NATIONAL COOPERATIVE UNION OF INDIA REPORT OF 16TH INDIAN COOPERATIVE CONGRESS HELD ON 25-26TH JUNE, 2013 AT NEW DELHI. INAUGURAL FUNCTION Inauguration of 16th Indian Cooperative Congress held on 25 June 2013 in Siri Fort Auditorium. The Programme was inaugurated by Hon’ble President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee. Shri Sharad Pawar, Hon’ble Union Agriculture Minister, Mrs. Sheila Dikshit, Hon’ble Chief Minister of Delhi, Her Excellency Smt. Kamla Beniwal, Hon’ble Governor of Gujarat, Shri S.C. Jamir, Hon’ble Governor of Odisha, Ms. Dame Pauline Green, President, International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), Mr. Li Chunsheng, President, ICA-Asia Pacific, Shri Tariq Anwar, Hon’ble Minister of State for Agriculture, Shri Ashish Bahuguna, Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Government of India were present on the dais. Dr. Chandrapal Singh Yadav, President NCUI delivered welcomed all dignitaries and the delegates. He welcome all the delegates. He said that cooperative movement in India is one of the largest movement in the world with 6 lakhs cooperatives and 26 crores members. Cooperative is prevalent in small & marginal farmers, artisans, labour and economically weaker sections of the society. The contribution of cooperative sector in national economy is immense. He remembered the quotation of late Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru who said that “Cooperatives are not only important but essential in Indian economic system”. Making to this point the theme of 16th Indian Cooperative Congress was set in “Cooperative Enterprise Build a Better World”. Dr. Yadav congratulated Agriculture Minister for passing of historical Constitutional Amendment Bill 2011 in the Parliament. This bill will be strengthening cooperative societies and bringing professionalism & autonomy to the cooperatives. He hoped that after the passage of this bill, the cooperative society will contribute to inclusive growth and strengthening rural economy of the nation. He expressed his concerned on Director Tax Code and its implication on the economic viability of society. He expressed the hope that given the due importance of cooperative in the Indian economy the 12th Five Year Plan draft should include a separate chapter on cooperative sector. He also hoped that cooperation may be included as a subject in the school syllabus. He opined that cooperation is a thought, is a base and a unique pattern of economic development. In the last, he expressed condolence for all those who lost their life in the natural calamity of Uttarakhand. At the same time, he exhorted the co-operators of India to contribute generously to the relief fund. Ms. Dame Paulin Green, President ICA said that India as cooperatively developed country could widen its coverage to villages to towns & even cities. We have good stories to tell in the cooperative sector. India could develop global brands too. She shared her experiences of visiting IFFCO’s project, which served a rural people a lot. In her speech, she congratulated President of India for making formation of cooperatives a Fundamental Right through 97th Constitution Amendment. She stressed the need for helping the cooperatives by recognizing their significance as well as channelizing the funds to this 1 movement. She has concluded the speech by positively hoping for building a better world through cooperatives. His Excellency Shri S.C. Jamir, Governor of Odisha grace the occasion & delivered the talk. He narrated in the past, the cooperative congress have made many recommendations, which had far reaching impact on the development of cooperatives. The present theme of the Congress “Cooperative Enterprise Build a Better World” is well thought and need of the hour. He discussed how the cooperatives is an effective instrument of economic development by significantly contributing to various stakeholders i.e. women, poor, self help groups etc. He highlighted the contribution of cooperatives in Odisha, especially Madhusudan Dass in promoting & nursing the cooperatives. He lauded the role played by the cooperatives in Odisha in up scaling the self help groups, cooperative bank linkage programme. At the same time, he wanted that cooperatives should take active part in marketing of agricultural produce like paddy procurement by PACS. Cooperatives in Odisha are effectively implementing the National Agricultural Scheme and place an important role in ensuring financial inclusion. Many people believed that cooperative is a failed venture but it is not the case. At the same time, he stressed the need for developing the professional management, equipping with information communication technology to achieve financial inclusion. Smt. Sheila Dikshit, Hon’ble Chief Minister of Delhi. In her felicitation address she expressed her gratitude for the presence of Ms. Dame Pauline Green, President, ICA as well as congratulated Dr. Chandra Pal Singh Yadav for bringing the Cooperative Congress in Delhi. She mentioned about the dream of late Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru about the cooperative movement and success stories of IFFCO, KRIBHCO, AMUL NAFED etc. She stressed on the need for focus on HRD, particularly education & training. To the Chief Minister, cooperatives have a unique structure which will help all kinds of communities. She expressed her positive expectations about the role of cooperatives in the development of women & Youth. Shri Sharad Pawar, Hon’ble Minister of Agriculture & Food Processing industries while delivering his address narrated that he came from the field of cooperatives and understand the role played by the cooperatives in various spheres like rural credit, supply of inputs storage, marketing, consumer, sugar and other areas. He stressed the importance of financial inclusion to achieve the mantra of inclusive growth. He emphasized Government of India in its endeavour to provide conducive policy & legal framework brought out important milestone in amending the constitution of India, Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act and the implementation of Short Term Cooperative Credit Structure Reforms & Revival Package. Further he felt, the constitutional amendment is very important and ensuring the democratic, professional & autonomous characteristics of cooperatives. He also elaborated the contribution of cooperatives in ensuring the target in food production and the greater role to be played by the cooperatives in implementing the food security bill. He mentioned the issue of efficiency & efficacy of cooperatives and stressed the need for having a good governance system in providing value added services to be competitive in the market. To achieve this, Hon’ble Minister wanted that the cooperatives should have effective cooperative education and professional training programmes. Further, the Hon’ble Minister recalled the appreciation of the President of India, the role cooperatives played in the economic 2 development of the country. Finally, the Hon’ble Minister hinted that cooperative is the potential tool for the sustainable development of members, stakeholders and women cooperatives. Shri Pranab Mukherjee, Hon’ble President of India started his inaugural address by expressing his pleasure to inaugurate this great event of national importance. He mentioned the importance of cooperation as a philosophy being followed in all walks of life. To him, cooperatives have a great potential which needs to be harnessed for the development of the society. While talking about the history of development of cooperatives, he referred the role played by rulers of the pre-independence period & administrators of the post independence period. He recalled the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi on cooperation and viewed that the Panchyati Raj system was the realization of the democratic governance at the village level. Hon’ble President referred the directives principles of the Indian Constitution and considered cooperatives as a tool for economic growth. While quoting the Nehruvian thoughts on cooperation he felt that cooperatives can transform the economy. He explained the quantitative development of cooperatives in various sectors such as credit, sugar, storage, marketing, consumer etc. By quoting Noble Laureate Shri Amratya Sen, he explained the role of cooperatives in bringing cohesion & harmony in the community life. He expressed his belief in the strength of cooperatives in facing global crisis. Though cooperatives have limitation, he reiterated his conviction over the strength of cooperatives in finding solutions. He hoped that cooperatives can enter into new areas such as education, health, precision farming etc. He viewed that cooperatives need a bottom up approach wherein it can work as an organization of the people, by the people, among the people. The Hon’ble President hoped that cooperatives will achieve qualitative development along with the quantitative achievements & this congress will deliberate on strategies for developing an equitable world through cooperatives. Dr. Dinesh, Chief Executive of National Cooperative Union of India extended vote of thanks in the last. On the very onset he expressed sincere thanks to Hon’ble President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee for sparing his valuable time to inaugurate the 16th Indian Cooperative Congress. He also expressed thanks to Chief Minister, Governors & other dignitaries present on the dais. He expressed his thanks to different cooperative organizations, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India for guidance & necessary logistics support. He also expressed his hearty thanks to delegates’ also different cooperative societies from all parts of India. Thereafter the Eight Technical Sessions were held on June 25-26 June, 2013 in the following topics: Business Session - I Direct Tax Code Bill - IT - Exemption to Cooperatives Business Session - II Cooperative Legislation and Governance Recent Trends Business Session - III Cooperative Credit Sector –Issues and Challenges Business Session - IV Cooperative Enterprises - Acceptable Business Model Business Session - V Consumer and Food Security - A Role of Cooperatives Business Session - VI Women and Youth in Cooperatives Business Session - VII Cooperative Education and Training Business Session - VIII Emerging Cooperatives and Weaker Section Cooperatives 3 The details deliberation of the Technical Session are as under:- BUSINESS SESSON - I DIRECT TAX CODE BILL – INCOME TAX EXEMPTION TO COOPERATIVES Shri Subhash Lakhotia, Expert in Direct Taxation said that It is necessary for the Government to increase the role of cooperatives in the economic growth. The congenial income tax provisions may help the cooperatives to grow and in term it will help the overall growth of the country. He discussed about the IT exemptions available to cooperatives under Section 80P. He further added that the cooperatives engaged in cottage industry, those engaged in the business of agriculture process without aid of power and those engaged in collective disposal of labour of their members, enjoying 100% deductions on income under Section 80 (P) of the Act. Shri Sanjay Aggarwal, Central Council Member of ICA highlighted that due to over taxation on them it may slowly kill them. In fact Government is getting service tax, excise and generating employment through cooperatives and further taxing them on income. Shri B.D. Sinha, Chairperson while concluding the session stated that Section 72 (A) regarding mergers and amalgamation for the companies should also be applicable to cooperatives. Here any loss making cooperative society be absorbed by the profit making cooperative society, loss can be adjusted against the profit of the profit making societies and concluded the session with the following recommendations as resolved. BUSINESS SESSION - II COOPERATIVE LEGISLATION AND GOVERNANCE - RECENT TRENDS The session started on 25th June, 2013 at around 2:30 pm at Sri Fort Auditorium, New Delhi and was chaired by Shri G.H. Amin, Vice-President, NCUI. The Special Session was addressed by Ms. Paulen Green, President ICA, Shri R.K. Tiwari, IAS, MD NHB, Dr. M.L. Khurana, MD NCHF, Shri D. Krishna, Advisor NAFCUB Board, Shri Pithawalla, Assistant Vice President, Godrej, New Delhi. Ms. Paulen Green in her deliberation has opined that nowadays the cooperatives are growing in large number around the world. It demands the business acumen and strategy so that they can excell and perform by competing with different types of organization in the world. She also emphasized that the active participation of the members will make cooperatives healthy and stronger. She also stressed upon the following five key points which are essential for running a successful cooperatives business model i.e. (i) democratic participation (ii) social media/ internet/ accessories (iii) non compromise on member rights (iv) training for leaders as well as members, and (v) infusion of fresh blood in cooperative sector. Further, she asserted that the involvement of younger generation is essential which is lacking at present. 4 Dr. M.L. Khurana, in his deliberation emphasized upon the need for a special legislation for inclusion of a separate Chapter in present Cooperatives Act relating to Housing Cooperatives. However, a Model Law on Housing cooperatives has already been drafted and approved by the then Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation and Ministry of Law, GOI. The same has been sent to all State Governments for implementation and the States like Delhi, Goa, J&K and Madhya Pradesh have already initiated action on it. It is therefore, suggested that other State Governments should also consider the same. Shri R.K. Tiwari, in his address asserted upon that if the Cooperatives fail to meet the aspirations of its members, they will loose their faith in the cooperatives. He also suggested that to make cooperative successful the members should actively participate in managing the affairs of the society. Shri D. Krishna was under the impression that cooperatives should upgrade their technology, improve and modernize the way of conducting businesses. He also suggested that the involvement of youth is essential so as to develop the competency of cooperative organizations. In concluding remarks Shri G.H. Amin said that the cooperative legislation plays a vital role for the existence, development and governance of cooperatives. BUSINESS SESSION - III COOPERATIVE CREDIT SECTOR – ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Shri Suresh Prabhu former Union Minister, Govt. of India and founder trustee of IFFCO Foundation highlighted that even after 65 years of independence the majority of Indians have not been able to open their bank account. It was made compulsory under the MNREGA to open an account and despite the fact, universal banking was not materalized. This has impacted on economic independence of marginalized section of the society. Though the Government has started inclusive growth drive but progress in this regard is insignificant. The Public Sector Banks and Private Sector Banks have not contributed significantly for inclusive growth. He stressed that banking is not a mere a commercial activity and it is a part of the mission. The Missionary zeal is absent in public sector banks and private sector banks and hence cooperative banks have the potential to fulfill this gap. He stressed the need for COOPERATIVE BANK OF INDIA for the cooperative credit sector. Mr. B.Subramanyam, Managing Director, NAFSCOB, highlighted the issues and challenges before short-term cooperative credit sector of our country. The major committees on rural credit cooperatives were highlighted and particularly the ACRC Committee also known as Khusro Committee was the best committee which studied the entire gamut of cooperative credit structure and gave recommendations, he mentioned. Further he focused on the recommendations of the taskforce on revival of cooperative credit institutions led by Prof. A. Vaidyanathan(2005). Shri K.K. Ravindran, Managing Director, NAFCARD highlighted the issues and challenges before long-term cooperative credit sector. In his address he mentioned that agricultural growth is central to India’s growth and credit plays an important role. 5 Shri Jyotinder Mehta, Director, NAFCUB speaking over the issues and challenges before the Urban Cooperative Banks Shri Mehta highlighted the major issues which are responsible for declining of market share of UCBs, as it has come down from 14% to 4%. Mr. Suddhansu K.K. Misra. AGM NABARD opined that though the cooperative is weak it has so many inherent strength. He pointed out that in future the Cooperative Bank should focus business on inherent agriculture domain and take the leverage of core banking. He assured the banking fraternity that NABARD will be always helping and guiding force to cooperative bank. Sh. S.N. Sharma, Chairman, NCHF & Dr. Bijender Singh, said that there are so many challenges before cooperative bank which need to be addressed. He said that the cooperative Amendment Bill 2011 will help in maintaining the autonomy of cooperative sector. He also said that marketing federation has to improve its business in order to help the farmer in the village. He expressed the hope that strengthening the cooperative credit structure will help strengthening the status of farmer. BUSINESS SESSION – IV COOPERATIVE ENTERPRISES ACCEPTABLE BUSINESS MODEL Shri R.S. Sodhi, Managing Director, GCMMF presented a paper on the business model of Amul and narrated the success story of Amul. He started his presentation with the historical perspective of the development of Amul since 1946. The basic business model of Amul is “Cow to consumer”. He narrated how the cooperatives is better competitive than the private players and highlighted the share of producers in the consumer price in cooperative was ranges from 80 to 86% whereas in USA and UK it ranges from 36 to 38%. The success of Amul model is value addition to market innovation. Shri Sambhasiva Rao, Marketing Director, KRIBHCO presented the business model of KRIBHCO. His presentation highlighted the uniqueness of cooperative business and various initiative of KRIBHCO in the field of fertilizer, distribution and other corporate social responsibility activities undertaken by KRIBHCO. Shri Satya Prakash Thakur, Chairman, BHUTTICO, Kullu narrated the story of BHUTTICO a famous handloom cooperatives in the beautiful valley of Kullu Manali. He felt a cooperative can compete with any player in the market provided it had committed leaders and members coupled with technology. Shri Sukesh Zamwar, Managing Director, Buldana Cooperative Credit Society presented on the successful business model of Buldana Cooperative Credit Society (BCCS). Shri B. Gopinath, Chief Executive Officer, ULCCS Ltd. Kerala presented how a poor labour pool can establish cooperative institutions and make it a big success. Shri K.G. Wankhede, CEO, IFFDC highlighted that IFFDC played a crucial role in saving the environment initially and to-day they are focus to address the climate concern. 6 In the concluding remarks of Dr. U.S. Awasthi, he said that IFFCO Foundation is making all out efforts in making cooperatives as a successful business entity. He pointed out that Foundation has introduced a free financial software for cooperatives and training is given at free of cost. BUSINESS SESSION - V CONSUMER AND FOOD PRODUCTION - ROLE OF COOPERATIVES After the due deliberation, the Technical Session members unanimously resolved to take action in the following issues to strengthen the cooperative movement in the country: Shri Virendar Singh said that there is a need to create awareness about consumerism among consumers. Consumer movement in India is weak, it needs to be strengthened in the lines of Singapore, Japan and Korea. Crucial role should be given to Consumer Cooperatives in the proposed Food Security Bill of Govt. of India and NCUI may initiate necessary steps in this regard. Public Distribution System (PDS) which was earlier with the Cooperatives shall be restored in the country. Stringent steps should be initiated to purchase stationery by Govt. departments from Consumer Cooperatives only. Shri Sanjeev Chopra, IAS said that steps should be initiated to re-define the Consumer and new avenues such as Health, Education, Child Care, Old Age Homes and Tourism sectors should be explored to provide services at lower prices to the Consumers. Resolution should be passed to remove APMC Act and Cooperatives should be given permission to enter into the market and sell their products directly. Dr. Gopi Ghosh said that steps should be initiated to make Public Distribution System smart and efficient by reducing transportation cost, co-create research and technology transfer, make farmers as partners in consumer cooperative movement, community management and collectivization, Farmer Field Schools (FFS), adopt institutional mechanism as in or like a Cooperative, empower farmers through Information Communication & Technology (ICT) BUSINESS SESSION - VI WOMEN AND YOUTH IN COOPERATIVES Priyambda Tripathy of IFFCO Foundation in her views expressed need for climate change and skill development. She also mentioned about formation of National Council on Skill Development Board with public & private partnership. Minakshi Buragohain, Vice president JNU Student Union expressed involvement of women and youth in cooperatives which is not yet taken off. the need for Ms. Labhu Thakkar, Managing Director, SEWA presented overview of SEWA and its role in promoting various cooperatives in Gujrat & other states of the country. There are 106 cooperatives institutions under SEWA with 90,000 membership. 7 BUSINESS SESSION - VII COOPERATIVE EDUCATION AND TRAINING Sh. S.K.Tucker, Director TOPIC, NCDC ,Gurgaon said that 97th Amendment in the Indian Constitution paves way for professionalism besides aiming at other strengths. He further said that Focus to add “value” to members’ quality of life through education programmes Introduce special committees and awards by cooperatives or their federations to encourage active and professional participation of members Mr. G.N.Saxena, IFFCO Foundation, New Delhi informed that about 1000 cooperative education instructors carry on their shoulders the responsibility of educating about 25 crores cooperative members i.e. one instructor is supposed to educate about 2.5 lakh cooperative members. He said that there is acute dearth of modern training and education material within the Indian cooperative movement. Dr. Dinesh, Chief Executive, NCUI suggested that before the actual training programme debriefing of the trainees is very essential. One needs to prepare trainees mentally for the training programme. They must know ,wha t is the use of the training programme for themselves as well their organisation. Further Dr. Dinesh emphasizes that trainers should have trainers quality and professional trainer. Training is different than teaching hence trainer should have different qualities as trainer. Prof. P. Chandrashekhra ,Manage, Mr. Kedar Newpane, RCS Nepal and Mr. Gunathi Leke, NCID Sri Lanka also vigoursly supported the above suggestions Shri Lakhan Singh Sahu, Member, Governing Council proposed the vote of thanks. BUSINESS SESSION –VIII EMERGING COOPERATIVES AND WEAKER SECTION COOPERATIVES Shri B.K. Mishra has made a detailed presentation about fisheries cooperatives. Shri Tushar Pandey has made a presentation about “Catalyzing Tourism Through Cooperative Principles.” Shri Jainendra Kumar Singh, M.D., AMCOS emphasized Need for creation of more employment opportunities for the development of tribal cooperatives and establishment of biofertilizer plant in tribal areas. Shri R.N. Pandey, M.D. has made a presentation on the topic “Labour’ Cooperatives – A Unique Approach to solve the Employment Problem in India”. VALEDICTORY FUNCTION The 16th Indian Cooperative Congress, organized by National Cooperative Union of India (NCUI) concluded this evening after two days of intensive deliberations on all aspects of the cooperative movement. Governor of Punjab & Administrator U.T. Chandigarh, Shri Shivraj Patil was the Chief Guest at the valedictory function held at the NCUI Auditorium in New Delhi. 8 Also present on the occasion were Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Cooperation, Chemical and Fertilizer, Statistics and Programme Implementation Shri Srikant Kumar Jena and Minister of Cooperation, PWD and Irrigation, Government of Uttar Pradesh, Shri Shivpal Singh Yadav. In his Valedictory address, Governor of Punjab & Administrator U.T. Chandigarh Shri Shivraj V. Patil said that the contribution of the cooperative sector towards upliftment of the grassroots was laudable and praiseworthy. He said the two-day deliberations of the Cooperative Congress have come up with useful recommendations and the Government of India would give all support to the Cooperative Sector. He also recommended that members of cooperatives and society at large must also contribute towards taking the cooperative movement forward. Speaking on the occasion, Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Cooperation, Chemical and Fertilizer, Statistics and Programme Implementation Shri Srikant Kumar Jena said that in this competitive world the cooperatives must strive to compete with the private sector and successfully meet the challenges of privatization and globalization. The bottom-up approach from the grassroots to the top can create the best impact, he said. In his welcome address, President NCUI, Dr. Chandra Pal Singh Yadav said that the two-day Cooperative Congress had come up with useful recommendations to further strengthen the cooperative movement. Chief Executive, NCUI, Dr Dinesh presented the Congress recommendations that call for effective steps to re-orient and increase efficiency across all cooperative sectors. Among other recommendations are greater development of women cooperatives, increased youth participation and skill development in cooperatives to build leadership for the future, seeking financial support from the government for rehabilitation of sick cooperatives, among several such measures that emerged from the deliberations held in the technical sessions of the Cooperative Congress. The Primary Agriculture Cooperative Society needed to be revitalise in the country to provide better and effective service to the farmers, artisans and other member in the rural areas said Shri Shivpal Singh Yadav, Cooperative Minister of U.P. He gave the example of Uttar Pradesh where elections of the cooperative bodies have already been completed and Vidhyanathan Package have been implemented to strengthen DCCBs and Primary level Credit Cooperative. An award ceremony was held at the valedictory function in which the Chief Guest, Shri Shivraj Patil presented awards to the best Cooperative Societies in different sectors. Shri Patil also released a book on Right to Information and Cooperatives at the valedictory function. The two-day Cooperative Congress was attended by over 2000 delegates from India and abroad. There are more than six lakh cooperative societies in the country covering 100% of the villages and 75% of rural households. AMUL, KRIBHCO and IFFCO are the biggest success stories in the cooperative sector. On this occasion KRIBHCO presented Rs. One Crore cheque to Union Chemical & Fertiliser State Minister, Shri Srikant Jena for Prime Minister Relief Fund for helping the victims of Uttarakhand disaster. MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS The 16th Indian Cooperative Congress deliberated on the various aspects of cooperation, the issues and challenges that cooperative in general and various sector in particular face and shared the view of eminent cooperative leader, practitioner and academicians. It has identified several policy issues, policy initiatives, sectoral issues and issues related to HRD for strengthening the cooperative on a stronger fold towards an autonomous, democratic, 9 professional and economically sound manner. So that, Cooperative Enterprise Build a Better World. The Congress therefore, recommends the following major recommendations: 1. Cooperatives must be managed by adequately trained and enthuastic members. Cooperative empower people, build capacities and develop capability. The Congress urges to the government for financial support for cooperative education and training activities in India. 2. While appreciating the government for enacting the 97th Constitutional Amendment thereby creating an enabling environment for the development of the cooperatives. This would further enable democratic, autonomous and professional working of the cooperatives. By this amendment the right to form a cooperative society has now become a fundamental right. But, to take initiatives further to the grassroot level the Congress urges the state government to create enabling environment by amending state laws as and when it is necessary. 3. Cooperatives creates the job opportunities, sustainable livelihood for millions of people in the farm sector and also has the capacity to reverse the rural urban migration. 4. While appreciating the central government for giving to approval to amend Multi State Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Bill 2010, the congress urges upon the government to expedite passage of the bill. This would be an important step for safeguarding the multi state cooperative societies and also creating a provision for revival of sick cooperatives for their rehabilitation and reconstruction. 5. The agriculture sector in India has a large number of Primary Agriculture Cooperative Society handling supply of agriculture inputs, credit, marketing and storage capacity. These cooperatives are organized by small and marginal farmers who face acute knowledge gap and deficiency in inputs delivery system. The government of India and the state government need to give adequate importance to the concept of cooperative education and training so that the member of the PACS residing in the villages are able to use modern technology, rural infrastructure and make use of market information and risk management. 6. Restoration of Income Tax reductions under Section 80 (P) of the Income Tax Act. 7. More Vegetables and Fruit Cooperative Societies should be started through National Horticulture Mission and they should link with Consumer Cooperatives. 8. Steps shall be initiated to include a subject on “cooperation” at primary education. 9. Action shall be initiated for the 50 per cent of the reservation for the women in cooperatives. ---------xxxxxxx--------- 10 INAUGURAL FUNCTION VALEDICTORY FUNCTION 11
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