kiwifruit
apricot
chestnut
cherry
strawberry
minor
fruit species
almond
AFRODITE*
236
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
apple
walnut
pear
peach
bush and
cane berries
plum
table
grapes
table grapes
G
rapes have the richest history and traditions of any fruit. “Table” grapes, on the other hand, is a
recent classification that evolved mainly in Italy in the second half of the 1800s, just after Italian
unification. The intention was to identify and promote some varieties that are more suited to fresh
consumption than to wine-making, though this distinction had been made centuries before in Egypt,
Israel and Persia.
Italy has historically been a leader in grape cultivation, especially for table grapes.
Field management techniques, irrigation, vine nutrition, physiology, climate factors, soil characteristics,
official guidelines for production and many other factors make the production of this crop highly
technical and it is in continuous evolution despite the historical, ancient relationship that binds it to
man, his culture and his religions.
Research and breeding programs contribute new and improved varieties that meet the classic
standards of flavour, attractiveness, productivity, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, etc.
In this complex framework, Vivai F.lli Zanzi, in collaboration with other nurseries, has for years selected
the best varieties, whether patented or freely available, to offer to its clients.
VIvai F.lli Zanzi offers a wide range of both seedless and seeded cultivars of varying maturation dates,
from very early to very late, in a variety of colours: golden, red and black.
Through collaboration with research institutions, universities and free-lance experts, Vivai F.lli Zanzi
is among the few nurseries to offer, in addition to plants, a range of highly professional products and
services such as:
> knowledge of all of the most modern agronomic techniques;
> consulting for all the new structural developments in the sector (plastic covering
films, nets, trellising equipment,…);
> technical consulting in the field, from vineyard management to phytosanitary
issues, drawing on the official guidelines for production recognized by the Regions;
> customized nutritional plans based on variety and field conditions;
> large viticultural projects.
VINEYARD
MANAGEMENT
TECHNIQUES
Methods of covering vineyards
have allowed the extension of
the table grape season, bringing
forward or pushing back harvest
dates by using plastic films and
cloths of different composition. The
use of anti-hail nets has advantages: it can protect fruit from insects
and micro-climatic changes in the
field. Also, innnovations in packaging grapes directly in the field or in
warehouses and new refrigeration
technologies allow the sale of fresh
product over an extended season
and allow the fruit to withstand
shipping to distant markets while
maintaining its original high quality.
The most common trellising systems used today in Italy and in
many other countries are the high
T- trellis, in its classic or modified
“Puglia” forms, and overhead arbor. Vine planting distances vary
considerably, depending on cultivar choice and soil fertility, from
1.80m within the row and 1.80m
between rows, up to 4m x 4m for
some very vigorous seedless varieties. Closer spacing has been
used in recent soilless culture
experiments where the goal is to
maximize the use of space, giving
required nutrients in aqueous solution directly to the roots without
using soil, to plants in small pots
with short fertigation intervals.
FORCING
TECHNIQUES
Among forcing techniques, except for coverings, the “biological” ones are distinguished from
the “non-biological” ones. Biological techniques are mechanical or agronomical and do not
use synthetic chemicals. Among
these are girdling of trunk or
branches, thinning and selection
of clusters on the vine, tipping
bunches and their lateral “wings”,
tipping shoots, thinning berries
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
237
apricot
kiwifruit
chestnut
cherry
strawberry
minor
fruit species
almond
within a cluster, defoliation. Nonbiological techniques include
the use of synthetic substances,
mostly hormones such as gibberellin, auxin, cytokinin. The use
of these molecules is much more
necessary in seedless grapes, to
compensate for the lack of these
substances, a natural consequence of the absence of seeds.
CULTIVATION
UNDER PLASTIC
The primary objective of protected cultivation is to accelerate ripening and harvest or to protect
the clusters from late summer
and autumn rains, allowing harvest up through Christmas.
To harvest grapes earlier, in January or February the vineyard is
covered with plastic film or with
plastified cloth hung on structures, usually made of metal, and
closed along the perimeter. This
covering has the effect of heating, filtering the sun’s rays and
selecting wavelengths that can
enter but not escape. How early
harvest can be depends on the
covering used, but can be up to
a month before grapes grown in
the open field, bringing significant economic advantage.
Coverings to delay harvest have
the objective of protecting the
grapes from rain which may
cause rot from Botrytis. Lateral
closure of the coverings is not
necessary, unless the use of nets
is desirable to prevent the entrance of birds or other animals
that eat grapes.
Coverings to delay harvest are
put in place towards the end of
August, before fall rains start.
IRRIGATION
Table grapes are cultivated
mainly in warm arid climates
and irrigation is necessary for
modern competitive viticulture.
238
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
ITALIA
Berry growth and therefore fruit
quality are improved with regular
and frequent irrigation of vines.
The need for water increases
through the vegetative cycle
as leaf area and transpiration
increase. In the phase of berry
growth and veraison, water is
the principal determinant of fruit
size and must not be lacking.
The irrigation requirement per
hectare of vineyard is 3,0005,000m3, depending on natural
rainfall, soil type and harvest date
of the grapes.
Fruit load per vine also influences fruit quality. When yield
is too high, berries are smaller,
harvest is delayed, sugar content is lower and stems may dry
up.
CHOICE OF
ROOTSTOCK
Vivai F.lli Zanzi has all of the varieties in the catalog available on
selected clonal rootstocks or on
their own roots.
apple
walnut
pear
peach
BLUSH SEEDLESS*
bush and
cane berries
plum
3 157/11, encourages early
bearing, prefers fertile soils
that are neither too droughtprone nor too wet.
4 34 E.M. induces good vigour,
encourages early bearing and
high sugar content.
Berlandieri x Rupestris hybrids,
suitable for poor stony soils that
are drought-prone and lime-rich.
1 1103P, good vigour, the most
adaptable to diverse soil
types, compact, cool, humid, drought-prone, lime-rich,
chlorotic, etc..
2 140R, very vigorous, excellent
for poor dry soils, drought-resistant and the most resistant
to ferric chlorosis. Also suitable for irrigated soils.
3 110 Richter, good vigour, encourages good production,
resistant to chlorosis, drought
and poor soil.
4 775P, vigorous, tolerates up
to 40% active lime.
Clearly, the choice of rootstock
is influenced by various factors
(soil, cultivar, availability, quality of irrigation water, etc.) which
must be evaluated on a case by
case basis.
CHOICE
OF VARIETY
The most thoroughly tested
and commonly used rootstocks are:
Berlandieri x Riparia hybrids,
characterized by medium-high
tolerance of drought and lime,
but also good vigour and suitability for deep, fertile, moist
soils.
1 Kober 5BB, very vigorous,
suitable for fertile soils of
plains.
2 SO4, good suitability for moist
soils, vigorous.
table grapes
table
grapes
In Italy, the largest market for
table grapes is for those with
seeds, preferably with yellow
skin. However, in the international market seedless table
grapes are preferred. In the last
few years several of these varieties have been introduced in Italy,
and red- and black-skinned varieties are also being considered.
Early-ripening cultivars have a
prominent role, as they bring
good prices and have a short
cycle. Late-maturing varieties
require more work and expense,
which is compensated by greater
productivity. Criteria for cultivar
selection are ripening date, fertility, constant production, size and
shape of clusters, which ideally
are long and with side branches,
size of individual grape berries,
which should be large and uniform, simple vineyard management (thinning, above all), flavour
(muscat aroma and high sugar
content are appreciated by consumers), uniform colour and ripening, resistance to biotic and
abiotic stresses.
The future of table grapes seems
to be strongly though not exclusively oriented towards seedless
varieties, which are much appreciated by younger generations
and the export market.
Below are listed the most commonly planted varieties in recent
years.
SEEDLESS VARIETIES
AFRODITE*
Patent number 2100/94
Propagation licensed from
Fruitgrowing Equipment
Origin: Bulgaria
Budbreak: medium
Bloom: medium
Ripening: early, last 10 days of July
Cluster: large, pyramid-shaped,
branched, berries well-spaced
Berry: large (6-8 g), ovoid, homogenous, firm crisp and very flavourful
pulp. Thick but tender skin, yellowamber colour. Rudimentary or absent
seed structures.
Overall: seedless table grape variety, very early, vigorous and productive. Earlier ripening can be
achieved with forcing techniques
and plastic cover. Of interest for
cluster shape and berry size; very
good post-harvest life with refrigeration.
AUTUMN ROYAL
Late-ripening black table grape.
Origin: David Ramming and Ronald
Tarailo, USDA Horticultural Crops
Research Laboratory of Fresno,
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
239
apricot
kiwifruit
chestnut
cherry
strawberry
minor
fruit species
almond
MICHELE PALIERI
California. Not patented. Autumn
Black x C74-11 selected in 1984 tested as A97-68, introduced in 1996.
Fruit: large (6,5 g), of oval to elliptical shape; skin is black to purple-black with light waxy bloom,
of medium toughness and is
well-attached to the fruit. Flesh is
translucent yellowish-green and
very firm. Flavour is sweet, neutral
and pleasant. Quality is higher if
harvested at >18% soluble solids;
in each berry two to four aborted
seeds are present which vary in size
from medium to small and nearly
invisible in some years. In Fresno
Autumn Royal is ripe the first week
of October.
Cluster: large (from 500g to 1kg),
of conic shape with “shoulders”, full
and compact; pedicels are of medium
length with medium to weak attachment to the rachis.
240
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
Vine: medium to slightly weak vigour, branches and canes are fragile
and can be easily broken by hand.
Production is good, leave spurs
when pruning.
BLUSH SEEDLESS*
Patent number 2100/94
Propagation licensed from
Fruitgrowing Equipment
Origin: California
Editor: Fruitgrowing Equipment Italia
Budbreak: early (1st decade of April)
Bloom: medium-early (end of May,
1st decade of June)
Ripening: medium (I°-II° decade of
September)
Cluster: very long, conic-cylindrical,
branched, well-spaced berries.
Berry: medium-large, red colour,
flesh of neutral flavour
Overall: interes ting variet y
thanks to its very high productiv-
ity with good size of berries (4
gr.). It can sometimes present
some unripe berries.
CENTENNIAL SEEDLESS*
Patent number 1022-NV
Propagation licensed from
Fruitgrowing Equipment
Origin: California
Budbreak: early
Bloom: early or very early
Ripening: early
Cluster: very large, conic-cylindrical,
well-spaced berries
Berry: medium-large (6-8 g) of cylindrical-ellipsoidal shape and greenishyellow colour.
Overall: variet y of green seedle s s gr ape s ui t able f or f r e sh
consumption and other uses
(dr ying, fruit salad, in s yrup,
etc.) due to good grape quality,
balanced flavour (sugar above
apple
walnut
pear
peach
bush and
cane berries
plum
table grapes
table
grapes
VITROBLACK 1®-OPHELIA*
RED GLOBE*
13 %) ; good fer tilit y and yield
(about 20 kg grapes per vine).
Berries have a tendency to come
unattached from peduncles.
inc r eas e f er tili t y. C an s ome times have problems with poor
and non-uniform colour of clusters.
CRIMSON SEEDLESS
Origin: David Ramming and Ron
Tarailo of USDA-ARS Fresno
Budbreak: medium
Bloom: medium
Ripening: medium-late
Cluster: medium-large (500-600 g)
of conic shape, compact, with 1-3
branches.
Berry: medium (4g), shortened oval,
intense red skin colour, colourless
flesh, neutral flavour, crisp.
Overall: late seedless variet y,
under plastic it can hang on the
vine through December ; keeps
well on the plant and withstands
tr anspor tation. Vigorous varie t y r e q uir e s lo n g p r u nin g t o
EARLY RED
Origin: Moldovia
Budbreak: medium
Bloom: medium-early
Ripening: early
Cluster: large, conic, long, often
branched
Berry: medium-large (5-6 g), ovalelongated, pinkish-red colour.
Overall: red seedless variety of
much interest for table use, medium-high productivity and good fertility, good berry quality: sugar above
15%, pH 3.7, total acidity 5 g/l.
THOMPSON SEEDLESS
(SULTANINA BIANCA)
Origin: remote, spread
in
Anatolia and then throughout the
Mediterranean.
Budbreak: medium-late
Bloom: medium
Ripening: medium-late
Cluster: medium-large, conic-cylindrical, branched, compact.
Berry: small (2 g), oval-ellipsoidal
shape, uniform yellow-green colour,
thin but strong skin; flesh not juicy,
crisp, of neutral flavour.
Overall: seedless variety traditionally used for dr ying. Berr y
qualit y may be improved with
proper field techniques for table
use, in this case it is known as
“Thompson Seedless”.
VITROBLACK 1®-OPHELIA*
Patent number UE 2004-0488
Propagation licensed from
Vitroplant
Origin: Vitroplant-Vinea
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
241
apricot
kiwifruit
chestnut
cherry
strawberry
minor
fruit species
almond
CRIMSON SEADLESS
Budbreak: medium
Bloom: medium
Ripening: early – beginning of July
Cluster: berries well-spaced, of
medium size (600-800 g) and regular
form
Berry: elongated shape, on average
berries measure 26-28 mm long and
20-22 mm diameter and weigh 4-6 g.
Black skin, waxy bloom, good sugar
content.
Overall: early seedless variety,
excellent fertility, very productive
with high quality fruit; thinning clusters is necessary to achieve highest quality. Complete affinity with
T103P, 140 Ru, 110R. Suited for
arbor trellising with long pruning.
242
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
VARIETIES
WITH SEEDS
REGINA
Overall: one of the oldest and most
common grapes in Mediterranean
countries, where it is known by
many names. Excellent flavour,
holds well on the vine and withstands transportation.
VITTORIA (VICTORIA)
Origin: Romanian
Budbreak: late
Bloom: medium-late
Ripening: early
Cluster: large, pyramid-shaped, aver-
age berry density.
Berr y: very large, elliptical, light
greenish yellow skin; crisp flesh of
neutral flavour
Overall: of interest for early ripening date and excellent cluster
characteristics, as well as consistent yield and tolerance of transportation. Neutral flavour, skin is
not very waxy, of medium thickness and uniform colour; crisp
flesh with two seeds.
ITALIA
Origin: Italy
Budbreak: medium
Bloom: medium
Ripening: medium-late
apple
walnut
pear
bush and
cane berries
peach
Cluster: large, of conical form, 1-3
branches
Berry: very large, elliptical, greenish
yellow skin; crisp juicy flesh.
Overall: the most prized white grape
variety on the market, for its productivity, attractive appearance,
excellent crispness and slight muscat flavour, sweetness and ability to
withstand lengthy transportation.
MICHELE PALIERI
Origin: Italy
Budbreak: medium
Bloom: medium
Ripening: medium-late
Cluster: large, cylindrical-pyramidal,
plum
table grapes
table
grapes
branched, well-spaced berries
Berry: large (90-10 g), oval or suboval, average firmness, waxy bloom,
black-purple skin; firm sweet flesh of
neutral flavour.
Overall: Seeded black grape with
good vigour, fertility and productivity. Attractive clusters of a blackpurple colour that is appreciated
by consumers. Good storage life
and tolerance of handling. Affinity
problems with some rootstocks.
Budbreak: late
Bloom: late
Ripening: late
Cluster: large size, conic-pyramidal, branched, berries fairly close
together
Berry: large (9-10 g), round, dark
reddish-violet colour skin, colourless
pulp.
Overall: r ed t able gr ape with
good vigour and fertility; medium
qualitative characteristics: sugar
14%, pH 4.3, total acidity 5.5g/l.
Excellent fruit size and firmness.
Holds well on the plant and withstands transportation, storage and
sale.
RED GLOBE*
Patent number 1021 NV, 18 Dec.
1992
Origin: California
Nutrition programme to improve the production of Table Grape
Germination
Separate
bunches
Early flowering
Full bloom
Peppercorn size
Bunch closing
Turning point
Picking
soil application
FUNGICROPS
4 l/ha
Cleans the lymphatic vessels and
increases the fertilizers radical absorption
KATA BIOL
3-5 kg/ha
Facilitates the rooting. Increases the roots
and corresponding uptake area
40 l/ha
Stimulates the vegetative development, improves the fertilizers absorption
IDROL-VEG
30 l/ha by 1-2 times.
Improves the preservation and
the shelf-life
EVOL
foliar application
LEVO-ENERGY
FUNGICROPS
ALGALEA L
LEACOMBI
2 kg/ha Biostimulant, improves the vegetative growth.
Reduces the millerandage.
Increases the resistance to spring stress
2,5 kg/ha
Bunches more longer, grapes more bigger. Increases
resistance to stress
2 l/ha
Keeping down vegetative surplus. Enhances the woodening of shoots and the buds nutrition.
Increases the formation of natural defence substances (phytoalexins)
2,5 l/ha
Promotes bunches more longer.
(fruit thinning)
1,5 l/ha
Wards off Iron and microdeficiencies
EVOL
2,5 l/ha
Improves the bunches growth and the grapes size
1,5 l/ha
Cures microdeficiencies
5 l/ha by 3-6 times for a grape more bigger.
Improves the preservation and the shelf-life. Reduces the dehydration of the grape, makes it more
bright and crisp
For further information please contact our Technical Department
L.E.A Srl Tel.+39 059 86.38.811 Fax +39 059 86.38.017 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.leaagricoltura.it
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
243
apricot
kiwifruit
chestnut
cherry
strawberry
minor
fruit species
almond
apple
Pest and disease management for Table Grapes
GREEN SHOOTS TIPS VISIBLE
DISEASE / PEST
Active Ingredient
Dose
SULPHUR 80%
600-800 g/hl
BUPRIMATE 23,8%
0,8-1 lt/ha
COPPER OXYCHLORIDE 32%
300-450 g/hl
POLYRAM DF
METIRAM 71,2%
400 g/hl
CABRIO TOP
PYRACLOSTROBIN 5% - METIRAM 55%
150-200 g/hl
THRIPS
(Drpanothrips vitis)
LASER
SPINOSAD 44,2%
200-250 ml/ha
MITES
(Calepitrimerus vitis)
OLIOCIN
MINERAL OIL 80%
3-3,5 lt/hl
Commercial Product Name
Active Ingredient
Dose
DIQUAT 17%
3,3 - 5 l/ha
FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTILE 13,4%
2 l/ha
Active Ingredient
MANDIPROPAMID
5%+MANCOZEB 60%
MANDIPROPAMID 2,5%+
COPPER OXYCHLORIDER 13,95%
METALAXYL-M
3,9%+MANCOZEB 64%
METALAXYL-M 1,86% +
TRI-BASIC COPPER SULFATE 15,5%
METALAXYL-M 2%+ COPPER
OXYCHLORIDE 14,9%
Dose
POWDERY MILDEW
(Uncinula necator Oidium tukeri)
PHOMOPSIS VITICOLA
(Phomopsis viticola)
Commercial Product Name
NIMROD 250 EW
WEEDS (BROAD-LEAVED
AND GRASSY ANNUALS
AND PERENNIALS)
FROM FIRST LEAFES UNFOLDED TO END OF FLOWERING
DISEASE / PEST
DOWNY MILDEW
(Plasmopara viticola)
POWDERY MILDEW
(Uncinula necator Oidium tukeri)
YELLOW MITES
(Eotetranycus carpini)
EMPOASCA VITIS,
ZYGINA RHAMNI
(Empoasca vitis,
Zygina rhamni)
SCAPHOIDEUS TITANUS
(Scaphoideus titanus)
244
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
Commercial Product Name
Notes
Notes
Notes
200-250 g/hl
4-5 kg/ha
250 g/hl
400 g/hl
5 kg/ha
COPPER OXYCHLORIDE 32%
250-350 g/hl
PENCONAZOLE 10,15%
25-30 ml/hl
PENCONAZOLE 19%
12,5-15 g/hl
PENCONAZOLE 1,5%
+ SULPHUR 40%
100-200 g/hl
CYFLUFENAMID 5,1%
40-50 ml/hl
SULPHUR 80%
200-800 g/hl
ABAMECTINE 1,84%
75 ml/hl
ABAMECTINE 1,75%
75 ml/hl
LAMBDA-CIALOTRINA 9,48%
15-25 ml/hl
THIAMETHOXAM 25%
20 g/hl
THIAMETHOXAM 25%
20 g/hl
CLORANTHANILIPROLE 20%
+ THIAMETHOXAM 20%
20 g/hl
To be appied after flowering
To mow or to remove flowering
weeds before the application.
To be appied after flowering
To mow or to remove flowering
weeds before the application.
To be appied after flowering
To mow or to remove flowering
weeds before the application.
walnut
pear
DISEASE / PEST
peach
bush and
cane berries
Commercial Product Name
FROM DEVELOPMENT OF FRUIT TO PRE-HARVEST
DOWNY MILDEW
(Plasmopara viticola)
POWDERY MILDEW
(Uncinula necator Oidium tukeri)
BOTRYTIS
(Botrytis cinerea)
RED MITES
(Panonychus ulmi)
LOBESIA BOTRANA,
EUPOECILIA
AMBIGUELLA
(Lobesia botrana,
Eupoecilia ambiguella)
EMPOASCA VITIS,
ZYGINA RHAMNI
(Empoasca vitis,
Zygina rhamni)
SCALES
(Planococcus citri)
Commercial Product Name
WEEDS (BROAD-LEAVED
AND GRASSY ANNUALS
AND PERENNIALS)
plum
table grapes
table
grapes
Active Ingredient
MANDIPROPAMID 2,5%
+ COPPER OXYCHLORIDER
13,95%
METALAXYL-M 1,86%
+ TRI-BASIC COPPER SULFATE
15,5%
Dose
Notes
4-5 kg/ha
400 g/hl
METALAXYL-M 2%+ COPPER
OXYCHLORIDE 14,9%
5 kg/ha
COPPER OXYCHLORIDE 32%
250-350 g/hl
CYFLUFENAMID 5,1%
40-50 ml/hl
SULPHUR 80%
200-800 g/hl
CIPRODINIL 37,5%
+ FLUDIOXINIL 25%
80 g/hl
FLUDIOXINIL 50%
1 kg/ha
ABAMECTINE 1,84%
75 ml/hl
ABAMECTINE 1,75%
75 ml/hl
EMAMECTINA BENZOATO
0,95%
150 g/hl
BACILLUS THURINGENSIS var
KURSTAKI 6,4%
100 g/hl
CLORANTRANILIPROLE 20%
+ THIAMETHOXAM 20%
20 g/hl
To be appied after flowering
To mow or to remove flowering
weeds before the application.
CLORANTHANILIPROLE 20%
+ THIAMETHOXAM 20%
20 g/hl
To be appied after flowering
To mow or to remove flowering
weeds before the application.
THIAMETHOXAM 25%
20 g/hl
To be appied after flowering
To mow or to remove flowering
weeds before the application.
THIAMETHOXAM 25%
20 g/hl
To be appied after flowering
To mow or to remove flowering
weeds before the application.
Active Ingredient
Dose
Notes
DIQUAT 17%
3,3 - 5 l/ha
GLIFOSATE 27,9%
1,5 - 4 l/ha
4 - 8 l/ha
FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTILE 13,4%
2 l/ha
Annual weeds.
Perennial weeds.
PRODUCTS OF THE SYNGENTA GROUP ARE IDENTIFIED WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE LOGOS.
THE FOLLOWING TABLES INCLUDE CROP PROTECTION PRODUCTS AUTHORIZED IN ITALY AT THE DATE THIS DOCUMENT WAS CREATED.
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
245