Chapter 2 –Mapping
Our World
Maps
• Maps are flat models of threedimensional objects.
• The science of mapmaking is
called cartography
• In this grid, the equator
horizontally circles Earth halfway
between the north and south
poles
• The equator separates Earth into
two equal halves called the
northern hemisphere and the
southern hemisphere
Latitude
• The earth is divided by eastwest running lines of
latitude.
• The zero degree line of
latitude is the equator.
• There are 90 degrees of
north latitude and 90
degrees of south latitude.
Latitude lines run east/west but they measure north or
south of the equator (0°) splitting the earth into the
Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.
Latitude
North Pole
90
Lines of
latitude are
numbered
from 0° at the
equator to
90° N.L. at the
North Pole.
80
70
60
[
50
40
30
20
10
]
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
South Pole
Lines of
latitude are
numbered
from 0° at
the equator
to 90° S.L. at
the South
Pole.
Latitude
The North Pole
is at 90° N
The equator
is at 0°
latitude. It is
neither
north nor
south. It is
at the center
between
north and
south.
40° N is the 40°
line of latitude
north of the
equator.
The South Pole
is at 90° S
40° S is the 40°
line of latitude
south of the
equator.
Longitude
• The earth is divided by northsouth running lines of
longitude.
• The zero degree line of
longitude is the Prime
Meridian.
• On the opposite side of the
globe, at 180o longitude is the
International Date Line.
• The longitude of Fishersville,
Virginia is 79o W.
Longitude
Lines of longitude begin
at the Prime Meridian.
60° W is the
60° line of
longitude west
of the Prime
W
Meridian.
60° E is the
60° line of
longitude
east of the
E Prime
Meridian.
The Prime Meridian is located at 0°. It is neither
east or west
180°
East Longitude
West Longitude
North Pole
Longitude
N
W
PRIME MERIDIAN
E
S
Lines of longitude are numbered east from the
Prime Meridian to the 180° line and west from the
Prime Meridian to the 180° line.
Prime Meridian
The Prime Meridian (0°) and the 180° line split the earth
into the Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere.
Prime Meridian
Western
Hemisphere
Eastern
Hemisphere
Places located east of the Prime Meridian have an east
longitude (E) address. Places located west of the Prime
Meridian have a west longitude (W) address.
INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
180°
• SEPARATES 2 CALENDAR DAYS.
America to Asia – gain a day
Asia to America – lose a day
International Date Line
• If you took a cruise on a ship, circumventing, or traveling
around the entire planet, you would experience firsthand a
phenomena that would help you understand the importance
of an international dateline.
• An explorer by the name of Ferdinand Magellan did just that
in the year 1519. Magellan along with 241 men set out to
travel around the entire Earth.
International Date Line
• These men kept very careful records as they traveled. Yet, when they
returned, they found that their calendars were off by one day with the
calendars of everyone in their home countries.
• What happened? How did these men loose an entire day?
• The day was not lost all at once. It was lost little by little, as the traveled
around the Earth.
• If you stay in one place, a day lasts 24 hours. However, if you travel the
opposite direction of the rotation of the Earth, your day will be slightly
longer than 24 hours, because you are traveling ahead of the setting sun.
• If you travel with the rotation of the Earth, your day will be slightly
shorter than 24 hours, because you are traveling into the sunset.
International Date Line
• At any one moment there are actually two
days on the Earth at the same time.
• A new day begins at mid-night on the
International Dateline. It travels around
the Earth, until 48 hours later it ends back
at the International dateline. If you were
to travel across the International Dateline,
the date would change either forward, or
backward.
• This line actually lies in the middle of a
time zone. This means that the hour on
the clock would not change, as you
crossed over, just the date.
By combining latitude and
longitude, any location can be
pinpointed
Application
N
W
E
S
North America is in the Northern Hemisphere because it is
north of the Equator. North America is in the Western
Hemisphere because it is west of the Prime Meridian.
A location’s coordinates
(____° N or S, ____ ° E or W)
Time Zones
• The globe is divided into 24 equal time zones.
LONGITUDE AND TIME
• The world rotates (spins) 360° in 24 hours.
360° / 24 hours = 15° per hour
• The world has 24 time zones, each l5° apart.
THERE IS A 1 HOUR TIME
DIFFERENCE FOR EVERY 15° OF
LONGITUDE
National Time Zones
• Across the United States there are 6 time zones. East to west
they include:
• 1. Eastern
• 2. Central
• 3. Mountain
• 4. Pacific
• 5. Alaska
• 6. Hawaii-Aleutian
Greenwich, England is the logical
starting point for time zones
• The world rotates west to east (counterclockwise), time zones to
the east are ahead of the those time zones to the west
ANOTHER CHEESY SAYING
•EAST INCREASE
Time is forward to all places to the east
•WEST LESS
Time is backward to all places to the west
East Increase – West Less
(1 hr per l5°)
If it 9 p.m. at Position D, what time is it at position C? Position B?
If it is 1 p.m. at Position X, at which location is the time 5 p.m.
Earth rotates west to east
Solar time is based on the
position of the sun
NIGHT IS FALLING ON EARTH
Look at the East Coast of the United
States. The lights are already lit.
California the sun is still visible.
This pictures shows
AMERICAN CITIES at
night.
Saguenay
Thunder Bay
Toronto
Sept-Iles
St.John
Ottawa
It’s still daylight
in California
Québec
Montréal
Detroit
Those light are Boston, New
York, Philadelphia and
Washington.
Dallas
Puerto Rico
Houston
Mexico
City
Miami
Havana
Port-au-Prince
NIGHT IS FALLING ON EARTH.
Look at Paris and Barcelona, the lights
are already lit, meanwhile in London,
Lisbon and Madrid the sun is still visible.
Looking south, we can see the islands in
the middle of the ocean.
We have a perfect view of the British
Islands, Iceland and Canada.
Iceland
England
Atlantic
France
Ocean
Spain
Italy
AFRICA