International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:02
114
Influence Calcium Carbonate Nano-particles CaCO3
on Mechanical Properties for NR Compound
Zaid Ghalib Abdulkadhim
Assistant Lecturer
College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
[email protected] or [email protected]
Abstract-- The aim of this work was to study the influence of
Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 nanoparticles (N-CC) in preparation
NR compound . Four compositions of
NR/ CaCO3
nanocomposites with filler loading Calcium Carbonate of [ 0, 3,
5, 7 and 10 ] hpr, the compositions were prepared in
Laboratories Inc. Tires Babylon.
The tests included the tensile, compression, hardness, density and
Rheometric properties of
NR/ CaCO3
nanocomposites
compound using a vulcanization system [ASTM D3182]. Carbon
black (N326) was used as a filler (50 hpr).
To determine the tensile strength, M300 (tensile stress at 300%
elongation) and elongation at break a tensile test device called
(Tensilmete) was used According to ASTM D412, operating at
strain rates of 500 mm/min.
The compression test (ASTM D395B) shown that the
compression is decreased when the percentages of CaCO3
nanoparticles is increased
Finally, by using a device (Hardness), to determine the Hardness
IRHD of NR compound.
Index Term--- Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 nanoparticles(N-CC),
filler loading, NR compound, M300 (tensile stress at 300%
elongation.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Recently,CaCO3 nanoparticles were commercially available for
toughening polymers. Although small and uniform particles are
believed to be more effective in toughening than large ones,
nano-particles, even if they were surface-modified, often
agglomerate and cause a significant decrease in toughness[1–2].
Hence, failure to obtain uniform nanoparticles dispersion in the
polymer matrix is a first major challenge for effective
toughening .Chan et al.[3]
so thought that the interfacial interaction between nanoparticles
and polymer matrix is one of the most important factors affecting
the crystalline morphology of the nanocomposites[4].
On other hand, Calcium carbonate nanoparticles have been
widely used as fillers in polymeric materials with the main
purpose of reducing costs[4-6], however recently works showed
that the incorporation of calcium carbonate nanoparticles can
lead to higher impact resistance associated with higher elastic
modulus[7-8-9].
In 2009, Eiras and Pessan [10] studied the influence of calcium
carbonate nanoparticles in crystallization process of
polypropylene.
Four
compositions
of
PP/CaCO3
nanocomposites were prepared in a co-rotational twin screw
extruder machine with calcium carbonate content of 3, 5, 7 and
10 wt. (%). The tests included SEM analyzes for calcium
carbonate, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide
angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) for the nanocomposites. The
results showed an increase in PP crystallization temperature and
crystallinity degree, and a reduction in spherullites size.
In 2006, Wan , yul, Xie, Guo, Mao and Huang [4] sdutied the
effects of the surface-treatment of CaCO3 nanoparticle on the
crystalline morphology of polypropylene. The dielectric
properties of the nanocomposites were tested using the dielectric
analyzer (DEA) at room temperature.
Nowadays, the improvements of mechanical and chemical
properties of material with addition of nano-sized filler are
widely done. The introduction of nanofiller in the structure of a
composite can develop the interaction strength between the
polymer matrix and nanometric fillers, which can increase
significantly the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties
[11-12]. As an example, the MMT nanofiller are often used as an
enhancement of composite tensile properties [13].
II.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
A. Materials:
The Elastomers used in this study, i.e. NR (Nature Rubber
RSS) was supplied by the laboratories of the public company
of tires Babylon. Carbon black (N330) and other fillers
Materials was obtained from same company too.
The calcium carbonate Nanoparticles size 50 nm and Specific
surface 20m2/g produced in China
The four loading of filler calcium carbonate CaCo3
nanoparticles of [ 0, 3, 5, 7, 10 ] hpr.
B. Preparation Specimens:
Rubber specimens for various mechanical testings, including
the tensile test, hardness test, density test, were prepared by
mixing the rubber compounds. The formulation of rubber
compounds was shown in Table 1.
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International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:02
Table I
Compound Recipes
result is observed for the yield stress. It was described in the
literature that elastic modulus of polymeric composites
depends, just, on surface contact area of the filler and not on
its surface treatment[14]. On the other hand yield stress
depends on both interfacial strength and surface contact
area[15,16,17]. As the surface treatment is the same for all
samples, the mechanical properties will be analyzed just in
terms of surface contact area, which can be related to the
dispersion of nanoparticles in the matrix.
NR blend (phr)
100
5
2
variable 1
4
3.25
1.8
0.8
Table III
Resulte of tensile test for NR Compound of Fillers loading Calcium Carbonate
Nanoparticles.
1
According to Table 2
2
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N´-phenyl-p-phenylene diamine
3
2-(4-morpholinothio)benzothiazole
Table II
Fillers loading
Compound
Recipes
Carbon
black (N326)
Nanocalcium
carbonate
NR/NCC0
50
0
NR/NCC3
50
3
NR/NCC5
NR/NCC7
NR/NCC10
50
50
50
5
7
10
C. Determination of Mechanical Properties.
1.
Tensile properties were measured based on the
ASTM D412 procedure by a tensile tester (Tensilmete) using
a dumbbell specimen at room temperature and at a crosshead
speed of 500 mm/min. All the test specimens of the tensile test
were compression molded (35 MPa) 350 bars at 150°C
[ASTM D3182] and cure time 45 min. For the tensile
experiment, dumbbell samples were cut from a 2 mm thick
molded rubber sheet. The gauge length and width of the
dumbbell was 33±2 and 6.3±0.1mm respectively. [ASTM D
412 (Test Method A)] was adopted for the tensile testing
procedure of the rubber samples.
2.
The test specimens (compression test) [ASTM D 396
(Test Method B)] were compression molded 350 bars at
150°C, and cure time 20 min [ASTM D3182].
3.
The test specimens [fatigue (crack growth) test
ASTM D 813] were compression molded 350 bars at 160°C,
and cure time 20 min, [ASTM D 3182].
4.
The test specimens (hardness test) were compression
molded 350 bars at 150°C, and cure time 15 min, [ASTM D
3182].
5.
The cure time for all the tests specimens above,
According to specification for Dunlop British Company.
NR/N-CC0
NR/N-CC3
NR/N-CC5
NR/N-CC7
NR/N-CC10
Break
Strain
%
408
465
471
517
501
Break
Stress
[MPa]
15.098
15.685
16.991
17.627
19.6
Stress of
300%
elongation
5.694
5.697
7.023
8.140
9.641
E of 300%
elongation
MPa
18.98
18.99
23.41
27.13
32.13
M300 is affected by several factors such as surface reactivity
which determines the polymer–filler interaction, aggregates,
size and shape of particles, structure and filler particle
dispersion in rubber ([18], p. 342; [19]). The maximum value
of tensile stress at NR/N-CC 10 phr) reaches 19.6 MN/m2as
shown fig. 1, and maximum tensile strain at NR/N-CC 7 phr
reaches 517% m2as shown fig. 2, and maximum Young's
Modulus of 300% elongation at NR/N-CC 10 phr reaches
32.13 MPa.
25
Stress Break MPa
Ingredient
NR (RSS)
Zinc oxide
Streaic Aid
Fillers1
P-oil
6PPD(Antioxidant)2
Sulphur
MBS3
115
20
15
10
5
0
0
2
4
6
Fillers loading N-CC
8
10
Fig. 1. Variation in Tensile Strength with filler loading N-CC for NR
Compound.
III.
RESULTE AND DISCUSSION
i.
Tensile Test
From Table 1 we can observe a great increase in elastic
modulus with the addition of 10 hpr. of COC3 nanoparticles
(N-CC), but the incorporation of larger contents of COC3 did
not lead to successive increase in this property. A similar
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International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:14 No:02
116
50
Hardness IRHD
Elongation at Break %
60
600
500
400
300
200
40
30
20
10
100
0
0
0
0
2
4
6
Fillers loading N-CC
8
10
2
4
6
Fillers loading N-CC
8
10
Fig. 4. Variation in Hardness IRHD with filler loading N-CC for NR
Compound
Fig. 2. Variation in Elongation with filler loading N-CC for NR Compound.
ii.
Compression Test:
Figure (3) represents the results of compression set by the
constant deflection for the standard vulcanized rubber and
five other percentages of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles
(N-CC) which were added to the Nature rubber in (0, 3, 5, 7,
10), shows that the compression set is decreasing
proportionally with increasing the percentages of Calcium
Carbonate Nanoparticles, the minimum value of compression
set (C%) at NR/N-CC 10 phr reaches 17%.
Compression Set (C%)
35
30
25
20
IV.
CONCLUSION
1- The tests in which the spacing (diverge) of the particles
such as tensile test, the nanoparticles of calcium carbonate is
not affected significantly.
2- The tests in which the convergence of particles such as
compression test, there is a significant impact and improved
properties.
3- Tensile strength, M300 of NR Compound show an
increasing trend with an increase in Calcium Carbonate
Nanoparticles loading. The maximum value of tensile stress at
NR/N-CC10, and maximum Youngs Modulus of 300%
elongation at NR/N-CC10.
4- Compression set for NR Compound decreased with
increasing in percentage of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles
loading. The minimum value of compression set at NR/NCC10.
5- The hardness of the NR Compound or generally of
elastomers, increases with the filler ratio increases. The
maximum value of hardness at NR/N-CC10.
15
10
[1]
5
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
[2]
[3]
[4]
Fillers loading N-CC
Fig. 3. Variation in Compression Set C% with filler loading N-CC for NR
Compound
iii.
Hardness Test:
Figure (4) shows the values of the hardness test to the NR
Compound and show increase in the hardness when the
percentages of the Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles (N-CC)
are increasing. This means that a hardness property is
improved when the carbon black is added, the maximum value
of Hardness at NR/N-CC 10 phr reach to 68 [IRHD].
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
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