NGme
1. Define ecological succession: Process by which one community of organisms slowly replaces another in an
area.
2. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? Primary occurs on surfaces where no
soil exists and secondary must have soil to replace natural vegetation that has been destroyed.
3. List 2 things that would cause primary succession.
i.
Volcanic eruption
ii.
Retreating glacier
4. List 3 things that would cause secondary succession.
i.
Fires
ii.
Hurricanes
iii.
Tornadoes
i
4,
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Picture B
5. Which of the above pictures shows primary succession? How do you bnow? Picture B, because there is
rociÿ and no soil, pioneer species will have to brealÿ down rocb into soil, so primary succession tahes place.
6. In picture A, what organisms are represented in the climax community? Hardwood trees
7. In picture B, what organisms represent a pioneer species? Lichens are the pioneer species in the picture.
8. What is equilibrium? When factors in an ecosystem remain in balance (Climax Community).
9. How do you hnow when an ecosystem is in equilibrium? When the ecosystem is occupied by stable
populations an is at equilibrium or a climax community has developed.
10.
What is the difference between weathering, erosion, and deposition (define all three)? Erosion is the
movement of sediment mainly caused by wind, water, and gravity; Deposition is a process by which wind,
water, and gravity leave eroded sediments in new locations; Weathering is a process by which water,
wind, and ice wear down roclÿs and other exposed surfaces (includes chemical & mechanical weathering.
Type of erosion
Gravity
Wind
Description of how it moves
sediments
How it affects the ecosystem/
landforms caused by it
Mass movement, creep, slump,
Changes surface of earth and
landslide, all caused by gravity
causes secondary succession to
moving materials down slope.
Active on beaches, deserts, &
occur.
Wind erosion forms sand dunes
and changes the surface of earth
causes secondary succession.
Deposits form beaches, spit, bay
and barrier islands.
plowed fields.
Erodes and shapes coastlines.
Wave
Top cause of erosion, rivers,
streams, & runoff. Sediments move
from where formed to ocean/gulf.
Reshapes V-shaped valleys to U-
Running Water
shaped; deposit till.
Glaciers
Forms oxbow lahe, V-shaped
valleys, delta, and meander.
Causes horn, glacial lahes,
moraine, and cirques.
21. Name 3 ways in which human activities have caused erosion. Clear cutting forest, farming, changing the
surface features of the earth, building highways, roads, towns, and cities.
Fill in ÿhe following table abo.t the differenl: catastrophic evenÿ:$.
Catastrophic Event
Hurricane
Tornado
Flood
Earthquabe
Volcano
Description
Effect on environment
A large swirling low pressure column of
air that forms over the ocean & swirl
around the center called an eye.
Occur during severe storms, violent,
Flooding & high wind, erosion, Iÿnoclÿs
whirling winds that move counter
cloclÿwise.
Results from rapid upward movement
of water due to a storm.
Occurs when there is a movement of
rochs along a fault or craclÿ in the
ground (convergent plates).
A mountain that forms where magma,
ash or gases reaches the surface of the
Destroy habitat, snap trees, flying
debris, piclÿs up & moves or Iÿills
animals, includes humans.
Animals drown, waste in water, fast
moving water can move animals and
change habitats.
Ground craclÿs, landslides, movement
& falling debris, trees Iÿnoclÿed down,
Results when there is less than normal
animals move to another location.
Lava can burn trees & animals, ash
can suffocate animals & plants, bloclÿ
sunlight causing primary succession.
Causes fires to occur, animals move to
precipitation over an extended period
find water, bills plants and animals.
earth.
Drought
down trees, shrubs, houses, causes
animals to leave habitat and drown.
of time.
Giant ocean wave.
Tsunami
Causes ocean animals to be stranded
on the land, drown land animals,
debris cause pollution & can Iÿill.
An uncontrolled fire.
Forest Fire
Burn plants and animals, destroys
food, causes animals to relocate, and
secondary succession to begin.
38. In what ways have humans contributed to the cause of some of these events? Humans have contributed
by changing the earth's surface, polluting the earth, cutting down forest, farming, covering the land with
concrete, over population, and using up natural resources.