Review for Test 3
Speech Production
• What is the source and filter model?
Speech Production
• What is the source and filter model?
• Source: friction, voicing, aspiration cause
movement of air
• Filter: moving air is passed through vocal tract
which modifies the air giving different speech
sounds
Speech Production
• What is the source and filter model?
• How does it relate to formants?
Speech Production
• What is the source and filter model?
• How does it relate to formants?
• When voiced sounds are filtered by the vocal tract
certain frequencies are amplified. Those are the
formants
Speech Production
• What is a fourier analysis?
Speech Production
• What is a fourier analysis?
• A mathematical formula for determining what
waves make up a complex wave, the frequencies
and amplitudes of those waves.
Speech Production
• What is a formant?
Speech Production
• What is a formant?
• A group of harmonics that is amplified by the
configuration of the vocal tract
Speech Production
• What is a harmonic?
Speech Production
• What is a harmonic?
• A multiple of the fundamental frequency
Speech Production
• What is F0?
Speech Production
• What is F0?
• The fundamental frequency, the lowest frequency in
a complex wave, what we perceive as the pitch of
the sound
Speech Production
• What are resonance frequencies?
Speech Production
• What are resonance frequencies?
• The frequency at which an object vibrates when
acted upon.
• The frequencies that an object will amplify.
Speech Production
• How do you change the resonance frequencies of a
speech sound?
Speech Production
• How do you change the resonance frequencies of a
speech sound?
• Change the vocal tract
Speech Production
• How do you change the F0 of a speech sound?
Speech Production
• How do you change the F0 of a speech sound?
• Change the rate of vibration of the vocal folds.
Formants
What are the articulatory correlates of F1 and F2?
Spectrograms
• How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
Amplitude
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Spectrograms
• How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
Amplitude
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Darker formants and striations
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Spectrograms
•How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
F0
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Spectrograms
•How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
F0
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Spacing of the striations in a wide band
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Spacing of the harmonics in a narrow band
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Spectrograms
•How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
voicing
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Spectrograms
•How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
Voicing
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Striations in wide band
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Spectrograms
• How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
stops, fricatives, vowels, nasals, glides
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Spectrograms
• How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
stops, fricatives, vowels, nasals, glides
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Stops: blank space except possibly in the voicing bar
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Fricatives: lack of striations, noise across wide range of
frequencies centered in the high frequencies
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Vowels: dark striations and formants
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Sonorants: striations and formants, but less dark than
vowels
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Spectrograms
•How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
laterals versus rhotics
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Spectrograms
•How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
laterals versus rhotics
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Rhotics make F3 lower. No distinct boundary.
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Laterals don’t affect F3. They have a more distinct
boundary. Large gap between F2 and F3
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Spectrograms
•How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
glottal stops
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Spectrograms
•How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
glottal stops
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Irregularly spaced striations
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Spectrograms
•How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
places of articulation
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Spectrograms
•How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
places of articulation
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Spectrograms
•How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
places of articulation
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Spectrograms
• How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
duration
Spectrograms
• How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
Duration
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Horizontal distance shows duration
Spectrograms
•How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
diphthongs versus monophthongs
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Spectrograms
•How do the following show up on a spectrogram?
diphthongs versus monophthongs
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The movement in the diphthong shows up as movement in
the formants
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Spectrograms
What sounds have periodic versus aperiodic waves?
Spectrograms
What sounds have periodic versus aperiodic waves?
Periodic: vowels, nasal, rhotics, laterals, glides, voiced
approximants
Aperiodic: fricatives, stops, affricates, voiceless
approximants
Spectrograms
How do aperiodic and period waves look on a
waveform?
Spectrograms
How do aperiodic and period waves look on a
waveform?
Periodic: repeating pattern
Aperiod: no repeating pattern
Consonants
What are the three wave sources of consonants?
Consonants
What are the three wave sources of consonants?
Voicing, aspiration, friction
Consonants
What are the three wave sources of consonants?
What are they for [f] [v] [d] [k h] [n] [w]?
Consonants
What are the three wave sources of consonants?
What are they for:
[f] friction
[v] friction and voicing
[d] voicing
[kh] aspiration
[n] voicing
[w] voicing
What would the waveform
and spectrogram look like
Consonants
for these sounds?
– Waveform
[f] aperiodic, low intensity
[v] aperiodic with a little more pattern to wave, low
intensity
[d] very low intensity period wave
[kh] no wave at all followed by spike representing burst
followed by medium intensity aperiodic wave
[n] medium intensity period wave
[w] medium intensity period wave
for these sounds?
– Spectrogram Consonants
[f] low intensity, widely distributed noise in high
frequency region. No striations
[v] low intensity, widely distributed noise in high
frequency region. No striations except in voicing bar
[d] no energy in any frequency. Striations in voicing
bar
[kh] no energy in any frequency, or striations in voicing
bar followed by burst of energy widely distributed
across high frequency region
[n] medium intensity, striations, formants, lack of
energy above F1
[w] medium intensity, striations, formants, F1 and F2
movement into and out of sound
Vowel Quadrilateral
How does this relate to articulation?
Vowel Quadrilateral
How does this relate to articulation?
High vowels are high on chart and low vowels low
Front vowels are on the left and back on the right
Cardinal Vowels
• What are they?
• What are they used for?
• What is the relationship between fronting and
roundness in the primary cardinal vowels?
• In the secondary cardinal vowels?
• Know the symbols for all the primary and secondary
cardinal vowels.
Cardinal Vowels
• What are they?
– The most extremely positioned vowels
• What are they used for?
– Making comparisons
• What is the relationship between fronting and
roundness in the primary cardinal vowels?
– Front are unrounded
• In the secondary cardinal vowels?
– Back are rounded
• Know the symbols for all the primary and secondary
cardinal vowels.
Vowel Space
What is the principle of perceptual separation of
vowels? (elevator model of vowel space)
What is the principle of balance of vowels?
Vowel Space
What is the principle of perceptual separation of
vowels? (elevator model of vowel space)
– Vowels tend to keep their distance from each other
What is the principle of balance of vowels?
– Languages tend to have corresponding front and
back vowels
Vowels
Besides tongue height and frontness, what other
secondary articulations do vowels have?
Vowels
• Besides tongue height and frontness, what other
secondary articulations do vowels have ?
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rhotacized
nasalisation
rounding/labialized
ATR
length
breathy voice
creaky voice/larygealized
Vowels
• Besides tongue height and frontness, what other
secondary articulations do vowels have ?
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Rhotacized: r-coloring on a vowel
Nasalisation: velum lowered during vowel
rounding/labialized: Lips rounded during vowel
ATR: tongue root pushed forward during vowel
Length: V is longer than normal
breathy voice: vocal folds flap rather than vibrate
creaky voice/larygealized: Vocal folds held tightly so
only a portion vibrate
Vowels
• Besides tongue height and frontness, what other
secondary articulations do vowels have ?
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• What are the diacritics for each?
Vowels
• Besides tongue height and frontness, what other
secondary articulations do vowels have ?
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• What are the diacritics for each?
Secondary Articulations for
Consonants
Define each and give the diacritic:
palatalized
• pharyngealized
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unreleased
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long
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dental
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breathy voice
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double articulation
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velarization
• labialized/rounded
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Secondary Articulations for
Consonants
Define each and give the diacritic:
Palatalized: tongue in palatal position during C
• Pharyngealized: Pharynx constricted during C
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Unreleased: No release of pressure after C
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Long: C is longer than normal
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Dental: C has dental place of articulation
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breathy voice: Vocal folds flap rather than vibrate
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double articulation: C is produced at two places at same
time
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Velarization: Tongue raised toward velum during C
• labialized/rounded: lips rounded during C
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Secondary Articulations for
Consonants
Define each and give the diacritic:
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Syllables
• What are the parts of the syllable?
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Syllables
• What are the parts of the syllable?
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Syllables
• What is sonority?
Syllables
• What is sonority?
• A measure of relative amplitude/aperture of speech
sounds in relationship to e
Syllables
• How does sonority related to the syllable?
Syllables
• How does sonority related to the syllable?
• More sonorous sounds appear closer to the nucleus
and less sonorous sounds in the periphery of the
syllable
Syllables
• What is onset maximization?
Syllables
• What is onset maximization?
• The tendency to put as many phones as possible in
the onset and as few as possible in the coda.
Syllables
• What is ambisyllabicity?
Syllables
• What is ambisyllabicity?
• When a phone belongs to two different syllables
Timing
Define stress timed and syllable timed languages.
Timing
Define stress timed and syllable timed languages.
Syllable timed: interval between all syllables is about
equal.
Stressed timed: only interval between stressed syllables
is equal
Timing
How would this show up on a waveform?
Timing
How would this show up on a waveform?
Equal distance between vowels or equal distance
between stressed vowels
Pitch
How is pitch used in:
intonational languages
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tone languages
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pitch accent languages
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Pitch
How is pitch used in:
intonational languages: changes meaning of utterance
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tone languages: changes meaning of word
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pitch accent languages: changes meaning of word
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