Community College of Philadelphia
Department of Biology
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Biology 123
Principles of Biology I
(Formerly, Cellular and Molecular Biology)
Course Syllabus and
Laboratory Schedule
Fall 2015
Main Campus Department of Biology Office: Room W2-7
Department Head: Dr. Linda Powell
Office Hours: 9:00 A.M. – 5:00 P.M., Monday through Friday
Phone 215-751-8432
Fax
215-751-8937
E-mail: [email protected]
Department Web Site: http://faculty.ccp.edu/dept/biol
CATALOG DESCRIPTION
BIOLOGY 123 (3-2-4): Principles of Biology I. Designed for majors in the sciences and students
interested in careers in science and technology, this course is an introduction to the fundamentals of
modern cellular and molecular biology.
Prerequisite: CHEM 121 or CHEM 110 and high school biology or permission of the Department Head.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Biology 123 provides students with a firm knowledge of cellular and molecular biology.
At the end of the course students will:
1. Identify the unifying themes that characterize the biological sciences.
2. Characterize the structure and function of biologically-important molecules with an emphasis on
macromolecules.
3. Explain the structure and function of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Explain the structure and function of cellular membranes.
5. Explain the molecular mechanism of cellular communication.
6. Trace the flow of energy and matter through biological systems.
7. Compare and contrast methods of cellular reproduction.
8. Explain the structural organization of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome.
9. Explain the flow of genetic information in biological systems.
REQUIRED MATERIALS
Textbook
Campbell Biology, Reece, Jane B., et al, Plus MasteringBiology with eText Access Card
Package 10th edition, Pearson Education, 2014. (see below)
Laboratory Manual and Equipment
Cellular and Molecular Biology – BIOL 123, 4th Custom Edition, Community College of
Philadelphia, Biology Department by Mader, Sylvia S. Laboratory Manual to Accompany Inquiry
into Life, 14th edition, McGraw-Hill.
Students are required to wear Safety Glasses and Gloves during all laboratory
sessions.
2.
ACADEMIC SUPPORT SERVICES
Educational Resources Center (ERC: Library) First Floor Mint Building
8:00 A.M. to 10:00 P.M. Monday through Friday
8:30 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Saturday
Study Groups and Tutoring: West Learning Lab (W3-26)
TEXTBOOK
You should familiarize yourself with the format of the textbook as quickly as possible. Each chapter is
divided into key concept units and at the end of each unit there are Concept Check questions. Many
figure legends provide questions for you. At the end of each chapter there is a summary of Key Concepts
along with questions. In addition, there are multiple-choice questions and, in many cases, DRAW IT
questions.
Appendix A of the book includes the answers for the figure legend questions, Concept Check questions,
Summary of Key Concepts questions, multiple-choice questions, and DRAW IT questions.
MASTERING BIOLOGY WEBSITE
With the purchase of a new copy of the textbook, you will receive MasteringBiology with eText Access
Card Package. This contains instructions and a code for accessing the website for the text. The website
offers a Study Area for studying on your own or in a study group. You can review each chapter
efficiently and effectively through a focus on Key Concepts in the Chapter Guide. State-of-the-art
BioFlix 3-D Animations and study tools, interactive activities, MP3 tutor sessions and an eText are linked
directly to each numbered concept in the chapter. The Chapter Guide includes a review section with selfquiz and practice test. In addition, the Chapter Guide includes word study tools featuring flashcards,
word roots, and a listing of key terms, along with a glossary. Also included in the Chapter Guide is a file
of the text’s artwork.
The eText can be viewed on PCs, Macs, and tablets, including iPad® and Android®.
Computers are available in the Student Academic Computer Center (SACC) in B2-33, the West Learning
Lab and the Educational Resources Center.
You should be aware that the price of the textbook and Mastering Biology access code has been
negotiated with the publisher by the Biology Department to provide students with the most cost-effective
solution for this course. If you decide to buy a used copy of the textbook, you will also need to purchase
the Mastering Biology access code separately. The separate code is available for purchase directly from
the publisher (www.mypearsonstore.com). However, please note that the combined cost of the used book
and the access code is more expensive than buying the new book/access code package in the bookstore
because of the special price negotiated with the publisher, Pearson Education.
3.
I strongly suggest that you do not purchase your codes from any person or site other than the bookstore or
Pearson Education. Many of the codes sold on Amazon Marketplace and like sites are defective or
already activated and will not work. You would then need to purchase a second code, causing greater
expense and a delayed start to the semester.
COLLEGE POLICIES
Attendance Policy
Students are expected to fulfill their academic obligation by attending all class and laboratory sessions,
unless prevented from doing so due to illness or other emergency. If a student misses the equivalent of
two (2) weeks work without an acceptable excuse, the teacher may file an administrative withdraw to
remove the student from class; however, they are not required to do so. It is incumbent upon the student to
drop a course they no longer attend. Individual faculty members have the right to establish attendance
regulations, which may include reduced grades for students who miss class and/or lab.
Withdraw Policy
A student may withdraw from class without penalty up to the eleventh week of the semester. It is advised
that a student first discuss with their teacher any plans regarding withdraw. Failure to attend classes does
not constitute a withdrawal and will result in the assignment of a failing grade. Students who withdraw
due to illness or some other emergency should petition the Vice President of Student Affairs for an
Excused Withdraw.
Child Care Policy
Children are not permitted in any classroom or laboratory. Only students registered for a course may
attend class. No exceptions can be made. The college has a day-care facility. Registration is available on a
first come basis.
Emergency Number
In the case of inclement weather, tune to KYW 1060 AM for the College's closing numbers: 238 for day
and 2238 for evening and weekend classes. For sites off the main camps call 215-824-0900 (NERC),
215-764-1050 (WERC), 215-951-4780 (NWRC), 215-751-8368 (all others).
STUDENT CODE OF CONDUCT
Every student is expected to be fully acquainted with and comply with all College policies, rules, and
regulations outlined in the Student Code of Conduct. The Student Code of Conduct is contained in the
Student Handbook, which is published and updated each year. Copies of the Student Handbook are
available through the Student Life Center located in Room S1-19.
4.
BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT POLICY ON ACADEMIC
DISHONESTY
Cheating/Plagiarism
All students are expected to understand what constitutes cheating and plagiarism. The College’s Cheating
and Plagiarism Resolution is contained in the Student Handbook, which is available through the Student
Life Center located in Room S1-19.
Academic Dishonesty
A. Cheating behaviors include, but are not limited to:
1. examining or copying another student's answers during a test, exam, or practical
2. examining or copying another student's paper or lab report
3. bringing notes, etc. to class and/or lab during testing (on a scrap of paper, cuffs, etc.)
4. using a dictionary or other source during testing
5. asking someone for the answers to test questions
6. having another person take the test for you
7. stealing or having in your possession without permission, any materials, belonging to
or generating from faculty, staff or students
B. Aiding another in committing an act of academic dishonesty includes, but is not limited to:
1. willfully offering answers or information related to tests and examinations
2. doing another student's assignment (in or outside of the classroom and/or laboratory)
3. taking a test for another student
4. failing to report knowledge of another student cheating
C. Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to:
1. copying from any source without quotation marks and appropriate documentation
2. rewording an idea from a source but omitting documentation
3. having another write for you or copying another student's work
4. having another correct mistakes on your paper (suggested revisions are acceptable)
Faculty Rights
Sanctions available to faculty include, but are not limited to:
1. Requiring the student retake test or rewrite report
2. Drop the item in the calculation of the final grade or provide a substitute item in grading
3. Give the student a zero on the item
4. Drop the student's final grade by one letter
5. Administratively withdraw the student from the course (if before the eleventh week)
6. Give the student a failing grade in the course
Student's Rights
Student may appeal decisions regarding final grades as per College policy. A copy of student's rights and
obligations are available in the Student Handbook.
5.
LABORATORY SCHEDULE*
DATE
SEC. 002
(Wed)
DATE
SEC. 011
(Thurs)
Sept. 9
Sept. 10
Orientation and Safety
Scientific Processing
Sept. 16
Sept. 17
Metric Measurement and Microscopy
Sept. 23
TOPIC
SOURCE**
(Page No.)
TEXTBOOK
REFERENCE
(Chapter No.)
2
Handout
1
3 - 20
6, C-1, D-1
--
--
pH
Chemical Composition of Cells
21 - 37
3, 4, 5
No Lab
Sept. 30
Sept. 24
Oct. 7
Oct. 1
Cell (Membrane) Structure and Function
43 - 58
6, 7
Oct. 14
Oct. 8
Enzymes
59 - 68
8
Oct. 21
Oct. 15
LABORATORY MIDTERM EXAMINATION
--
--
Oct. 28
Oct. 22
Transformation and Cloning
79 - 88
12, 17, 19, 27
Nov. 4
Oct. 29
Forensic Plasmid DNA Identification:
Plasmid Isolation and Purification
Handout
20
Nov. 11
Nov. 5
Forensic Plasmid DNA Identification (cont’d):
Restriction Digest of Plasmid
Handout
20
Nov. 18
Nov. 12
Forensic Plasmid DNA Identification (cont’d):
Gel Electrophoresis of DNA Fragments
Handout
20
Nov. 25
Nov. 19
Forensic Plasmid DNA Identification (cont’d):
Analysis
Handout
20
Nov. 26
No Lab
--
--
Dec. 2
Dec. 3
To Be Announced
--
--
Dec. 9
Dec. 10
LABORATORY FINAL EXAMINATION
--
--
Dec. 14 to
Dec. 19
FINAL EXAMINATIONS
* The instructor reserves the right to amend this lab schedule at any time. Notice will be given in
class before any changes are made.
** Exercises are in the laboratory manual unless otherwise noted.
Students are expected to prepare for the laboratory by reading the laboratory manual, handout(s) and
textbook references. These reading will help to give you the necessary background you need to fully
understand and appreciate the laboratory work you will be doing. It is strongly recommended that you
read the pages for a specific lab before you do the lab. You will be responsible for the theory presented
on these pages, as well as their practical applications.
Students are required to wear Safety Glasses and Gloves during all laboratory sessions. Any
student who does not abide by the Biology Department's safety policies will be asked to leave the
laboratory.
6.
BIOLOGY 123 COURSE OBJECTIVES
(*) denotes objectives emphasized in lab
Chapter 1: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry
1. Describe the unifying themes that characterize the biological sciences.
2. List and explain the characteristics of living systems.
3. Diagram the hierarchy of structural organization in biology and explain how the properties of life
emerge from complex organization.
4. Distinguish among the three domains of life, and among the eukaryotic kingdoms.
5. Apply the scientific method as it relates to biology. *
6. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: quantitative and qualitative data, inductive and
deductive reasoning, science and technology. *
7. Explain how science and technology are interdependent. *
Chapter 2: Chemical Context of Life
1. Identify the six major elements of biological systems and explain how electron configuration
influences the chemical behavior of an atom.
2. Define electronegativity and explain how it influences the formation of chemical bonds.
3. Differentiate between and discuss the biological importance of the following: nonpolar covalent
bonds, polar covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions.
4. Evaluate ionic dissociation as it relates to molecular structure.
Chapter 3: Water and Life
1. List and explain four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from its
polarity and hydrogen bonding.
2. Contrast acids and bases. *
3. Explain how buffers work. *
Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
1. Explain how carbon’s electron configuration explains its ability to form complex and diverse
organic molecules.
2. Describe how carbon skeletons may vary and explain how this variation contributes to the
diversity and complexity of organic molecules.
3. Distinguish among the three types of isomers: structural, geometric, and enantiomer.
4. Name the major functional groups found in organic molecules; describe the basic structure of each
group and outline the chemical properties of the organic molecules in which they occur.
Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
1. List the four major classes of biomolecules.
2. Describe how organic polymers are formed and broken down.
3. Explain how organic polymers contribute to biological diversity.
4. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of carbohydrates, explain how they are classified, and
discuss their biological functions.
5. Describe the unique properties, building block molecules and biological importance of five
important groups of lipids: fats, phospholipids, sphingolipids, waxes and steroids.
6. Discuss the amphipathic nature of some molecules.
7.
7. Describe the characteristics that distinguish proteins from the other major classes of
macromolecules, and explain biologically important functions of proteins.
8. Describe the structure of amino acids, and explain how amino acids may be grouped according to
the physical and chemical properties of the side chains, and how side chain diversity affects the
properties of a protein.
9. Discuss why amino acids are amphoteric.
10. Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important.
11. Describe the four levels of protein structure and the chemicals bonds and interactions that stabilize
the structure of a protein.
12. Describe the characteristics that distinguish nucleic acids from the other major groups of
macromolecules.
13. Distinguish between the following pairs: pyrimidine and purine, nucleotide and nucleoside, ribose
and deoxyribose, the 5 end and 3 end of a nucleotide.
14. Describe the structure of the nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids.
15. Describe the three dimensional structure of DNA and how its structure is stabilized.
16. Choose the appropriate chemical reagents to identify the different classes of carbohydrates.*
17. Evaluate biological samples for the presence of protein. *
Chapter 6: A tour of the Cell
Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea
1. Explain why there are both upper and lower limits to cell size.
2. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3. Distinguish between the cell walls of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
4. State the function of the following features: capsule, fimbriae, sex pilus, nucleoid, plasmid, and
endospore.
5. Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells.
6. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus, and explain how the nucleus controls protein
synthesis in the cytoplasm.
7. Describe the structure and function of a eukaryotic ribosome, the difference between free and
bound ribosomes. Discuss intracellular protein targeting.
8. List the components of the endomembrane system, describe their formation, their structures and
functions, and summarize the functional relationships among them.
9. Distinguish between vesicles and vacuoles.
10. Describe the types of vacuoles and explain how their functions differ.
11. Explain the role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells.
12. Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and a chloroplast.
13. Describe the functions of the cytoskeleton explaining the structure and functions of microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
14. Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relates to their function.
15. Describe the structure of intercellular junctions found in plant and animal cells, and relate their
structure to function.
16. Describe the structure of a plant cell wall.
17. Describe the structure and roles of the extracellular matrix in animal cells.
18. Describe techniques used to study cell structure and function. *
19. Describe the principles, advantages, and limitations of the dissecting stereomicroscope, compound
light microscope, transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope. *
20. Demonstrate the proper use of a compound light microscope. *
8.
21. Demonstrate the proper techniques for preparing a wet mount. *
22. Describe the structure of a bacterial chromosome.
23. Discuss horizontal gene transfer in bacteria: conjugation, transduction and transformation. *
24. Explain how the F plasmid controls conjugation in bacteria. *
25. Explain how R plasmids confer antibiotic resistance on bacteria. *
26. Demonstrate and calculate transformation efficiency of genetically-manipulated E. coli*
Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function
1. Describe the functions of the cell membrane.
2. Explain how hydrophobic interactions and phospholipid structure determine membrane structure
and function.
3. Describe the fluid properties of the cell membrane and explain how membrane fluidity is
influenced by membrane composition.
4. Describe how proteins are spatially arranged in the plasma membrane and discuss their functions.
Distinguish between peripheral and integral membrane proteins; channel and carrier proteins.
5. Compare and contrast passive and active transport.
6. Describe factors that affect selective permeability of membranes.
7. Explain how transport proteins function and why they are similar to enzymes.
8. Describe the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion; describe one model for
facilitated diffusion.
9. Explain why a concentration gradient across a membrane represents potential energy.
10. Explain what mechanisms can generate a membrane potential or electrochemical gradient.
11. Explain how potential energy generated by transmembrane solute gradients can be harvested by
the cell and used to transport substances across the membrane.
12. Explain how large molecules or large quantities of material are transported across the cell
membrane via endocytosis (3 types) and exocytosis.
13. Explain how membrane proteins interface with and respond to changes in the extracellular
environment.
14. Set up a demonstration of diffusion; explain what causes it, why it is a spontaneous process and
what factors influence rate of diffusion. *
15. Define osmosis and predict the direction of water movement based upon differences in solute
concentration. *
16. Demonstrate the effect of hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions on animal and plant cells.*
Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism
1. Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in the energy exchanges of cellular
metabolism; explain amphibolic pathways.
2. Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy; open and closed systems; exergonic and
endergonic reactions.
3. Explain the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics;
4. Explain why highly ordered living organisms do not violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
5. Distinguish between entropy, enthalpy and free energy; explain their mathematical relationships.
6. List two major factors that contribute to the spontaneity of a process.
7. Explain the implications of free energy changes on living systems and cell metabolism.
8. Describe the function of ATP in the cell and explain how ATP performs cellular work.
9. Explain why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous reaction. *
10. Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems and the mechanisms by which enzymes
lower activation energy. *
9.
11. Evaluate the variables that are known to contribute to the efficiency of enzyme activity. *
12. Explain how metabolic pathways are regulated.
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
1. Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges.
2. Explain how exergonic oxidation of glucose is coupled to endergonic synthesis of ATP.
3. Distinguish between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
4. Name the four stages of cellular respiration; for each, state the region of the eukaryotic cell where
it occurs and the products that result.
5. Explain how mitochondrion structure relates to its function.
6. Explain chemiosmosis and its role in ATP production.
7. Assess the effect of regulatory mechanisms on cellular respiration.
8. Compare and contrast fermentation, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
9. Describe the fate of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen.
Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
1. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
2. Explain how chloroplast structure relates to its function.
3. Explain what happens when chlorophyll or accessory pigments absorb photons of visible light.
4. Explain the comparative effects of different wavelengths of visible light on photosynthesis.
5. Summarize the light-dependent reactions and list the components of a photosystem and explain
their function.
6. Trace the movement of electrons in linear electron flow and cyclic electron flow and identify the
products of each.
7. Describe the events that cause chloroplasts to shift from linear electron flow to cyclic electron
flow.
8. Summarize the carbon-fixing reactions of the Calvin cycle and describe changes that occur in the
carbon skeleton of the intermediates.
9. Describe the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle.
10. Compare and contrast C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis and state the advantages of each.
Chapter 11: Cell Communication
1. Categorize chemical signals in terms of the proximity of the communicating cells.
2. Describe the nature of a ligand-receptor interaction and state how such interactions initiate a signal
transduction system.
3. Compare different types of cell-surface receptors (G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine
kinases, and ligand-gated ion channel receptors) and contrast with intracellular receptors.
4. Describe the role of protein phosphorylation in signal transduction.
5. Explain how an original signal molecule can produce a cellular response when it may not even
enter the target cell; include the role of second messengers.
6. Explain why different types of cells may respond differently to the same signal molecule.
7. Describe how cAMP, DAG and IP3 are formed and how they propagate signal information.
8. Describe how signal information is transduced into cellular responses in the cytoplasm and in the
nucleus.
9. Describe how signal amplification via second messengers is accomplished in target cells.
10.
Chapter 12: Cell Cycle
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
1. Describe the structural organization of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome.
2. Describe how chromosome number changes throughout the human life cycle.
3. List the phases of the cell cycle and describe the sequence of events that occurs during each phase.
4. List the phases of mitosis and describe the events characteristic of each phase.
5. Compare cytokinesis in animals and plants.
6. Describe the process of binary fission in bacteria.
7. Describe the roles of checkpoints, cyclin, Cdk, and MPF, in the cell-cycle control system.
8. Describe the normal control mechanisms that limit cell growth and division.
9. Discuss how cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control.
10. Discuss the types of genes associated with cancer: proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, and tumorsuppressor genes
11. Explain how the abnormal division of cancerous cells escapes normal cell cycle controls.
12. Distinguish between benign, malignant, and metastatic tumors.
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
1. Explain why organisms only reproduce their own kind, and why offspring more closely resemble
their parents than unrelated individuals of the same species.
2. Explain what makes heredity possible.
3. Distinguish between the following terms: somatic cell and gamete; autosome and sex
chromosomes; haploid and diploid.
4. Distinguish among the life cycle patterns of animals, fungi, and plants.
5. List the phases of meiosis I and meiosis II and describe the events characteristic of each phase;
include synapsis and genetic recombination during Prophase I.
6. Describe key differences between mitosis and meiosis; explain how the end result of meiosis
differs from that of mitosis.
7. Explain how independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization contribute to genetic
variation in sexually reproducing organisms.
Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea
1. Explain Mendel’s law of segregation.
2. Distinguish between genotype and phenotype; heterozygous and homozygous; dominant and
recessive.
3. Define the term “random event”, and explain why it is significant that allele segregation during
meiosis and fusion of gametes at fertilization are random events.
4. Explain Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
5. Explain how the phenotypic expression of the heterozygote is affected by complete dominance,
incomplete dominance and codominance.
Chapter 15: Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
1. Distinguish among deletions, duplications, translocations and inversions within the genome of an
organism.
2. Define polyploidy.
3. Define aneuplidy: trisomy and monosomy.
4. Explain how nondisjunction can lead to aneuploidy and polyploidy.
5. Explain how an organism compensates for the fact that some individuals have a double dosage of
X-linked genes while others have only one.
11.
Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
1. Explain how Watson and Crick deduced the structure of DNA, and describe what evidence they
used.
2. Describe the structure of DNA.
3. Explain semi-conservative replication and the roles of helicase, single strand binding protein,
DNA polymerase, DNA ligase and primase; include the following terms: antiparallel structure,
leading strand, lagging strand, and Okazaki fragments.
4. Describe the function of telomeres and their implication in the replication of eukaryotic DNA.
5. Compare and contrast the organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.
6. Distinguish between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
7. Explain how DNA methylation and histone acetylation affect chromatin structure and gene
expression.
Chapter 17: Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein
1. Explain how RNA differs from DNA.
2. Explain how information flows from gene to polypeptide.
3. Describe where transcription and translation occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and the
significance of the differences inherent in these two types of cells.
4. Define codon, and explain what relationship exists between the linear sequence of codons on
mRNA and the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
5. Explain in what way the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous.
6. Explain the process of transcription including the three major steps of initiation, elongation, and
termination.
7. Describe the general role of RNA polymerase in transcription.
8. Distinguish among mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
9. Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA.
10. Describe the process and purpose of mRNA processing in the eukaryotic cell.
11. Explain how eukaryotic mRNA is processed before it leaves the nucleus.
12. Describe the biological functions of introns, exons and gene splicing.
13. Describe the term “wobble effect” as it relates to translation.
14. Describe the structure of a ribosome, and explain how this structure relates to function.
15. Describe the process of translation, including initiation, elongation, and termination, and explain
what enzymes, protein factors, and energy sources are needed for each stage.
16. Describe how mutagenesis can occur and its possible effect on protein structure.
17. Describe the difference between a base pair substitution, a base pair insertion or deletion; explain
how a frame-shift mutation can occur.
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
1. Describe the importance of mRNA degradation in eukaryotes, and how it can be prevented.
2. Explain how gene expression may be controlled at the translational and post-translational level.
3. Compare the arrangement of coordinately controlled genes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
4. Describe the effects of gene amplification, selective gene loss and DNA methylation.
12.
Chapter 19: Viruses
1. List and describe the structural components of viruses. *
2. Explain why viruses are obligate parasites. *
3. Describe the patterns of viral genome replication. *
4. Distinguish between lytic and lysogenic reproductive cycles using phage T4 and phage lambda as
examples. *
Chapter 20: DNA Tools and Biotechnology
1. Outline the steps involved in the isolation and purification of plasmid DNA from bacterial cells. *
2. Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes and explain how they are used in recombinant
DNA technology. *
3. Explain how the creation of sticky ends by restriction enzymes is useful in producing a
recombinant DNA molecule. *
4. Describe how restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis are used to isolate DNA fragments. *
5. Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to analyze nucleic acids and to distinguish between two
alleles of a gene. *
6. Explain how vectors are used in recombinant DNA technology. *
7. List and describe the two major sources of genes for cloning. *
8. Define a SNP and explain how it may produce a RFLP. *
9. Explain how DNA technology is used in the forensic sciences. *
10. Explain how bacteria can be induced to produce eukaryotic gene products. *
11. Explain how RFLP analysis and PCR can be applied to the Human Genome Project. *
13.