Know Nothing
1
Know Nothing
Native American Party (1845–1855)
American Party (1855–1860)
Citizen Know Nothing
The Know Nothing Party's nativist ideal
Founded
1845
Dissolved
1860
Ideology
Nativism, anti-Catholicism, temperance, republicanism, Protestantism
Political position
Far-right
International affiliation None
The Know Nothing was a movement by the nativist American political faction of the 1850s, characterized by
political xenophobia, anti-Catholic sentiment, and occasional bouts of violence against the groups the nativists
targeted. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic
immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to republican values and controlled by the Pope in Rome. Mainly
active from 1854 to 1856, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, though its efforts met with little success.
Membership was limited to Protestant males of British American lineage. There were few prominent leaders, and the
largely middle-class and entirely Protestant membership fragmented over the issue of slavery.
Nativists had become active in politics in New York in 1843 as the American Republican Party. It spread to nearby
states as the Native American Party (which appealed to native-born white citizens) and won a few thousand votes
in 1844. Historian Tyler Anbinder warns, however, that the "Native American" party should not be confused with the
Know-Nothings because the two different groups ran separate tickets in the same elections in the 1850s.[1]
In the early 1850s numerous anti-Catholic secret orders grew up, of which the "Order of United Americans"[2] and
the Order of the Star Spangled Banner came to be the most important. They merged in New York in the early 1850s
as a secret order that quickly spread across the North, reaching Protestants, especially those who were lower middle
class or skilled workmen. Outsiders called them "Know-Nothings" and the name stuck. In 1855 the Know-Nothings
first entered politics under the American Party label.[3] The origin of the "Know Nothing" term was in the
semi-secret organization of the party. When a member was asked about its activities, he was supposed to reply, "I
know nothing"[4].
Know Nothing
2
History
Underlying issues
The immigration of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics to the United States in the period between 1830
and 1860 made religious differences between Catholics and Protestants a political issue, tensions which echoed
European conflicts between Catholics and Protestants. Violence occasionally erupted over elections.
Although Catholics asserted that they were politically independent of priests, Protestants alleged that Pope Pius IX
had put down the failed liberal Revolutions of 1848 and that he was an opponent of liberty, democracy and
Republicanism. One Boston minister described Catholicism as "the ally of tyranny, the opponent of material
prosperity, the foe of thrift, the enemy of the railroad, the caucus, and the school."[5][6] These fears encouraged
conspiracy theories regarding the Pope's purported plans to subjugate the United States through a continuing influx
of Catholics controlled by Irish bishops obedient to and personally selected by the Pope. In 1849, an oath-bound
secret society, the Order of the Star Spangled Banner, was created by Charles B. Allen in New York City. It became
the nucleus of some units of the American Party.
Fear of Catholic immigration led to a dissatisfaction with the Democratic Party, whose leadership in many cities
included Irish American Catholics. Activists formed secret groups, coordinating their votes and throwing their
weight behind candidates sympathetic to their cause. When asked about these secret organizations, members were to
reply "I know nothing," which led to their popularly being called Know Nothings. This movement won elections in
major cities from Chicago to Boston in 1855, and carried the Massachusetts legislature and governorship.
Immigration during the first five years of the 1850s reached a level five times greater than a decade earlier.
Most of the new arrivals were poor Catholic peasants or laborers from Ireland and Germany who crowded into
the tenements of large cities. Crime and welfare costs soared. Cincinnati's crime rate, for example, tripled
between 1846 and 1853 and its murder rate increased sevenfold. Boston's expenditures for poor relief rose
threefold during the same period.
— James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 131
Rise
In spring 1854, the Know Nothings carried Boston, Salem, and other New England cities. They swept the state of
Massachusetts in the fall 1854 elections, their biggest victory. The Whig candidate for mayor of Philadelphia was
editor Robert T. Conrad, soon revealed as a Know Nothing; he promised to crack down on crime, close saloons on
Sundays, and to appoint only native-born Americans to office. He won by a landslide. In Washington, D.C.,
Know-Nothing candidate John T. Towers defeated incumbent Mayor John Walker Maury, causing opposition of
such proportion that the Democrats, Whigs, and Freesoilers in the capital united as the "Anti-Know-Nothing Party."
In New York, in a four-way race, the Know-Nothing candidate ran third with 26%. After the fall 1854 elections, they
claimed to have exerted decisive influence in Maine, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and California, but historians are unsure
due to the secrecy, as all parties were in turmoil and the anti-slavery and prohibition issues overlapped with nativism
in complex and confusing ways. They did elect the Mayor of San Francisco, Stephen Palfrey Webb, and J. Neely
Johnson as Governor of California. They were still an unofficial movement with no centralized organization. The
results of the 1854 elections were so favorable to the Know Nothings that they formed officially as a political party
called the American Party, and attracted many members of the now nearly-defunct Whig party, as well as a
significant number of Democrats and prohibitionists. Membership in the American Party increased dramatically,
from 50,000 to an estimated one million plus in a matter of months during that year.[7]
The same person might also split tickets to vote for Americans, Democrats and Republicans, for party loyalty was in
confusion. Simultaneously, the new Republican party emerged as a dominant power in many northern states. Very
few prominent politicians joined the American Party, and very few party leaders had subsequent careers in politics.
The major exceptions were Schuyler Colfax in Indiana and Henry Wilson in Massachusetts, who became
Know Nothing
3
Republicans and both were elected Vice President.
A historian of the party concludes:
The key to Know Nothing success in 1854 was the collapse of the second party system, brought about
primarily by the demise of the Whig party. The Whig party, weakened for years by internal dissent and
chronic factionalism, was nearly destroyed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Growing anti-party sentiment, fueled
by anti-slavery as well as temperance and nativism, also contributed to the disintegration of the party system.
The collapsing second party system gave the Know Nothings a much larger pool of potential converts than
was available to previous nativist organizations, allowing the Order to succeed where older nativist groups had
failed.
— Tyler G. Anbinder, 'Nativism and Slavery, p. 95
In 1854, members of the American Party allegedly stole and destroyed the block of granite contributed by Pius IX
for the Washington Monument. They also took over the monument's building society and controlled it for four years.
What little progress occurred in their tenure had to be undone and remade. For the full story, see Washington
Monument: Construction.
In California in 1854, Sam Roberts founded a Know-Nothing chapter in San Francisco. The group was formed in
opposition to Chinese and Irish immigrants.
In spring 1855, Levi Boone was elected Mayor of Chicago for the Know
Nothings. He barred all immigrants from city jobs. Statewide, however,
Republican Abraham Lincoln blocked the party from any successes. Ohio
was the only state where the party gained strength in 1855. Their Ohio
success seems to have come from winning over immigrants, especially
German Lutherans and Scotch Irish Presbyterians who opposed
Catholicism. In Alabama, the Know Nothings were a mix of former
Whigs, malcontented Democrats, and other political outsiders who
favored state aid to build more railroads. In the tempestuous 1855
campaign, the Democrats won by convincing state voters that Alabama
Know Nothings would not protect slavery from Northern abolitionists.
Know-Nothings scored startling victories in northern state elections in
1854, winning control of the legislature in Massachusetts and polling 40
percent of the vote in Pennsylvania. Although most of the new immigrants
lived in the North, resentment and anger against them was national, and
the American Party initially polled well in the South, attracting the votes
of many former southern Whigs.
Few Know-Nothings were wealthy, but their incomes, occupation and
social status were about average, according to detailed historical studies of
once-secret membership rosters. Fewer than 10% were unskilled workers
who might come in direct competition with Irish laborers. They enlisted
few farmers, but on the other hand they included many merchants and
Fillmore/Donelson campaign poster
factory owners.[8] The party's voters were by no means all native born
Americans, for it won more than a fourth of the German and British
Protestants in numerous state elections. It especially appealed to Lutherans, Dutch Reformed and Presbyterians.[9]
The party name gained wide but brief popularity. Nativism became a new American rage: Know-Nothing candy,
Know-nothing tea, and Know-Nothing toothpicks appeared. Stagecoaches were dubbed "The Know-Nothing." In
Trescott, Maine, a shipowner dubbed his new 700-ton freighter, "Know-Nothing."[10]
The party was occasionally referred to contemporaneously in the slightly pejorative shortening, "Knism".[11]
Know Nothing
Violence
Fearful that Catholics were flooding the polls with non-citizens, local activists threatened to stop them. Tensions
came to a head on 6 August 1855, in Louisville, Kentucky. In a hotly contested race for the office of governor of that
state, 22 were killed and many injured. The Louisville riot was only the most spectacular of violent riots between
Know Nothing activists and Catholics in 1855.[12]
In Baltimore the mayoral elections of 1856, 1857 and 1858 were all marred by violence and well-founded
accusations of ballot-rigging.
In Maine, Know-Nothings were associated with the tarring and feathering of a Catholic priest, John Bapst, in the
coastal town of Ellsworth in 1851 and the burning of a Catholic church in Bath in 1854.
South
There were few Catholics in the South and the American Party there comprised chiefly ex-Whigs looking for a
vehicle to fight the dominant Democratic Party. Southern Know Nothings were mostly ex-Whigs who were worried
about both the pro-slavery extremism of the Democrats and the emergence of the anti-slavery Republican party in
the North. [13] In the South as a whole the American Party was strongest among former Unionist Whigs.
States-rightist Whigs shunned it, enabling the Democrats to win most of the South. Whigs supported the American
Party because of their desire to defeat the Democrats, their unionist sentiment, their anti-immigrant attitudes, and the
Know-Nothing neutrality on the slavery issue.[14] In 1855 the American Party challenged the Democrats' dominance.
In Alabama, the Know-Nothings were a mix of former Whigs, malcontented Democrats, and other political misfits;
they favored state aid to build more railroads. In the fierce campaign, the Democrats argued that Know-Nothings
could not protect slavery from Northern abolitionists. The Know-Nothing American Party disintegrated soon after
losing in 1855.[15]
In Louisiana and Maryland, the Know-Nothings enlisted Catholics.[16] Historian Michael F. Holt, however, argues,
"Know Nothingism originally grew in the South for the same reasons it spread in the North – nativism,
anti-Catholicism, and animosity toward unresponsive politicos – not because of conservative Unionism." He quotes
William B. Campbell, former governor of Tennessee, who wrote in January 1855, "I have been astonished at the
widespread feeling in favor of their principles – to wit, Native Americanism and anti-Catholicism – it takes
everywhere."[17]
4
Know Nothing
5
1855
In spring 1855, Levi Boone was elected Mayor of Chicago for the Know Nothings. He barred all immigrants from
city jobs. Statewide, however, Republican Abraham Lincoln blocked the party from any successes. Ohio was the
only state where the party gained strength in 1855. Their Ohio success seems to have come from winning over
immigrants, especially anti-Catholic German Lutherans and Scotch Irish Presbyterians.
Decline
The party declined rapidly in the North after 1855. In
the Election of 1856 it was bitterly divided over
slavery. The main faction supported the ticket of
presidential
nominee
Millard
Fillmore
and
vice-presidential nominee Andrew Jackson Donelson.
Fillmore, a former President, had been a Whig, and
Donelson was the nephew of Democratic President
Andrew Jackson, so the ticket was designed to appeal
to loyalists from both major parties. It won 23% of the
popular vote and carried one state, Maryland, with
eight electoral votes. Fillmore did not win enough votes
to block Democrat James Buchanan from the White
House.
Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for Fillmore in
each county.
After the Supreme Court's controversial Dred Scott v.
Sandford ruling in 1857, most of the anti-slavery
members of the American Party joined the Republican Party. The pro-slavery wing of the American Party remained
strong on the local and state levels in a few southern states, but by the 1860 election, they were no longer a serious
national political movement. Most of their remaining members supported the Constitutional Union Party in 1860.[18]
Platform
The platform of the American Party called for, among other things:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Severe limits on immigration, especially from Catholic countries.
Restricting political office to native-born Americans of English and/or Scottish lineage and Protestant persuasion.
Mandating a wait of 21 years before an immigrant could gain citizenship.
Restricting public school teacher positions to Protestants.
Mandating daily Bible readings in public schools.
Restricting the sale of liquor.
Restricting the use of languages other than English.
Presidential candidates
Know Nothing
6
Election year Result
Nominees
President
Vice President
1852
lost
Daniel Webster,
then, on Webster's
death,
[19][20]
Jacob Broom
George C. Washington
[19][20]
then Reynell Coates
1856
lost
Millard Fillmore
Andrew Jackson Donelson
Legacy
Fictional portrayals
The American Party was represented in the 2002 film Gangs of New York, led by William "Bill the Butcher" Cutting
(Daniel Day-Lewis), the fictionalized version of real-life Know Nothing leader William Poole. The Know Nothings
also play a prominent role in the historical novel Shaman by Noah Gordon.
Usage of the term
The term "Know Nothing" is better remembered than the party itself. The nativist spirit of the Know Nothing
movement was revived in later political movements, such as the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and the American
Protective Association of the 1890s.[21]
In the late 19th century, Democrats would call the Republicans "Know Nothings" in order to secure the votes of
Germans, as in the Bennett Law campaign in Wisconsin in 1890.[22][23] A similar culture war took place in Illinois in
1892, where Democrat John Peter Altgeld denounced the Republicans:
“
The spirit which enacted the Alien and Sedition laws, the spirit which actuated the "Know-nothing" party, the spirit which is forever carping
about the foreign-born citizen and trying to abridge his privileges, is too deeply seated in the party. The aristocratic and know-nothing
[24]
principle has been circulating in its system so long that it will require more than one somersault to shake the poison out of its bones.
”
The term has become a provocative slur, suggesting that the opponent is both nativist and ignorant. George Wallace's
1968 presidential campaign was said by Time to be under the "neo-Know Nothing banner".[21] Editor Fareed Zakaria
has said that politicians who "encouraged Americans to fear foreigners" were becoming "modern incarnations of the
Know-Nothings".[21] In 2006, an editorial in The Weekly Standard by conservative William Kristol accused populist
Republicans of "turning the GOP into an anti-immigration, Know-Nothing party."[25] The lead editorial of The New
York Times for 20 May 2007, on a proposed immigration bill, referred to "this generation's Know-Nothings".[26] An
editorial written by Timothy Egan in The New York Times on 27 August 2010, entitled "Building a Nation of
Know-Nothings", discussed the Birther movement, which believes that President Barack Obama is not a legal citizen
of the United States.[27]
Know Nothing
References
[1] Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, p. 59
[2] Louis D. Scisco, Political Nativism in New York State, (1901) p 267
[3] Wilentz pp 681-2, 693
[4] Billington, pp. 337, 380–406
[5] Ray A. Billington, The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860 (1938) p. 242.
[6] John T. McGreevey, Catholicism and American Freedom: A History (2003) pp. 22–25, quote p. 34.
[7] Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, pp. 75–102.
[8] Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, pp. 34–43.
[9] William E. Gienapp, Origins of the Republican Party 1852–1856 (1987) pp. 538–42.
[10] David Harry Bennett, The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History (1988) p. 15.
[11] William E. Gienapp, "Salmon P. Chase, Nativism, and the Formation of the Republican Party in Ohio" 22, 24, Ohio History, 93
[12] Charles E. Deusner, "The Know Nothing Riots in Louisville," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, 61 (1963), 122-47
[13] Anthony Gene Carey, "Too Southern to Be Americans: Proslavery Politics and the Failure of the Know- Nothing Party in Georgia,
1854–1856," Civil War History (1995) 41:22-40
[14] James H. Broussard, "Some Determinants of Know-Nothing Electoral Strength in the South, 1856," Louisiana History, Jan 1966, 7#1, pp
5-20
[15] Jeff Frederick, "Unintended Consequences: The Rise and Fall of the Know-Nothing Party in Alabama," Alabama Review, Jan 2002, 55#1 pp
3-33
[16] Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, pp. 103, 170.
[17] Holt The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, p. 856.
[18] Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery.
[19] US President, Native American Party (http:/ / www. ourcampaigns. com/ RaceDetail. html?RaceID=178091) at OurCampaigns.com
[20] Charles O. Paullin, "The National Ticket of Broom and Coates, 1852", The American Historical Review, Vol. 25, No. 4, July, 1920.
[21] William Safire, Safire's Political Dictionary (2008) pp. 375–76
[22] Richard J. Jensen, The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–96 (1971) pp. 108, 147, 160.
[23] Louise Phelps Kellogg, "The Bennett Law in Wisconsin," Wisconsin magazine of history, Volume 2#1 (Sept 1918) p. 13.
[24] Jensen, The Winning of the Midwest, p. 220.
[25] Quoted by Craig Shirley, "How the GOP Lost Its Way" Washington Post, 22 April 2006, p. A21.
[26] The Immigration Deal (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 05/ 20/ opinion/ 20sun1. html?scp=1& sq=this generation's Know-Nothings&
st=cse) The New York Times, 20 May 2007
[27] Egan, Timothy. Building a Nation of Know-Nothings (http:/ / opinionator. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 08/ 25/
building-a-nation-of-know-nothings/ ) New York Times, 27 August 2010
Bibliography
• Anbinder, Tyler. Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the politics of the 1850s (1992). Online
version; also online at ACLS History e-Book (http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=52767975), the
standard scholarly study
• Anbinder, Tyler. "Nativism and prejudice against immigrants," in A companion to American immigration, ed. by
Reed Ueda (2006) pp. 177–201 online excerpt (http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&
id=cHZc5GJOlwIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA177&dq=Anbinder;+Tyler+nativism&ots=wCkBgR4zWI&
sig=jug-_rIX85JvDCRaYUVu_rWJ_0s#v=onepage&q=Anbinder; Tyler nativism&f=false)
• Baum, Dale. "Know-Nothingism and the Republican Majority in Massachusetts: The Political Realignment of the
1850s." Journal of American History 64 (1977–78): 959–86. in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/1890732)
• Baum, Dale. The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876 (1984) online (http://www.
questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54347828)
• Bennett, David Harry. The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History (1988)
• Billington, Ray A. The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism (1938),
standard scholarly survey
• Bladek, John David. "'Virginia Is Middle Ground': the Know Nothing Party and the Virginia Gubernatorial
Election of 1855." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 1998 106(1): 35–70. ISSN 0042-6636
• Cheathem, Mark R. "'I Shall Persevere in the Cause of Truth': Andrew Jackson Donelson and the Election of
1856". Tennessee Historical Quarterly 2003 62(3): 218–237. ISSN 0040-3261 Donelson was Andrew Jackson's
7
Know Nothing
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
nephew and K-N nominee for Vice President
Dash, Mark. "New Light on the Dark Lantern: the Initiation Rites and Ceremonies of a Know-Nothing Lodge in
Shippensburg, Pennsylvania" Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 2003 127(1): 89–100. ISSN
0031-4587
Gienapp, William E. "Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War,"
Journal of American History, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Dec., 1985), pp. 529–559 in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/
1904303)
Gienapp, William E. The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 (1978), detailed statistical study,
state-by-state
Holt, Michael F. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party (1999) online (http://www.questia.com/PM.
qst?a=o&d=99173945)
Holt, Michael F. Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of
Lincoln (1992)
Holt, Michael F. "The Antimasonic and Know Nothing Parties", in Arthur Schlesinger Jr., ed., History of United
States Political Parties (1973), I, 575–620.
Hurt, Payton. "The Rise and Fall of the 'Know Nothings' in California," California Historical Society Quarterly 9
(March and June 1930).
• Levine, Bruce. "Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know-nothing
Party" Journal of American History 2001 88(2): 455–488. in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/2675102)
• McGreevey, John T. Catholicism and American Freedom: A History (W. Norton, 2003)
• Maizlish, Stephen E. "The Meaning of Nativism and the Crisis of the Union: The Know-Nothing Movement in
the Antebellum North." in William Gienapp, ed. Essays on American Antebellum Politics, 1840–1860 (1982)
pp. 166–98 online edition (http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=52359106)
• Melton, Tracy Matthew. Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854–1860
(2005)
• Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857 (1947), overal political survey of era
• Overdyke, W. Darrell. The Know-Nothing Party in the South (1950) online (http://www.questia.com/PM.
qst?a=o&d=16308484)
• Voss-Hubbard, Mark. Beyond Party: Cultures of Antipartisanship in Northern Politics before the Civil War
(2002).
• Parmet, Robert D. "Connecticut's Know-Nothings: A Profile," Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin, 1966, Vol.
31 Issue 3, pp 84-90
• Scisco, Louis Dow. Political Nativism in New York State, (1901) full text online (http://books.google.com/
books?id=HXNDAAAAIAAJ), pp 84-202
• Wilentz, Sean, The Rise of American Democracy. (2005). ISBN 0-393-05820-4.
Primary sources
• Frederick Rinehart Anspach. The Sons of the Sires: A History of the Rise, Progress, and Destiny of the American
Party (1855) by K-N activist online edition (http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00224701&
id=v3WhaJjLeJ0C) at Google Books
• Samuel Clagett Busey. Immigration: Its Evils and Consequences (1856) online edition (http://books.google.
com/books?vid=OCLC17693259&id=f2ngt1goYTIC&dq="know+nothing+almanac"&as_brr=1)
• Anna Ella Carroll. The Great American Battle: Or, The Contest Between Christianity and Political Romanism
(1856) online edition (http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02013425&id=UeaNRey_RrAC&
dq="american+party"+fillmore&as_brr=1)
• Fillmore, Millard. Millard Fillmore Papers Ed. by Frank H. Severance (1907) online edition (http://books.
google.com/books?vid=OCLC11209746&id=x1cOAAAAIAAJ&dq="american+party"+fillmore&as_brr=1)
8
Know Nothing
• The Wide-awake Gift: A Know-nothing Token for 1855 (1855) online edition (http://books.google.com/
books?vid=OCLC11815023&id=dB0fAAAAMAAJ&dq="know+nothing"&as_brr=1)
External links
• Nativism in the 1856 Presidential Election (http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/
20061104-know-nothing-nativism-american-party-immigration-catholicism.shtml)
• Nativism By Michael F. Holt, PhD (http://dig.lib.niu.edu/message/ps-nativism.html)
• Lager Beer Riot, Chicago 1855 (http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/703.html)
• "Knownothingism" (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08677a.htm). Catholic Encyclopedia.
• American Party (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/AA/waa1.html) from the Handbook of
Texas Online
• Millard Fillmore Was A Know-Nothing (http://www.american-presidents.org/2006/03/
millard-fillmore-was-know-nothing.html)
9
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
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Belowenter, Bigturtle, BillFlis, Billy Hathorn, Binarybits, BirgitteSB, Bkonrad, Bob Burkhardt, Bob Castle, Bobcarper99, BrainyBabe, Bratsche, BrendelSignature, BrettAllen, Brighterorange,
Brother Officer, Bsktcase, Buskahegian, BusterD, C&R, Calieber, CanadianLinuxUser, Cavalier2006, Charles Matthews, Cherubim313, Cholmes75, Chumbawumba42, CiTrusD, Colin Douglas
Howell, Cuchullain, Culverin, Cybercobra, DBaba, DBigXray, DLJessup, Daniel Quinlan, Davepape, Deanlaw, Delirium, DerHexer, Dimadick, Domingo Portales, DoubleBlue, Dr Gangrene,
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Jauerback, Jayjg, Jerem43, JodyB, JoeSmack, Joefromrandb, John Carter, Johnx10, Jonathan.s.kt, Jovianeye, Jperrylsu, Jtmichcock, JustDerek, Jwintim, Kaibabsquirrel, Katydidit, Kenj0418,
Kesal, Kevin j, KnowledgeOfSelf, Korovioff, Kukini, L1A1 FAL, Lapsed Pacifist, Lazybum, Ledenierhomme, Leonard G., Leontios, Lesleyhood, LightSpectra, LilHelpa, Lockesdonkey,
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Rangerdude, Reach Out to the Truth, Recognizance, Red Slash, RedWolf, RedwoodZeppelin, RekishiEJ, Rev3rend, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rj, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
Image:Citizen Know Nothing.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citizen_Know_Nothing.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Sarony & Co., lithographer
Image:Fillmore2.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fillmore2.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: AnonMoos, Infrogmation, Jospe, Tresckow
File:KnowNothingPresidentialCounty1856.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:KnowNothingPresidentialCounty1856.gif License: Attribution Contributors:
User:Tilden76
License
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