Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory/Revue canadienne de theorie
politique et sociale, Vol . 7, Nos . 1-2 (Hiver/Printemps, 1983) .
THE RECOVERY OF WESTERN MARXISM
Russell Jacoby
I am uncertain what are the rights of an author who believes himself mistreated by a reviewer . I had my say in a book ; Rosaire Langlois had his in a review .
What can several additional pages contribute if my book as a whole failed to
convince? Nevertheless, Langlois appeals to the "innocent bystanders", and
perhaps to them I can indicate that the issues are not arcane or insular but directly
bear on the Marxist project .
I argued in my book Dialectic of Defeat that political successes regularly
renewed the attractiveness of an orthodox Marxism and Leninism . From the
Russian and Chinese Revolutions to the French and Italian Communist Parties,
and Third World Movements, an orthodoxy has proved effective ; it works
guiding revolutions and political parties . Next to these successes, a Western
dissident Marxism encompassing theorists from Rosa Luxemburg and Georg
Lukacs to Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Herbert Marcuse can claim few victories ;
its history is beset by defeats and reverses .
Yet a critical distance from the "facts" characterizes Marxism-or should
characterize it . Marxists do not accept facts "as is", but trace the facts to the
factors-human and social forces . Before the facts of success and defeat, however,
this critical distance has often vaporized . Marxists have embraced success and
spurned defeats, as if neither category required further scrutiny . It seems to me
that this fetish of success has crippled Marxism . Marxists have chased after
success like stockbrokers ; they want winners and performers . Beginning with the
German Social Democrats the fact of Marxist political power has silenced
Marxist critics who had only theories, not power .
The record, I believe, is relatively clear ; the fetish of success succumbed to the
facts, and has been betrayed by them . Not only are yesterday's successes today's
defeats-where are the current legions of Maoists?-but the effort of European
and North American Marxists to replicate Soviet and Chinese successes has
proved politically and theoretically disastrous . The grim record of the'successful'
orthodoxy calls for a sympathetic reappraisal of the defeated traditions . If success
cannot be accepted as a blank fact, neither can defeat . In the end the accumulated
experiences and theories of defeated Marxism may prove more significant than
those of victorious Marxism.
These considerations inform my study which seeks to retrieve a defeated
Western Marxism . Langlois represents a polar, and indeed historically dominant
tradition ; he calls it variously "scientific socialism", or "determinist" and "evolutionary" Marxism . He explicitly defends "old-fashioned" Marxism ; and he asks
whether Western Marxism with its attention to .culture and subjectivity has not
"compromised" the "uniqueness" and "coherence" of "classical Marxism" .
23 5
RUSSELL JACOBY
What coherence? The mythical coherence of classical Marxism, partly propagated by Perry Anderson in his Considerations On Western Marxism, soothes
the orthodox ;' they can contentedly denounce Western Marxists as shirkers unfit
for the rigors of the real theory. This original coherence is a half-truth . In
addition, if the old doctrine was so compelling and complete, why did Western
Marxism ever emerge? I suspect that Langlois has an explanation, since in a brief
review he cites Lewis Feuer four times ; and he suggests that "any" understanding
of Western Marxism must confront his intemperate thirteen-page essay "NeoPrimitivism : The New Marxism of the Alienated Intellectuals"-a fantastic
suggestion . Feuer seems like an odd ally in the quest for scientific Marxism since
he has denounced every Marxist advance as a conspiracy of intellectuals, barbarians and adolescents .' On reconsideration, he is a perfect ally .
The real issue, however, is not that we represent divergent, perhaps antagonistic Marxisms, but the underlying historical judgments . I do not think that after
a century the record of orthodox Marxism on its home turf-Western Europe
and North America-is impressive or that its record anywhere is pretty ; for the
advanced industrial countries Western Marxism offers a political and theoretical
alternative . Langlois reverses these judgments . He sniffs "it would not do to be
entirely dismissive of the [Western Marxist] tradition" as if only his good
breeding prevents him from dismissing it outright. From his condominium high
in the tower of Marxism the junkyard of orthodoxy looks like a lovely park . After
,'more than a decade" of Western Marxism he thinks it is time to return to
Marxism as a "real and positive science"-a tradition as old as Engel's
Anti-Diihring .
To sweeten this return, he mentions the contributions of Karl Wittfogel,
Marvin Harris, Lewis Feuer and, vaguely, recent sociological literature, as proving the value of the old mines . For these we should dismiss-not entirely!"Western Marxism. To cast my net widely, this includes the works deriving from
Lukacs, Gramsci and Korsch ; the circles around Merleau-Ponty and Sartre ; the
individuals who collected about the journals Arguments in France and Praxis in
Yugoslavia ; the literary criticism that has flowed from Walter Benjamin ; the
writings of the Frankfurt School from T.W. Adorno to Franz Neumann and
fiurgen Habermas ; the radical psychoanalysis of Erich Fromm and Wilhelm
Reich ; the historical writings associated with E.P . Thompson, Eugene Genovese
and Herbert Gutman; and the list could be extended . Langlois dismisses this vital
Marxism in order to roll out the carpet for Wittfogel, Feuer and determinist
Marxism . He calls the attention to Western Marxism a disappointing infatuation
with "la belle dame", while he settles down for another century of waiting for
Godot .
Venice, California
WESTERN MARXISM
Notes
1. To his credit Perry Anderson retracts some of his claims about classical Marxism in his
Afterword; see his Consideration On Western Marxism (London, 1976), pp. 109 ff . See my
review of his Arguments Within English Marxism in Theory and Society, XI/2 (March 1982),
pp. 251-257.
2. Langlois also warmly recommends Feuer's "The Preconceptions of Critical Theory" [Jewish
Journalof Sciology, XVI (1974), pp . 75-84] as indicating problems of Western Marxism. In this
essay Feuer argues or, rather, phantasizes that the Frankfurt School's critical theory was a
product of infantile wishes . "The Critical Theorists, as if in a child's perpetual temper tantrum,
always rebuking the father, made a fetish of 'no' and the Great Refusal," (p . 84) . According to
Feuer they irrationally hated business but never knew "the feeling in businessmen. . . that
commerce and industry were domains in which a man's freedom and initiative could express
themselves" (p. 80) . Feuer, who wondered why the Critical Theorists did not apply their
psychoanalytic talents to analyzing their own obsession with negation, might want to analyze his
own obsession with the Frankfurt School ; it was expressed most recently in his "The Frankfurt
Marxists and the Columbia Liberals", [Survey, XXV, (Summer, 1980) pp . 156-176], a desperate
attempt to show that the Critical Theorists duped Columbia University .
FURTHER READING
N. Abercrombie et al., The Dominant Ideology Thesis (London, 1980)
Theodor Adorno, "Beitrag zur Ideologienlehre", KSlner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie, 6 (1953-4)
"Erprepte VerhShnung'", in Noten zur Literatur, II (Frankfurt, 1961)
L. Althusser and E . Balibar, Reading 'Capital' (London, 1970)
P. Ansart, Les ideologies politiques (Paris, 1974)
Ideologies, conflits, pourvoirs (Paris, 1977)
David E . Apter (ed.), Ideology and Discontent (New York and London, 1964)
Richard Ashcraft, "Political Theory and Political Action in Karl Mannheim's Thought: Reflections
upon Ideology and Utopia and its Critics", Comparative Studies in Society and History vol. 23,
1 Vanuary, 1981) .
A . Badiou, P . Balm6s, De l'ideologie (Paris, 1976)
K . Barck and B . Burmeister (eds.), Ideologie-Literatur-Kritik (Berlin, 1977)
H . Barth, Truth and Ideology (Berkeley, 1976) .
Roland Barthes, Mythologies (London, 1972)
Writing Degree Zero (New York, 1968)
The Pleasure of the Text (New York, 1973)
S/Z (New York, 1974)
Image-Music-Text (New York, 1978)
J . Baudrillard, La Society de la consommation: ses mythes, ses structures (Paris, 1970)
Manfred Behrens et al. (eds.), Theorien Uberldeologie (Argument-Sonderband AS 40, Berlin, 1979)
Daniel Bell, "Ideology : a debate", Commentary, vol. 38 (October, 1964)
Andr6 B6teille, Ideologies and Intellectuals (Bombay, 1980)
N .B . Bikkenin, Socialist Ideology (Moscow, 1978)
N . Birnbaum, "The sociological study of ideology (1940-1960)", Current Sociology vol. 9,2 (1960)
NOelle Bisseret, Education, Class Language and Ideology (London, 1979)
P. Bourdieu, Zur Soziologie der symbolischen Formen (Frankfurt, 1974)
"Pouvoir et language", Communications, 28 (1978)
Le Sens Pratique (Paris, 1980)
F . Burton, Pat Carlen, Official Discourse: On Discourse Analysis, Government Publications, Ideology and the State (London, 1979)
G . Ganguilhem, "What is a scientific Ideology?", History of European Ideas 5 (1981)
Ideologie et RationaliM daps Phistoire des sciences de la vie (Paris, 1977)
C . Castoriadis, L'Institution imaginaire de la societe (Paris, 1975)
Centre for Contemporary Culture Studies, On Ideology (London, 1978)
M . Coulthard, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis (Harlow, 1977)
M . Coulthard and M . Montgomery (eds .), Studies in Discourse Analysis (London, 1981)
R. Coward, J . Ellis, Language and Materialism (London, 1977)
M . Cranston and Peter Mair (eds.), Ideology and Politics (Florence, 1981)
A . de Crespigny and] . Cronin (eds .), Ideologies of Politics (Cape Town, 1975)
G . Dalmasso, El luogo dell'ideologie (Milano, 1979)
238
J . Derrida, Of Grammatology (Baltimore, 1976)
Speech and Phenomena (Evanston, 1973)
Writing and Difference (London, 1978)
H . Drucker, The Political Uses of Ideology (London, 1974)
B . Edelman, Ownership of the Image (London, 1979)
Terry Eagleton, Criticism and Ideology (London, 1977)
Jon Elster, 'Belief, Bias and Ideology", in Martin Hollis and Steven Lukes (eds .), Rationality and
Relativism (Oxford, 1982)
Jean Pierre Faye, Langages totalitaires : critique de la raison/1'economie narrative (Paris, 1973)
John Fekete, The Critical Twilight (London and Boston, 1978)
L. Fever, Ideology and the Ideologists (Oxford, 1975)
M . Foucault, The Order of Things (New York and London, 1974)
The Archeology of Knowledge (London, 1974)
Power and Knowledge (Brighton, 1980)
Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, Aspects of Sociology (London, 1974), ch. 12
J . Gabel, False Consciousness (New York, 1978)
F . Gadet, " La sociolinguistique n'existe pas, je 1'ai rencontree", Dialectiques, 20 (1977)
F. Gadet et al., Les maitres de la langue (Paris, 1979)
F. Gadet and M. Pecheux, La Langue Introuvable (Paris, 1981)
Theodor Geiger, Ideologie and Wahrheit (Stuttgart and Wien, 1953)
A . Giddens, Central Problems in Social Theory (London, 1979), ch . 5
A . Gouldner, The Dialectic of Ideology and Technology (New York, 1978)
G . Gusdorf, La conscience revolutionnaire : les ideologues (Paris, 1978)
J . Habermas, Towards a Rational Society (London, 1971)
Knowledge and Human Interests (London, 1972)
"Wahrheitstheorien", in H . Fahrenbach (ed.), Wirklichkeit and Reflexion: Walter Schulz zum
60. Geburtstaq (PfUllingen, 1973)
Legitimation Crisis (Boston, 1975), part 3
Nicos Hadjinicolaou, "On the ideology of avant-gardism", Praxis, 6 (1982), pp . 39 -70
H . Harmel, "Zum Begriff der materiellen and ideologischen verhAltnisse", Deutsche Zeitschrift fur
Philosophie, 1 (1977)
B . Head, "The origin of 'ideologue' and 'Ideologie'"', Studies on Voltaire and the eighteenth century,
vol. 183 (1980), pp. 257-264
P . Henry, Le Mauvais Outil (Paris, 1977)
P . Hirst, On Law and Ideology (London, 1979)
P. Hirst and P. Woolley, Social Relations and Human Attributes (London, 1982)
D . Hold, "Zum Charakter ideologischer VerH2ltnisse", Deutsche Zeitschrift fits Philosophie, 6
(1979)
W. Hudson, The Marxist Philosophy of Ernst Bloch (London and Basingstoke, 1982)
Franz Jakubowski, Ideology and Superstructure in Historical Materialism (London, 1976)
F. Jameson, The Prison House of Language (Princeton, 1972)
"Ideology of the Text", Salmagundi, 31-32 (Fall 1975 - Winter 1976)
Chr. Kammler et al., "Philosophie der Ideologie oder Theorie des ideologischen Klassenkampfes?",
Alternative, 118 (1978)
John Keane, "Communication, Ideology and the Problem of 'voluntary servitude'," Media, Culture
and Society, 4 (1982), pp. 123-132.
Douglas Kellner, "Ideology, Marxism and Advanced Capitalism", Socialist Review, 42 (NovemberDecember, 1978)
Emmet Kennedy, Destutt de Tracy and the Origins of 'ideology' (Philadelphia, 1978)
"Ideology from Destutt de Tracy to Marx",Journal of the History of Ideas, 40, 3 (July, 1979) .
S. Kofman, Camera obscura . De l'ideologie (Paris, 1973)
K. Kosik, Dialectics of the Concrete (Boston, 1976)
Karl KeAnzle, Utopie and Ideologie (Bern, 1970)
D. Krause, "Der Ideologiebegriff im Marxismus", Das Argument, 103 (1977)
Gunther Kress and Robert Hodge, Language as Ideology (London, 1979)
T. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
E. Laclau, Politics and Ideology (London, 1977)
"Populist Rupture and Discourse", Screen Education, 34 (Spring, 1980)
Robert E . Lane, "The Decline of Politics and Ideology in a Knowledgeable Society", American
Sociological Review, 31 (1966) pp . 649-62
J. Larrain, The Concept of Ideology (London, 1977)
"On the Character of Ideology", Theory, Culture and Society, 1, 1 (Spring, 1982)
D. Lecourt, Pour une critique de Pepistemologie (Paris, 1972)
Henri Lefebvre, The Sociology of Marx (London, 1968), pp 59-88
C. Lefort, Les Formes de Phistoire (Paris, 1978)
K. Lenk (ed.), Ideologie, Ideologiekritik and Wissenssoziologie (Darmstadt and Neuwied, 1978)
G. Lichtheim, The Concept of Ideology and Other Essays (New York, 1967)
R. Lichtman, "Marx's Theory of ideology", Socialist Revolution, 23 (1975)
H.J . Lieber (ed.), ldeologienlehre and Wissenssoziologie. Die Diskussion um das Ideologieproblem
in den zwangizer Jahren (Darmstadt, 1974)
Ch . P. Lodz, Ideologiebegriff and marxistische Theorie Ansatze zu einer immanenten Kritik
(Opladen, 1976)
N. Luhmann, Soziologische Aufkhlrung (KSIn and Opladen, 1970), pp. 54-65
Colin MacCabe, "On Discourse", Economy and Society, 8, 4 (August, 1979) pp . 279-307 .
Colin MacCabe (ed.), The Talking Cure : Essays in Psychoanalysis and Language (London, 1981)
Alasdair Maclntyre, "Ideology, Social Science and Revolution", Comparative Politics, 5 (April,
1973), pp. 321-342
Pierre Macherey, A Theory of Literary Production (London and Boston, 1978)
Pierre Macherey and Etienne Balibar, "Literature as an Ideological Form: Some Marxist Propositions" Praxis, 5 (1981), pp . 43-58
E. Maffesoli, Logique de la domination (Paris, 1976)
D. Maingueneau, Initiation aux methodes de Panalyse de discours (Paris, 1976)
D.J . Manning (ed .), The Form of Ideology (London, 1980)
H . Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (London, 1968)
Joe McCarney, The Real World of Ideology, (Brighton, 1980)
John Mepham, "The Theory of Ideology in Capital", Radical Philosophy, 2 (1972), pp. 12-20
D . Miller, "Ideology and the problem of false consciousness", Political Studies, 20 (1972)
S . Moravia, Il pensiero degli ideologues (Firenze, 1974)
C . Mouffe, "Hegemony and Ideology in Gramsci", in C . Mouffe (ed .), Gramsci and Marxist Theory
(London, 1979)
A . Naess, Democracy, ideology and objectivity (Oslo and Oxford, 1956)
R . Nemitz, "Technik als Ideologie", Das Argument, 103 (1977)
B . Parekh, Marx's Theory of Ideology, (London, 1982)
M. Pecheux, Analyse automatique du discours (Paris, 1969)
(with Catherine Fuchs), "Mis6s au point et perspectives a propos du 1'analyse automatique du
discours", Languages, 37 (mars, 1975), pp 7-80
"Are the masses an animate object?", in D. Sankoff (ed.), Linguistic Variation (New York, 1978)
Language, Semantics and Ideology : Stating the Obvious (London, 1982)
J . Plamenatz, Ideology (London, 1971)
J . Ranciere, La Leon d'Althusser (Paris, 1974)
M . Rejai (ed .), Decline of Ideology (Chicago, 1971)
G.W . Remmling, Road to Suspicion: a study of modern mentality and the sociology of knowledge
(New York, 1967)
P. Ricoeur, Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences (Cambridge, 1981)
The Rule of Metaphor: Multidisciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning in Language
(London, 1978)
F . Rossi-Landi, L'ideologia (Milano, 1978)
Marshall Sahlins, Culture and Practical Reason (Chicago, 1978)
R. Samuel and Stedman Jones (eds .), Culture, Ideology and Politics (London . 1982)
H. SchdAdelbach, "Was ist Ideologie? Versuch einer Begriffserklafung", Das Arguent, 50 (1969)
M . Seliger, Ideology and Politics (London, 1976)
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G. Therborn, The Ideology of Power and the Power of Ideology (London, 1980)
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(1977), pp. 57-79.
INDEX TO VOLUME VI
ARTICLES
Andrew, Edward .
Pierre Trudeau on the Language of Values and the Values of Languages, no . 1-2,
143.
Bellhouse, Mary L.
On Understanding Rousseau's Praise of Robinson Crusoe, no. 3, 120.
Burke, Frank.
Fellini's Art of Affirmation: The Nights of Cabiria, City of Women, and Some
Aesthetic Implications, no . 3, 138.
Drache, Daniel .
Harold Innis and Canadian Capitalist Development, no . 1-2, 35 .
Fekete, John .
Massage in the Mass Age: Remembering the McLuhan Matrix, no. 3, 50 .
Keane, John .
Elements of a Radical Theory of Public Life: From T6nnies to Habermas and
Beyond, no . 3, 11 .
Kroker, Arthur.
Augustine as the Founder of Modern Experience : The Legacy of Charles Norris
Cochrane, no . 3, 79.
McCallum, Pamela .
Desire and History in Roland Barthes, no. 3, 68 .
Morrow, Ray.
Deux pays pour vivre: Critical Sociology and Canadian Political Economy,
no . 1-2, 61 .
Thomson, Anthony.
Woman of Clay : Gabor's Angi Vera, no . 3, 155.
Watkins, Mel.
The Innis Tradition in Political Economy, no. 1-2, 12 .
REVIEW ARTICLES
Dorland, Michael.
It is Now-Always 1984 . Contribution
Paul-Andre Dagon, No . 1-2, 176.
a la critique de l'ideologie americaine, by
Langlois, Rosaire.
The Radical Infatuation with Western Marxism or La Belle Dame Sans Merci? .
Dialectic ofa Defeat: Contours of Western Marxism, by RussellJacoby, no . 3,193.
243
INDEX TO VOLUME VI
Leiss, .William.
Rationalism and Faith : Kolakowksi's Marx . Main Currents of Marxism, by
Leszek Kolakowski, no. 1-2, 160 .
Naylor, R.T.
American Capitalism's New Testament. Wealth and Poverty by George F.
Gilder, no. 3, 183 .
Taylor Patrick .
Narrative as a Socially Liberating Art . The Political Unconscious : Narrative as a
Socially Symbolic Art, by Frederic Jameson, no. 1-2, 168 .
DEBATES
Cook, David
The Sleep of Reason, no. 1-2, 191 .
Darby, Tom .
Darby Replies to Shell and Kroker, no. 1-2, 200.
Davey, Frank.
Itself a Strange Loop: A Comment on Eli Mandel's 'Northrop Frye and Cultural
Freudianism", no. 1-2, 195 .
Drache, Daniel .
Drowning in the Metaphysics of Space, no. 1-2, 198 .
Finn, Geraldine.
Reason and Violence: More than a False Antithesis-A Mechanism of Patriarchal Power, no. 3, 162 .
Jhally, Sut .
Probing the Blindspot : The Audience Commodity, no. 1-2, 204.
Livant, Bill.
Working at Watching: A Reply to Sur Jhally, no. 1-2, 211 .
Marcil-Lacoste, Louise .
Reason and Violence : Three Figures of their Relationship, no. 3, 170.
Wernick, Andrew .
De Sade and the Dead-End of Rationalism, no. 1-2, 182 .
MANIFESTOS
Danny Adams, David Fennario, John Salmela, et al.
Black Rock Manifesto, no. 1-2, 139 .
Le Comite des Cent
For a Socialist Quebec, no. 1-2, 109.
244
INDEX TO VOLUME VI
EDITORIALS
Kroker, Arthur .
The Cultural Imagination and the National Question, no. 1-2, 5.
Economic McCarthyism, no. 3, 5.
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