John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
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1526 San Miguel de Gualdape
(Sapelo Island, Georgia, Victorious)
c. 1570 Gaspar Yanga's Revolt
(Veracruz, Victorious)
1712 New York Slave Revolt
(New York City, Suppressed)
1733 St. John Slave Revolt
(Saint John, Suppressed)
1739 Stono Rebellion
(South Carolina, Suppressed)
1741 New York Conspiracy
(New York City, Suppressed)
1760 Tacky's War
(Jamaica, Suppressed)
1767 Battle of the Lord Ligonier
(Atlantic Ocean, Suppressed)
1791–1804 Haitian Revolution
(Saint-Domingue, Victorious)
1800 Gabriel Prosser
(Virginia, Suppressed)
1805 Chatham Manor
(Virginia, Suppressed)
1811 German Coast Uprising
(Territory of Orleans, Suppressed)
1815 George Boxley
(Virginia, Suppressed)
1822 Denmark Vesey
(South Carolina, Suppressed)
1831 Nat Turner's rebellion
(Virginia, Suppressed)
1831–1832 Baptist War
(Jamaica, Suppressed)
1839 Amistad, ship rebellion
(Off the Cuban coast, Victorious)
1841 Creole, ship rebellion
(Off the Southern U.S. coast,
Victorious)
1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee
Nation
(Southern U.S., Suppressed)
1859 John Brown's Raid
(Virginia, Suppressed)
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harpers Ferry; in many
books the town is called "Harper's Ferry" with an apostrophe-s.[1]) was an attempt by white abolitionist John
Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859.
Brown's raid was defeated by a detachment of U.S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee. John Brown had originally
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in his formative years as an abolitionist in
Springfield, Massachusetts, to join him when he attacked the armory, but illness prevented Tubman from joining
him, and Douglass believed that his plan would fail and thus did not join.[2]
In 1794, George Washington selected Harpers Ferry as the best site for the second of two United States Federal
Arsenals. The first site selected – for the Springfield Armory in 1777 – was a hilltop in Springfield, Massachusetts,
next to which John Brown lived during his formative years as an abolitionist. In 1825, the soldier John H. Hall was
contracted to manufacture his famous rifle, the M1819 rifle, at Harper's Ferry.
Brown's preparation
John Brown rented the Kennedy Farmhouse, 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Harpers Ferry in Washington County,
Maryland,[3] and took up residence under the name Isaac Smith. Brown came with a small group of men minimally
trained for military action. His group included 16 white men, 3 free blacks, 1 freed slave, and 1 fugitive slave.
Northern abolitionist groups sent 198 breech-loading .52 caliber Sharps carbines ("Beecher's Bibles") and 950 pikes
(obtained from Charles Blair, in late September), in preparation for the raid. The arsenal contained 100,000 muskets
and rifles. Brown attempted to attract more black recruits. He tried recruiting Frederick Douglass as a liaison officer
to the slaves. Douglass declined, indicating to Brown that he believed the raid was a suicide mission. The plan was
"an attack on the federal government" that "would array the whole country against us." You "will never get out
alive," he warned.[4]
Brown’s plan was not to conduct a sudden raid and then escape to the mountains. Rather, his plan was to use those
rifles and pikes he captured at the arsenal, in addition to those he brought along, to arm rebellious slaves with the aim
of striking terror to the slaveholders in Virginia. He believed that on the first night of action two to five hundred
black adherents would join his line. He ridiculed the militia and regular army that might oppose him. Then he would
send agents to nearby plantations, rallying the slaves. He planned to hold Harpers Ferry for a short time, expecting
that as many volunteers, white and black, would join him as would form against him. He would then make a rapid
movement southward, sending out armed bands along the way. They would free more slaves, obtain food, horses and
hostages, and destroy slaveholding morale. Brown planned to follow the Appalachian Mountains south into
Tennessee and even Alabama, the heart of the South, making forays into the plains on either side.[5]
The raid
October 16
On Sunday night, October 16, 1859, Brown left three of his men behind as a rear-guard:; his son, Owen Brown;
Barclay Coppoc; and Frank Meriam; and led the rest into the town of Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown detached a
party under John Cook Jr. to capture Colonel Lewis Washington, great-grandnephew of George Washington, at his
nearby Beall-Air estate, some of his slaves, and two relics of George Washington: a sword allegedly presented to
Washington by Frederick the Great and two pistols given by the Marquis de Lafayette, which Brown considered
talismans.[6] The party carried out its mission and returned via the Allstadt House, where they took more hostages.[7]
Brown's main party captured several watchmen and townspeople in Harpers Ferry.
Brown's men needed to capture the weapons and escape before word could be sent to Washington. The raid was
going well for Brown's men. They cut the telegraph wire and seized a Baltimore & Ohio train passing through. An
African-American baggage handler on the train named Hayward Shepherd, confronted the raiders; they shot and
killed him-- ironically a free black man became the first casualty of the raid.[8] Then, for unknown reasons, Brown
let the train continue unimpeded. The conductor alerted the authorities. One of the keys to success was the support of
the local slave population. A massive uprising did not occur, and the slaves never rebelled. The townspeople soon
began to fight back against the raiders. Nevertheless, Brown's men captured the armory that evening.
2
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
October 17
Armory workers discovered Brown's men early on the
morning of October 17. Local militia, farmers and
shopkeepers surrounded the armory. When a company of
militia captured the bridge across the Potomac River, any
route of escape was cut off. During the day four
townspeople were killed, including the mayor. Realizing
his escape was cut, Brown took 9 of his captives and
moved into the smaller engine house, which would come
to be known as John Brown's Fort. The raiders barred off
the windows and doors and exchanged the occasional
volley
with the surrounding forces. At one point Brown
John Brown's Fort today
sent out his son, Watson, and Aaron Dwight Stevens with
a white flag, but Watson was mortally wounded and Stevens was shot and captured. The raid was rapidly
deteriorating. One of the raiders named William H. Leeman panicked and tried to escape by swimming across the
Potomac River and was shot and killed. During the intermittent shooting Brown's other son, Oliver, was shot and
died after a brief period.[9]
By 3:30 that afternoon, President James Buchanan ordered a detachment of U.S. Marines (the only troops in the
immediate area) to march on Harpers Ferry under the command of Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee of the 2nd U.S.
Cavalry. Lee had been on leave when he was hastily recalled to lead the detachment and had to command it while
wearing his civilian clothes.
October 18
Lee first offered the role of attacking the engine house
to the local militia units on the spot. Both militia
commanders declined, and Lee turned to the Marines.
On the morning of October 18, Col. Lee sent Lt. J.E.B.
Stuart, serving as a volunteer aide-de-camp, under a
flag of truce to negotiate a surrender of John Brown
and his followers. Lee instructed Lt. Israel Greene that
if Brown refused, he was to lead the marines in
storming the engine house. Stuart told Brown that his
men would be spared if they surrendered. Brown
refused and Stuart signaled to Lt. Greene and his men.
Two marines armed with sledgehammers tried in vain
to break through the door. Greene found a wooden
Illustration of the interior of the engine house immediately before the
ladder, and 10 marines used it as a battering ram to
door is broken down
knock the front doors in. Greene was the first through
the door and with the assistance of Lewis Washington
identified and singled out John Brown. Greene later recounted what happened next:
"Quicker than thought I brought my saber down with all my strength upon [Brown's] head. He was
moving as the blow fell, and I suppose I did not strike him where I intended, for he received a deep
saber cut in the back of the neck. He fell senseless on his side, then rolled over on his back. He had in
his hand a short Sharpe's cavalry carbine. I think he had just fired as I reached Colonel Washington, for
the Marine who followed me into the aperture made by the ladder received a bullet in the abdomen,
3
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
4
from which he died in a few minutes. The shot might have been fired by some one else in the insurgent
party, but I think it was from Brown. Instinctively as Brown fell I gave him a saber thrust in the left
breast. The sword I carried was a light uniform weapon, and, either not having a point or striking
something hard in Brown's accouterments, did not penetrate. The blade bent double."[10]
The action inside the engine house happened very quickly. In three minutes, all of the raiders still alive were taken
prisoner and the action was over.
October 19
Robert E. Lee made a summary report of the events that took place at Harpers Ferry. According to Lee's notes Lee
believed John Brown was insane, "...the plan [raiding the Harpers Ferry Arsenal] was the attempt of a fanatic or
madman." Lee also believed that the African Americans used in the raid were forced to by John Brown himself. "The
blacks, whom he [John Brown] forced from their homes in this neighborhood, as far as I could learn, gave him no
voluntary assistance." Lee attributed John Brown's "temporary success" by creating panic and confusion and by
"magnifying" the number of participants involved in the raid.[11]
Aftermath
Colonel Lee and Lt. Greene searched the surrounding country for
fugitives who had participated in the attack. John Brown was taken to
the court house in nearby Charles Town for trial. He was found guilty
of treason against the commonwealth of Virginia and was hanged on
December 2. (This execution was witnessed by the actor John Wilkes
Booth, who would later assassinate President Abraham Lincoln.) On
the day of his execution, Brown wrote his last prophecy, which said,
John Brown wrote his last prophecy on December
2 of 1859.
“I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this
guilty, land: will never be purged away; but with Blood. I had as I now think: vainly flattered myself
that without very much bloodshed; it might be done.”
Four other raiders were executed on December 15 and two more on March 16, 1860.
John Brown was the first white man to use violence in an attempt to end slavery. This first use of violence by a white
man scared many in the South, leading the Southern state militias to begin training for defense against further raids
and, consequently, to the militarization of the South in preparation for a Northern invasion.
The first Northern antislavery reaction to Brown's Raid was one of baffled reproach. William Lloyd Garrison called
the raid "misguided, wild, and apparently insane." But through the trial, Brown transformed into a martyr. Henry
David Thoreau, in A Plea for Captain John Brown, said, "I think that for once the Sharp's rifles and the revolvers
were employed in a righteous cause. The tools were in the hands of one who could use them," and said of Brown,
"He has a spark of divinity in him."[12] Though "Harper's Ferry was insane," wrote the religious weekly the
Independent, "the controlling motive of his demonstration was sublime." To the South, he was a murderer who
wanted to deprive them of their property. The North "has sanctioned and applauded theft, murder, and treason," said
De Bow's Review.[13][14]
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
5
Casualties
John Brown's raiders
Killed
• John Henry Kagi (Shot and killed while crossing a river. First
buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry; reburied 1899 in a
common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New York...)
• Jeremiah G. Anderson (At age 26, was mortally wounded and
killed by a Marine's bayonet during the final assault on the
engine house. Body claimed by Winchester Medical College as a
teaching cadaver; last resting place unknown.)
• William Thompson (First buried in common grave at Harpers
Ferry; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at
North Elba, New York.)
• Dauphin Thompson (Killed in the storming of the engine
house. First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry; reburied
1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New
York.)
• Oliver Brown (At age 21, being the youngest of John Brown’s
three sons to participate in the action, he was mortally wounded
on the 17th inside the engine house, resulting in a death the next
day. He was first buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry;
John Brown in 1859.
reburied in 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North
Elba, New York.)
• Watson Brown (At age 24, was mortally wounded outside the engine house while carrying a white flag, trying to negotiate
with the responding militia, resulting in death two days later. The body was claimed by Winchester Medical College as a
teaching cadaver which caused the college to be burned by Union troops. Reburied in 1882 in a grave near John Brown at
North Elba, New York.)
• Stewart Taylor. (First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North
Elba, New York.)
• William Leeman (Shot while trying to escape across the Potomac River. First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry;
reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New York.)
• Lewis Sheridan Leary (At age 24 being a free African-American, was mortally wounded while attempting escape across the
Shenandoah River. He was stationed in the rifle factory with Kagi. Alleged to be buried at John Brown gravesite at North
Elba, New York. Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin, Ohio.)
• Dangerfield Newby (At about 35, being born into slavery [despite father being white and not his master], had permission to
move to Ohio along with his mother and siblings, but when he tried to attain freedom for his wife and children, the owner
refused, leading Newby to join Brown’s raid. He was the first raider killed [body was mutilated]. His ears, for example, were
cut off by someone in the crowd as souvenirs. First he was buried at Harpers Ferry; reburied in 1899 in a common grave near
John Brown at North Elba, New York.)
Captured
• John Brown (also wounded) Hanged December 2, 1859 in nearby Charles Town.
• Aaron Dwight Stevens (shot and captured October 18. Hanged March 16, 1860 in Charles Town. First buried in New
Jersey; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New York.)
• Edwin Coppock (At age 24, he shot and killed Harpers Ferry mayor Fontaine Beckham during the raid. He was later
executed at Charles Town on December 16, 1859 and was buried in Salem, Ohio.)
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
6
• John Anthony Copeland, Jr. (At age 25, being a free African American, joined the raiders along with his uncle Lewis
Leary. He was captured during the raid and executed on December 16, 1859 in Charles Town. The body was claimed by
Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver. The last resting place is unknown. Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin, Ohio.)
• Shields Green (At about age 23, Green was an escaped slave from South Carolina; captured in the engine house on October
18, 1859 and hanged December 16, 1859 in Charles Town. The body was claimed by Winchester Medical College as a
teaching cadaver. The last resting place is unknown. Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin, Ohio.)
• John Edwin Cook (Escaped into Pennsylvania but soon captured. Hanged December 16, 1859 in Charles Town. Body sent to
New York.)
• Albert E. Hazlett (Escaped into Pennsylvania but soon captured. Hanged March 16, 1860. Buried at Eagleswood Mansion in
[15]
Perth Amboy, New Jersey;
reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New York.)
• A.D. Stevens (Buried at Eagleswood Mansion in Perth Amboy, New Jersey; disinterred 1899)
[15]
)
Four raiders escaped and were captured about six months later.
Escaped and never captured
• Barclay Coppock (Died during US Civil War.)
• Charles Plummer Tidd (Died during US Civil War.)
• Osborne Perry Anderson (Served as an officer in Union Army, and penned a memoir about the raid.)
• Owen Brown
• Francis Jackson Meriam (Served in the army as a captain in the 3rd South Carolina Colored Infantry.)
Others
Civilians
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hayward Shepherd (African-American B&O baggage handler; killed.)
Thomas Boerly (Townsperson; killed.)
George W. Turner (Townsperson; killed.)
Fontaine Beckham (Town mayor; killed.)
A slave belonging to Col. Washington was killed.
A slave belonging to hostage John Allstad was killed.
(Some claim the two slaves voluntarily joined Brown's raiders, others say Brown forced them to fight. Regardless, one was killed
trying to escape across the Potomac River, the other was wounded and died in the Charles Town prison.)
9 other civilians were wounded.
Marines
• Luke Quinn (Killed during the storming of the engine house.)
• Matthew Ruppert (Shot in the face while storming the engine house.)
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
References
[1] For example, "Col. Robert E. Lee's Report Concerning the Attack at Harper's Ferry, October 19, 1859,"; Horace Greeley, The American
Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860–64. Volume: 1. (1866), p. 279; French Ensor Chadwick,
Causes of the Civil War, 1859–1861 (1906) p. 74; Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln (1950) vol 2 ch 3; James M. McPherson, Battle
Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988), p. 201; Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (2003) p. 116.
[2] Taylor, Marian (New edition 2004). Harriet Tubman: Antislavery Activist. Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-7910-8340-6.
[3] The Kennedy Farmhouse The Kennedy Farmhouse (http:/ / www. johnbrown. org)
[4] James M. McPherson, Battle cry of freedom: the Civil War era (2003) p. 205
[5] Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln: Prelude to Civil War, 1859–1861 (1950), vol 4 pp:72–73
[6] Ted McGee (April 5, 1973). National Register of Historic Places Nomination: Beall-Air (http:/ / www. wvculture. org/ shpo/ nr/ pdf/
jefferson/ 73001914. pdf) PDF (341 KB). National Park Service
[7] Frances D. Ruth (July, 1984). National Register of Historic Places Nomination: Allstadt House and Ordinary (http:/ / www. wvculture. org/
shpo/ nr/ pdf/ jefferson/ 85000767. pdf) PDF (1.10 MB). National Park Service
[8] Horton, James Oliver; Lois E. Horton (2006). Slavery and the Making of America (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/
books?id=uUleEW07AvgC& pg=PA162& lpg=PA162& dq=freed+ slave+ "Hayward+ Shepherd"& source=bl& ots=xPeRqYsdnt&
sig=yH3AKpAyvyuKnewjdR6A7OYO9UE& hl=en& sa=X& ei=WNp3UPaQHunM0AXO_YDoDw& ved=0CEUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&
q=freed slave "Hayward Shepherd"& f=false). Oxford University Press USA. p. 162. ISBN 978-0195304510. .
[9] Greeley, Horace (1864). The American Conflict: A History:Part One (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=b66NS2rUMIsC&
pg=PA292& lpg=PA292& dq=William+ H. + Leeman& source=bl& ots=8qD_gAu6dC& sig=8V2yyrWRyspHFToaSUpQCQxdEWI&
hl=en& sa=X& ei=ud13UNO1Iqiw0QXqyYH4Dg& ved=0CDgQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage& q=William H. Leeman& f=false). p. 292. .
[10] Israel Green, Eyewitness Account (http:/ / www2. iath. virginia. edu/ jbrown/ igreen. html)
[11] Col. Robert E. Lee, Report to the Adjutant General Concerning the Attack at Harper's Ferry (http:/ / www. law. umkc. edu/ faculty/ projects/
FTRIALS/ johnbrown/ leereport. html)
[12] Norton Anthology of American Literature, Volume B. Page 2057.
[13] Reynolds, John Brown (2006), pp. 340
[14] James M. McPherson, Battle cry of freedom: the Civil War era (2003) p. 210
[15] "John Brown's Men Disinterred.". New York Times. August 29, 1899, Wednesday.
Sources
• John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid (http://www.wvculture.org/History/jnobrown.html)
• The Raid on Harper's Ferry (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2940.html)
• Marines Answer the Call (http://www.marine969.com/johnbrown.htm)
Further reading
• Earle, Jonathan. John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry: A Brief History with Documents (2008) excerpt and text
search (http://books.google.com/books?id=RsfO24SuhcIC&printsec=frontcover&dq="harper's+ferry"&
lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&
as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES)
• Fraser, George MacDonald. Flashman and the Angel of the Lord (1994)
• Lee, Robert E. "Col. Robert E. Lee's Report Concerning the Attack at Harper's Ferry, October 19, 1859" online
(http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTRIALS/johnbrown/leereport.html)
• Horwitz, Tony. Midnight Rising: John Brown and the Raid That Sparked the Civil War (2011) Henry Holt and
Company
• Nalty, Bernard C. The United States Marines at Harper's Ferry and in the Civil War (1959) History & Museums
Division, United States Marine Corps. online (http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/PDF_Files/Pubs/United
States Marines at Harper's Ferry and in the Civil War PCN 19000410300.pdf)
• Nevins, Allan. The Emergence of Lincoln: Prelude to Civil War, 1859–1861 (1950), vol 4 of The Ordeal of the
Union, esp ch 3 pp 70–97
• Potter, David M. The Impending Crisis: 1848–1861 (1976) pp 356–84; Pulitzer Prize winning history
• Reynolds, David S. John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded
Civil Rights (2006)
7
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
• Villard, Oswald Garrison. John Brown, 1800–1859: A Biography Fifty Years After (1910) 738 pages, full text
online (http://books.google.com/books?id=JVZ9Xn_qY4MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:john+
intitle:brown+inauthor:villard&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2009&as_maxm_is=12&
as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES)
External links
• Michael E. Ruane (October 14, 2009). "150 Years Later, John Brown's Failed Slave Revolt Marches On" (http://
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/14/AR2009101402520.html). The Washington
Post.
• 150 Years Ago Today: Abolitionist John Brown Raided Arsenal at Harpers Ferry (http://www.democracynow.
org/2009/10/16/150_years_ago_today_abolitionist_john) – video report by Democracy Now!
• The Ghost of John Brown (http://www.counterpunch.org/cooler10162009.html) by Windy Cooler
• John Brown – 150 Years After Harpers Ferry (http://monthlyreview.org/091012bisson.php) by Terry Bisson,
Monthly Review, October 2009
8
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