Contents
TableTableofof Contents
1
Public Speaking, A Long Tradition
1
3
Education Then and Now
4
Public Speaking and Classical Education
4Sophists
5
The Formal Greek Schools
2
11
Cicero and the Practice of Rhetoric
11
13
15
Cicero (106–43 B.C.), Speech and Politics
Quintilian’s Public School
Contemporary Scholars and the Speech Communication
Process
20
Speech as a Force in Our Lives
20
21
Civic Engagement
The Mediated World
The Practice of Public Speaking
27
29
Fear and Public Speaking
29
31
33
36
Listening and Public Speaking
36
37
38
40
Defining the Fear of Public Speaking
Causes of Speech Fright
Managing Performance Anxiety
41
Listening for Speakers and Audiences
Types of Listening
Overcoming Three Types of Distractions
Types of Nonlistening
Ethical Considerations in Speech
vii
viii
THE SPEAKER: The Tradition and Practice of Public Speaking
3
Research and Preparation
47
49
Topic Selection
49
50
52
53
Information Literacy
53
56
Finding a Topic
Crafting a Research Question
Refining Your Topic
57
Characteristics of Information Literacy
Using Information
Finding Sources
62
Citation Guides
63
65
67
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
American Psychological Association (APA)
Modern Language Association (MLA)
57Libraries
59
Personal Correspondence and Interviews
60Internet
69
4
Delivery
Verbal Attribution
73
75
Verbal Elements of Delivery
75
76
Pronunciation and Articulation
Dialects and Slang
Nonverbal Elements of Delivery
84
Modes of Delivery
84
86
86
88
Memorized Speeches
Manuscript Speeches
Extemporaneous Speeches
Impromptu Speeches
77
78Vocalics
80Kinesics
82
Functions of Nonverbal Communication in Speech
Table of Contents
5
Presentation Aids
91
93
Presentation Aids
93
97
Traditional Aids
Technological Aids
103 Visual Communication Concepts
103
104
Visual Theory and Practice
Design Principles
107 Developing and Using Presentation Aids
6
107
109
Guidelines for Presentation Aid Development
Using Presentation Aids During the Speech
The Speaking Environment
113
115 The Speech Environment/Situational
Speaking
115
115
118
121
122
124
The Speech-Making Medium
Traditional Speaking Situations
Mediated Speaking Situations
Speaking Tools
Layout of the Dais
The Speaker
125 Speech as Spectacle
125
126
The Rhetorical Situation
The Rhetoric of Spectacle
128 Making Proper Use of Scene
128
129
Before Your Speech
During Your Speech
131 Mediated Presentation Considerations
7
Analyzing Audience
137
139 Methods of Audience Analysis
139Demographics
144Psychographics
148 Other Ways to Gather Audience Information
ix
x
THE SPEAKER: The Tradition and Practice of Public Speaking
149 Audience Analysis and Speech
Development
149
152
Content Strategies
Organizational Strategies
153 Analyzing the Audience During the Speech
8
153
154
155
Language
Observing the Audience
Polling the Audience
Strategies for Adapting to Feedback During Delivery
159
161 Meaning and Symbols
161
Language Characteristics
164 Forms and Uses of Language
164
166
169
171
Single-Word Approaches
Word-Cluster Approaches
Structuring Language
Ethics and Language
174 Inclusive Language
175 Guidelines for Using Language
9
Outlining
181
183 Outlining Principles
185 Preparation Outline Components
185 General Purpose Statements
186 Specific Purpose Statements
188 Thesis Statements
189Introduction
190Body
193Conclusion
194 Language and Outlines
199 Speaking Outline
203 Outline Template
Table of Contents
10
Informative Speaking
209
211 Informative Speaking Overview
212 Types of Informative Speeches
212
214
215
217
Speeches about Objects
Speeches about Processes
Speeches about Events
Speeches about Concepts
221
221
222
224
Strategies for Informative Speeches about Objects
Strategies for Informative Speeches about Processes
Strategies for Informative Speeches about Events
Strategies for Informative Speeches about Concepts
218 Goals and Strategies for Informative
Speaking
225 Situations for Informative Speaking
11
225
226
226
Informative Speaking in the Business World
Informative Speeches in Education
Informative Speeches in Orientation Programs
Crafting an Informative Speech
229
231 Informative Speech Introductions
231Attention-Getter
233 Thesis Statement
234 Establishing Credibility
235 Previewing the Body
236 Transitions to the Body
236 When to Write the Introduction
236 Informative Speech Body
237
238
239
240
242
243
Chronological Organization of Main Points
Cause and Effect Organizational Pattern
Problem-Solution Organizational Pattern
Spatial Organizational Pattern
Topical Organizational Pattern
Connective Statements within the Body
xi
xii
THE SPEAKER: The Tradition and Practice of Public Speaking
244 Informative Speech Conclusions
12
244 Signposts
245 Speech Summaries
246Clinchers
Types of Persuasion
249
251 Forms of Persuasive Speech
251
254
Quintilian and Stasis Theory
Contemporary Persuasive Questions
255 Aristotle on Persuasive Speaking
255
256
Aristotle’s Two Types of Persuasion
Refutation Speeches
258 The Persuasive Process
258
260
Stages of Persuasion
Credibility and Persuasion
265 Developing Emotion in Persuasive Appeals
13
Reasoning and Persuasion
269
271 Classical Model of Reasoning
271
276
Syllogisms and Enthymemes
Types of Reasoning
279 The Toulmin Model
280
Elements of the Model
282 Reasoning Fallacies
14
282
Types of Fallacies
Crafting a Persuasive Speech
291
293 Classical Speech Structure
293
295
297
The Speech Exordium
The Speech Narrative
The Speech Peroration
Table of Contents
299Contemporary Speech Introductions and
Conclusions
299
301
Strategies for Persuasive Introductions
Strategies for Persuasive Conclusions
303
304
305
306
Problem-Solution Order
Problem-Cause-Solution Order
Comparative Advantages
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
302 Organizational Patterns for Persuasive
Speeches
15
Epideictic Address
313
315 Epideictic Address: The Third Genre
315
317
Epideictic vs. Informative Speaking
Epideictic vs. Persuasive Speaking
319 Different Forms of Epideictic Address
319Eulogies
322 Award Ceremonies
324Toasts
324 Goals and Strategies for Epideictic Address
16
325
326
Epideictic Goals
Epideictic Strategies
Constructing an Epideictic Address
333 Epideictic Speech Introductions
333
334
Formulating the Specific Purpose
Strategies for Epideictic Introductions
337 Epideictic Speech Body
337Eulogies
339 Wedding Toasts
340 Award Ceremonies
342 Epideictic Speech Conclusions
342Summary
344Clinchers
345 A Final Note on Epideictic Speeches
331
xiii
xiv
THE SPEAKER: The Tradition and Practice of Public Speaking
Appendix: Speech Examples
349
353
Key Terms
Index
375
347
Persuasive Speech: “Finish Your Degree”
Informative Speech: “Black Friday”
357