L1 Less Proficient Readers
Tracking Reading Suggest to students
that they use a ruler to help them keep
their place as they read, line to line, down
a page.
L1 Special Needs
Noting the Unfamiliar Have students
mark unfamiliar words or phrases (such as
prosperity and advances on this page) with a
sticky note or jot down questions that
occur to them as they read. Periodically
provide assistance to the students to clarify
these issues.
Rice grows in flooded fields, called paddies. To keep their
rice paddies wet, the Chinese developed advanced irrigation
systems, or systems providing water, that included pumps and
other water-control devices. They also developed new strains
of fast-ripening rice. With this rice, farmers could plant and
harvest two, or even three, crops a year.
Rice yielded more food per acre than other grains. With
more food available, the population soared. Between 750 and
1100, the population of China doubled from 50 to 100 million.
Land Tenure Under the Han, the Chinese government
had claimed ownership of all farmland. All farmers received
equal shares of land to farm. But during the Tang Dynasty, the
government altered China’s land tenure system. Land tenure
refers to the way land is owned and distributed in a region.
Under the Tang, the government allowed wealthy families
to purchase much of the good farmland. Most peasants now
worked as tenant farmers. A Chinese official wrote:
“
The lands of the rich extend on and on . . . and
there is nothing to stop them. Day by day the poor
scatter and die from starvation. . . . If nothing is
done . . . more people will scatter and die.
”
—Cheng Hao, from Sources of Chinese Tradition
How did changes in agriculture boost commerce?
The copyright holder has not granted
permission to display this image in
electronic format. Please see the teacher's
edition of your textbook for this image.
Teach
Farming
H-SS 7.3.2; HI 2
HI 2 Distinguish
Sequence
Instruction
Explain the sequence
of changes in Chinese farming.
What caused these changes?
What happened because of
those changes?
■
High-Use Words Before teaching this
lesson, preteach the high-use words
alter and compound, using the strategy
on TE p. 267.
Key Terms Have students continue to
fill in the See It–Remember It chart (p. 7).
Vocabulary Builder
alter (AWL ter) v. to change
Irrigated Rice Farming
In the image below, farmers
use a treadmill to lift water to
an irrigation canal. The image
at left shows farmers
transplanting rice in a flooded
paddy. Critical Thinking:
Apply Information Why
would irrigation be important
to rice farmers?
The copyright holder has not granted permission to display
this image in electronic format. Please see the teacher's
edition of your textbook for this image.
L2
Vocabulary Builder
■
Read Farming with students, using the
Oral Cloze strategy (TE p. T36) for pp.
280–281 and the Structured Silent Reading strategy (TE p. T36) for the rest of the
section.
■
Ask: Why is rice such a useful crop? (It
produces more food per acre than any other
food.) How did it affect the development of China? (It supported a much
larger population.)
■
Make sure that students understand the
term land tenure, and discuss how
wealthy Chinese families came to own
most of the land. Ask: How do you
think this change affected the structure
of Chinese society? (Possible answer: It
made the rich richer and the poor poorer.)
Independent Practice
Have students begin to fill in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide.
Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 10, Section 3
(Adapted version also available.)
Monitor Progress
As students fill in the Notetaking Study
Guide, circulate to make sure individuals
understand the role of agriculture in Chinese society. Provide assistance as needed.
Section 3 Advances in Farming, Technology, and Trade
281
History Background
The Rice Legend Chinese folklore tells
that during a time of terrible floods, the
people grew hungry. There were no crops
and few animals to hunt. One day, a dog
came to the people across a flooded field.
Hanging from the dog’s tail were long rice
seeds. When the people planted the seeds,
rice grew, ending the great hunger. Chinese tradition holds that rice is even more
precious than pearls and jade.
Answers
Reading Skill Possible answer:
The development of irrigation techniques
and new strains of rice led to more harvests each year. This development supported a growing population. However,
the land was acquired by the wealthy,
which placed great hardship on the poor.
Apply Information Rice needs a lot of
water to grow.
Possible answer: Wealthy
families bought more land to farm.
Chapter 10 Section 3 281
Technology
Technology
H-SS 7.3.2; HI 2
Instruction
L2
■
Read Technology with students.
Remind students to look for causes and
effects as they read.
■
Ask: What advances involving seafaring did the Chinese develop? (large
oceangoing ships and the compass) How
did these advances help the Chinese
economy? (Possible answers: They made it
easier for traders to travel to acquire and sell
goods; they may have created more jobs for
shipbuilders and sailors.)
■
Discuss the fact that, with block printing, a new block had to be carved for
each page. Then, ask: How did movable
type eliminate this problem? (Each
character had to be carved only a few times;
then the characters could be moved around
to create pages.) How did movable type
change society? (Possible answers: Books
became more available; the literacy rate rose;
more commoners gained hope of rising
beyond their class.)
Agricultural advances during the Tang and Song dynasties
were part of a larger boom in Chinese technology. During this
era, the Chinese pioneered a number of key inventions. Among
these were gunpowder, printing, and new technologies in shipbuilding and navigation.
Ships and Navigation The Chinese led the world in
shipbuilding technologies. They built large oceangoing ships
that could hold 500 people. These ships had multiple decks
and masts, or tall posts that carry sails. They also had watertight compartments. If a leak occurred in one place, a compartment could be sealed off so that the ship would not sink.
Rudders, or movable plates, at the back of these ships made
them easy to steer.
Another key invention was the magnetic compass. Chinese
sailors used the compass to navigate the open seas. It allowed
them to travel to distant lands without getting lost. As a result,
Chinese merchants opened up trade routes to India and Southeast Asia.
As students read the next subsection,
display the color transparency Weapons
Using Gunpowder. After students have
answered its questions, ask: How did
these weapons change over time? (They
became more destructive.)
Color Transparencies, Weapons Using Gunpowder
■
Chinese inventions during the
Middle Ages included
gunpowder, printing, the
compass, and improved ways
of building ships.
Vocabulary Builder
compound (KAHM pownd) n.
combination of different
chemical ingredients
Gunpowder and Printing The Chinese discovered
the chemical compound we know today as gunpowder. They
first used gunpowder in fireworks. By the Song era, however,
they were using gunpowder to make bombs, rockets, and other
weapons.
The Chinese invented paper at least two thousand years ago.
By the 800s, they had developed a way of producing books
known as block printing. In this technology, workers carved
pages of text into blocks of wood. Each block was then inked
and pressed on paper to print a page.
Later Chinese printers developed movable type. Each piece
of type had one Chinese character carved on it. The pieces could
be assembled as needed to print a page of text. This eliminated
the need to carve a new block of text for every page of a book.
Printing lowered the cost of books. With more books
available, the number of schools expanded. Literacy, or the
ability to read and write, also increased. For the first time in
Chinese history, common people could hope that their sons
might grow up to join the scholar-official class.
How did improved printing methods affect Chinese
life?
282 Chapter 10 China’s Golden Age
Universal Access
L3 Advanced Readers
Answer
Possible answer: Improved
printing methods made books readily
available to common people, increasing
the literacy rate.
282 Chapter 10
L3 Gifted and Talented
Exploring Block Printing Invite students
to investigate the uses and limitations of
block printing for themselves. Ask them to
work in pairs to carve raised letters or
designs from half a potato or a bar of soap.
(Explain that the letters or designs must be
carved to show the mirror image of the
image that students want to print.) Stu-
dents can press their carved “blocks” onto
an inkpad and then onto paper, printing
their designs. Display the block prints in
the classroom. Have students write a paragraph that explains how printing with this
method differs from writing by hand and
from using movable type.
Instruction (continued)
■
Display the transparency for the History
Interactive feature.
Color Transparencies, Explore a Chinese Ship
■
Ask: How did shipbuilding technologies help the Chinese economy? (It
allowed for more trade with other countries,
bringing wealth to China.)
■
Challenge students to think of modernday examples of technologies that have
brought prosperity to countries around
the world. Ask: What inventions and/or
technologies are essential to your daily
life? (Possible answers: computers, cars,
television, cell phones)
Independent Practice
Have students continue to fill in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study
Guide. (Adapted version available.)
Monitor Progress
Sealed compartments
protected cargo from
leaks in other parts of
the ship.
Rudder
Fresh vegetables, grown
in barrels, and crates of
chickens supplied food for
the crew.
Shelving could
be built into
compartments.
Rowboats were
used as lifeboats or
for landing where
there were no docks.
Chinese compass, with a
needle hanging by a thread,
always pointing north
As students fill in the Interactive Reading
and Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to
make sure individuals are clear about the
uses of Chinese inventions. Provide assistance as needed.
Chinese Ships
The Chinese used the most
advanced seafaring technologies
of their time. Rudders allowed for
better steering. Compasses helped
captains find their way at sea.
Critical Thinking: Draw
Conclusions How would these
technologies have helped sailors
travel longer distances?
Explore a
Chinese Ship
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mxp-5103
Section 3 Advances in Farming, Technology, and Trade
283
Economic Background
Silver Sycee A form of currency called
silver sycee was used in China for more
than 1,000 years. (Sycee were small
stamped silver lumps or ingots, not true
coins, but they were the only silver currency used in China during this era.) During
the Song Dynasty, silver production
increased, and people began using silver
as money. Silver sycee were used by the
government and by wealthy individuals
for large transactions, eliminating the need
for large quantities of heavy copper coins.
Sycee also were made by hand, so each one
was not only valuable but unique. Each
area had its own style of sycee, and often
sycee from one area were not accepted in
another area.
Answer
Draw Conclusions These technologies
provided safer ships that could withstand
long journeys and provided tools to guide
sailors across long distances.
Chapter 10 Section 3 283
Chinese Money
Trade and Industry
H-SS 7.3.2; HI 2
Instruction
L2
■
Read Trade and Industry with students.
Remind students to look for support for
the Main Idea.
■
Ask: What factors influenced the
growth of trade? (an increase in farm
production, a drop in transportation costs,
and the development of a money economy)
■
Have students name one industry that
expanded during this time. (Possible
answers: silk cloth, ceramics/porcelain, iron,
salt) Then, ask: How did increases in
industrial production help the Chinese
economy? (Products were sold to other
countries, bringing money into China.)
The copyright holder has not granted permission to display this image in
electronic format. Please see the teacher's edition of your textbook for this
image.
The bronze coin at right was
issued during the Song
Dynasty. The Song were the
first government in the world
to issue paper money. Critical
Thinking: Draw Conclusions
How might paper money be
easier to use than coins?
Independent Practice
Have students complete the Interactive
Reading and Notetaking Study Guide.
(Adapted version available.)
Trade and Industry
Increased food production,
better water transportation,
and the use of money led to
the growth of trade and
industry during the Song era.
Monitor Progress
Tell students to fill in the last column of the
Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for what
they learned that confirms or invalidates
each statement.
Other innovations encouraged the growth of trade and
industry. This occurred even though Confucian officials looked
down on merchants. They believed that making money from
trade was an unworthy profession. Nevertheless, during the
Song Dynasty, commerce expanded to new levels.
The Growth of Trade Many factors helped the growth
of trade. One was increased farm production. The creation of
an agricultural surplus meant that there was more food to
trade for craft items like pottery and cloth.
Another factor was a drop in transportation costs after the
completion of the Grand Canal in the early 600s. The Grand
Canal is the world’s oldest and longest manmade waterway. It
connects China’s two great rivers, the Huang He in the north
and the Chang in the south. The 1,100-mile-long canal quickly
filled with barges carrying rice and other goods. This led to the
building of more canals. By the end of the Song period, China’s
canals and waterways stretched for thousands of miles.
A third factor was the development of a money economy.
This is an economy in which people use currency rather than
barter to buy and sell goods. Copper coins, called cash, were
the main currency during the Tang Dynasty. But they were
heavy and hard to manage in large amounts.
Teaching Resources, Unit 5,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 17
Have students go back to their Word
Knowledge Rating Form. Rerate their
word knowledge and have them complete
the last column with a definition or an
example.
Teaching Resources, Unit 5,
Word Knowledge Rating Form, p. 14
284 Chapter 10 China’s Golden Age
Universal Access
L1 English Language Learners
L1 Less Proficient Readers
Analyzing Main Ideas To give students a
Answer
Draw Conclusions Paper money is much
lighter in weight and takes up less space. It
may be less costly to make.
284 Chapter 10
better grasp of the content of pp. 284–285,
work with students to make a chart with
three columns, writing one of the three
factors in the growth of trade (agricultural
surplus, drop in transportation costs,
L1 Special Needs
development of a money economy) at the
top of each column. In each column, students can list details that relate to that
factor. Encourage students to share their
charts with the rest of the class, refining as
necessary.
During the Song period, the government issued the world’s
first paper currency. Paper money was easy to use, especially
in trade over long distances.
Assess and Reteach
Expanding Industries As trade increased, industries
Assess Progress
expanded as well. The production of silk cloth, for example,
rose during the Song Dynasty. Another important industry
was ceramics. During this time, China began to produce
porcelain, a hard white pottery of extremely fine quality.
Chinese porcelain became a major trade item that was prized
around the world.
One of the biggest industries was iron production. Iron was
essential in many industries, such as salt production. It was
also used in weapons, tools, nails, and even Buddhist statues.
Have students complete Check Your
Progress. Administer the Section Quiz.
Teaching Resources, Unit 5,
Section Quiz, p. 25
To further assess student understanding,
use the Progress Monitoring Transparency.
Progress Monitoring Transparencies, Chapter 10, Section 3
Reteach
List three key industries in Song China.
learned about farming, technology, and trade under both Tang
and Song rule. In the next chapter, you will read about China
during the Mongol and Ming dynasties.
3 Check Your Progress
H-SS: 7.3.2, HI 2
Comprehension
and Critical Thinking
1. (a) Recall Why did Chinese
farming shift to the south?
(b) Analyze Cause and
Effect Explain how new
ways of farming increased
farm production in China.
2. (a) List Name three technologies developed during
China’s golden age.
(b) Draw Conclusions
Which of these do you think
had the greatest impact on
Chinese society? Why?
Reading Skill
3. Distinguish Sequence
Reread the first three paragraphs under the heading
Farming, on pages 280–281.
How did Chinese farming
change from the Tang era to
the Song era? What caused
it to change?
Vocabulary Builder
Answer the following questions
in complete sentences that
show your understanding of
the highlighted words.
4. How did the system of land
tenure change under the
Tang?
L1
If students need more instruction, have
them read this section in the Interactive
Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and
complete the accompanying question.
Looking Back and Ahead In this section, you have
Section
L2
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 10,
Section 3 (Adapted version also available.)
Extend
For: Self-test with instant help
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mxa-5103
5. What important changes in
the money economy did the
Song make?
6. Why was porcelain an
important product?
L3
To help students expand their understanding of Chinese ships based on the History
Interactives, provide students with Web
Code mxp-5103.
Section 3 Check Your Progress
1. (a) The humid south was perfect for rice
farming.
(b) Advanced irrigation systems and
Writing
7. Summarize material from
this section that supports the
following working thesis for
a research paper.
Working thesis: Advances
and inventions in many
fields greatly increased the
strength of the Chinese
economy under the Tang
and the Song.
Section 3 Advances in Farming, Technology, and Trade
285
fast-growing rice strains increased farm
production.
2. (a) the compass, gunpowder, and mov-
able type
(b) Answers will vary. Students may
suggest movable type because it
allowed for mass production of books
and increased literacy.
3. Agriculture shifted to rice farming. The
cause was the rise of rice as the main
crop.
4. Land tenure changed from equal shares
for everyone during the Han era to private ownership during the Tang.
5. The Tang encouraged a change from a
barter economy to an economy using
currency.
Writing Rubrics Share rubrics with students before they write their summaries.
Summary is incomplete.
Summary is vague or fails to address the working thesis.
Summary includes some details that address the working thesis.
Summary includes details that clearly support the working thesis in a
satisfactory manner.
Score
Score
Score
Score
1
2
3
4
6. Because of its high quality, porcelain
became a major export item.
7. Students’ summaries should include
main ideas from the section and should
Answer
support the working thesis.
silk production, ceramics/
porcelain, and iron
Chapter 10 Section 3 285
Interpret a Line Graph
Objective
Line graphs show how one variable changes in relation to change in some other
variable, usually, time. This analysis skill
lesson will teach students to read and analyze a line graph to determine how and
why something changes over time.
Economic indicators are numbers that
measure how an economy is doing.
Average income and employment rates
are economic indicators. Population may
be an economic indicator if it reflects
changes in the economy. Economic indicators can help you understand history.
History-Social Science
Historical Interpretation 6 Students interpret
basic indicators of economic performance and
conduct cost-benefit analyses of economic and
political issues.
Interpret a Line Graph
Guided Instruction
Tang Dynasty
Song Dynasty
L2
Have students read each step aloud. After
each step, discuss the following.
1. Have students determine what the bottom and left-hand side of the graph
show. (The bottom shows the time that is
measured; the side shows the number or
amount that changes.)
2. Practice the skill by following the steps
on p. 286 as a class. Model each step as
students identify the information.
(1. China’s population growth, 600–1200)
(2. the Tang and Song) Then, have the
students analyze the graph. (4. Increased
food production allowed the population to
increase, while a population increase led to
increased manufacturing.)
Monitor Progress
Ask students to do the Apply the Skill
activity. Then, assign the Analysis Skill
Worksheet. As students complete the
worksheet, circulate to make sure individuals are applying the skill steps effectively.
Provide assistance as needed.
Teaching Resources, Unit 5,
Analysis Skill Worksheet, p. 21
Reteach
L1
If students need more instruction, use the
Social Studies Skills Tutor CD-ROM to
reteach this skill.
Social Studies Skills Tutor CD-ROM
Analyzing Graphic Data
286 Chapter 10
Source: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
Learn the Skill Follow these steps to read a
graph and interpret data.
Practice the Skill Answer the following questions about the line graph above.
1. Read the title and identify the topic. What is
the graph about?
1. Read the title and identify the topic. What is
the graph about?
2. Read the labels. Labels tell you the kinds of
information the graph contains.
2. Read the labels. Which dynasties are listed?
3. Consider other available data. Sometimes a
graph is just one part of a larger topic. For
example, a graph about one kind of
economic indicator might be used along with
other kinds of information, like general
statements about an economy.
4. Interpret the data. Use the graph and other
information provided.
286 Chapter 10 China’s Golden Age
3. Consider other available data. (a) During the
Tang Dynasty, manufacturing and trade
made China wealthy. (b) During the Song
Dynasty, food production increased.
4. Interpret the data. How did China’s
population reflect economic changes?
Apply the Skill
See page 289 of the Chapter Assessment.