Nick Reed Mr. Kann HN U.S. 1/ APUSH Saturday, January 16th, 2016 APUSH Chapter 22 Notes ​
(Textbook + Crash Course Notes) THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE MODERN PRESIDENCY p
​.594­598 1. The Accidental President Roosevelt’s Background ● William McKinley ​
→ died in September (1901). ○ Theodore Roosevelt ​
= youngest main to obtain presidency. ■ Young member of NY legislature. ■ Also known as a rancher in Dakota Badlands. ○ Worked distantly with law enforcement → (helped capture outlaws) + Former NY police commissioner. ■ Served as assistant secretary of US navy → proponent of US expansion. ● Led ​
Battle of San Juan Hill ​
in Cuba during ​
Spanish American War. 2. Government, Capital, and Labor Roosevelt’s Vision of Federal Power ● Envisioned fed govt as mediator of public benefits → (presidency in center). ○ Found expression on Roosevelt’s policies toward industrial combinations. ■ Acknowledged that consolidation produced dangerous abuses of power. ● Wanted to win for govt power for investigation of activities of corporations + publicize results. ○ New dept of ​
Commerce and Labor ​
(1903) → eventually divided to two separate departments. Northern Securities Company ● Roosevelt → made publicized efforts to break up combinations. ○ 1902: Ordered justice dept to appeal to ​
Sherman Act ​
against railroad monopoly in northwest. ○ Wanted to establish govt as impartial regulatory mechanism shaped by Roosevelt’s labor policies. ■ 1902 strike occurred → US miners came upon endangering coal supplies for winter → Roosevelt requested impartial fed compromise. ● Workers ignored it → fed troops sent into size mines + continue coal production. ● Offered workers 10% wage increase (9 hour day). 3. “The Square Deal” ●
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Roosevelt = principally concerned with winning reelection. ○ Had to ​
not ​
antagonize conservative republicans. 1904: Roosevelt naturalized his party. ○ Won presidential nomination peacefully. ■ General election → faced conservative dem (​
Alton B. Parker)​
→ (Parker = captured 57% of popular vote). 1904 campaign: Roosevelt boasted about coal strike participation to provide everyone with “​
Square Deal”​
. ○ In 2nd term → attempted to extend square deal further → (railroad industry = 1st target). Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act (1906): ​
restoration of regulatory authority of govt. ○ Roosevelt pressured Congress to enact ​
Pure Food & Drug Act​
. ■ Pushed for passage of ​
Meat Inspection Act​
→ (elimination of diseases transmitted through meat). Openly criticized conservatives in Congress + Judiciary who were obstructing programs. 4. Roosevelt and Conservation ● Roosevelt restricted private development of on millions of acres of of undeveloped govt land → (cared about wilderness protection). ○ Conservatives in Congress restricted Roosevelt authority over public land. ■ 1907: Roosevelt + ​
Gifford Pinchot ​
(chief forester) → worked to seize forest control. ● Early 20th century → idea of preserving natural world for ecological reasons established. ○ Pinchot → promoted policies for land protection to manage development. ■ Most important legacy of Roosevelt’s conservation = establish govt as manager of development in wilderness. Federal Aid to the West ● Old Guard ​
→ opposed Roosevelt’s efforts to extend govt control over land. ○ Supported public reclamation + irrigation projects policies. ■ Newlands Act​
: provided fed funds for dam + canal construction to open lands for cultivation. ○ Beginning of several years of fed aid to help develope western states. 5. Roosevelt and Preservation ● Roosevelt created National Park system. ○ Purpose = to protect public land for exploitation + development. ■ Wyoming 1872: Congress created first US national park (Yellowstone). ● Others were created over time. 6. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy ● Hetch Hetchy ​
= high­walled valley with highly popular naturalists → (​
Muir ​
+ Sierra Club members). ○
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People = worried about water supply for growing populations. ■ Saw area as a place to build a dam → (creating large reservoir for city). ■ Plan opposed by Muir + others. 1906: San Francisco suffered devastating earthquake. ○ Construction of dam = approved Competing Conservationist Visions ● Battle raged between naturalists and dam advocates. ○ 1908: Muir helped place referendum question on ballot → (certain residents of city would oppose project). ■ Dam = approved through huge margin. 7. The Panic of 1907 ● Govt had little control over industrial economy. ○ Panic recession began in 1907 → (banking system + stock market = displayed pathetic inadequacies. ■ irresponsible management took place. Tennessee Coal and Iron Company ● Conservatives blamed Roosevelt for economic disaster. ○ Wanted to reassure business leaders that he wouldn’t interfere with recovery efforts. ■ Panic went away when Roosevelt started working with ​
J.P. Morgan. ● Roosevelt produced political success → many hoped would re elect (1908) → couldn’t server more than two terms. THE TROUBLED SUCCESSION ​
p.598­601 1. Taft and Progressives Payne­Aldrich Tariff ● Taft called Congress into special session to lower protective tariff rates. ○ Argued the ​
Old Guard ​
would violate constitutional doctrine of separation of powers. ○ 1912: Taft signed legislation to create ​
Federal Children’s Bureau. ● 1909: Sensational controversy broke out → helped Taft’s popularity with reformers. ○ Progressives = unhappy when Taft replaced Roosevelt’s secretary of interior → James R. Garfield. Ballinger­Pinchot Dispute ● Louis Glavis​
→ interior dept investigator → charged new secretary with having once convinced to turn over public coal lands in AK to personal profit. ○ Investigated by Taft → (concluded groundless). ■ Pinchot = unsatisfied with decision. ● Taft alienated Roosevelt supporters. 2. Spreading Insurgency ● Congressional elections (1910) → provided further evidence of how far progressive revolt had spread. ○ Reps suffered defeat while progressives = elected. ○ Dems = in control of house of reps + gained strength in senate. ● Roosevelt denied presidential ambitions + claimed real purpose was to pressure Taft to return to progressive policies. ○ Roosevelt = reluctant to become presidential candidate because ​
Robert La Follette ​
→ work to become president for himself. ■ Follette = unable to succeed → Roosevelt ended up taking office. 3. Roosevelt versus Taft ● Taft → had support of conservative Reps + other party leaders. ● Roosevelt = supported by progressives → at convention Republican National Committee gave nomination to Taft. ○ Roosevelt left Repub Party + established his own Progressive Party for himself as nominee → (​
Bull Moose Party). ■ Had strong commitment of progressive causes. ● Advocated additional regulation of industry + trusts → (swept reforms of many areas of govt. ○ Roosevelt entered full campaign aware that his cause was hopeless. WOODROW WILSON AND THE NEW FREEDOM p
​.601­604 1. Woodrow Wilson Wilson’s “New Freedom” ● Professor at Princeton until 1902. ○ Became NJ governor (1910) + demonstrated commitment to reform that he had already displayed as university pres. ■ Became US presidential candidate (1912). ■ Presented progressive program → “New Freedom” ● Different from Roosevelt’s nationalism → clearly approached economic policy + trusts. ● 1912: Taft resigned to defeat + Roosevelt campaigned with enthusiasm → failed to draw significant amount of progressive attention. ○ Wilson get majority of dem attention + won popular vote (won presidential election). 2. The Scholar as President Lowering the Tariff ● Wilson skillfully used position as party leader to put together coalition to support program. ○ Underwood­Simmons Tariff ​
→ passed in session of congress summoned by Wilson shortly after inauguration. ■
Congress wanted to make up loss of revenue of tariff → (approved gradual income tax). Federal Reserve Act ● Congress passed + which the president signed (December 1913). ○ Created 12 individual banks → (owned + controlled by individual banks of each district). ■ Would use reserves to support loans to private banks at interest (discount rate). ■ Would issue new type of paper currency → would become nation’s basic medium of trade that would be backed by govt. ● 1914: Wilson proposed two measures to deal with problem of monopoly. ○ Proposal to create fed agency through which govt would help business police itself. ■ Also proposals to make ability to break up trusts. ■ Measures took shape as ​
Federal Trade Commission Act ​
+ ​
Clayton Antitrust Act​
. 3. Retreat and Advance ● 1914: Wilson believed program of “New Freedom” = essentially complete + that agitation for reform would subside. ○ Condoned reimposition of segregation in agencies that fed govt. ■ Congressional elections of 1914 = shattered president’s complaceny. ■ Dems suffered major losses in house of reps + voters began returning back to republican side. Child Labor Laws ● Wilson supported ​
Keating­Owen Act ​
→ (1st fed law regulating child labor). ○ Measure prohibited shipment of goods + produced by underage children across state lines. ■ Pres also supported fed taxing authority as vehicle for legislating social change. ○ Smith­Lever Act ​
(1914) → demonstrated way in which fed govt could influence local behavior. THE “BIG STICK”: AMERICA AND THE WORLD, 1901­1917 ​
p.604­609 1. Roosevelt and “Civilization” Radical and Economic Basis of Roosevelt’s Diplomacy ● Roosevelt believed important distinction existed between civilized and uncivilized nations. ○ Civilized nations = nations of industrialized goods. ○ Uncivilized nations = nations of raw materials + markets. ■
1906: US navy attained size + strength to become most powerful on globe. 2. Protecting the “Open Door” in Asia “Great White Fleet” ● 1904: Japanese staged surprise attack on Russian fleet. ○ Roosevelt agreed to Japan’s request to mediate end to conflict. ■ Negotiated secret agreement with Japan to ensure US would continue to trade freely within region. ■ Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize by ending Russo­Japanese War. ○ Japan emerged into dominant naval power in Pacific → (soon began to exclude US trade from many of the territories it controlled). ■ Roosevelt want Japan gov't to recognize US power. 3. The Iron­Fisted Neighbor ● 1902: financially troubled govt of Venezuela began to renege debts to European bankers. ○ European naval powers blockaded Venezuela in response. ■ Roosevelt used US naval power to pressure European navies to withdraw. “Roosevelt Corollary” ● US had right to intervene itself in domestic affairs with neighbors if neighbors proved to maintain order + national sovereignty. ○ Crisis of Dominican Republic = Roosevelt’s motivation. ■ 1903: new regime proved no better able than old to make good on nation’s 22 million dollar debts to European nations. Platt Amendment ● 1902: US granted political independence from Cuba. ○ Amendment gave US right to prevent any foreign power from intruding into new nation. ■ 1906: US troops landed in Cuba, quelled fighting = remained there for 3 years. 4. The Panama Canal ● Construction of Panama Canal = most celebrated accomplishment of Roosevelt’s presidency. ○ Roosevelt dispatched ​
John Hay ​
(secretary of state) to negotiate agreement with Colombian diplomats in Washington to allow beginning of construction. ■ Colombians agreed to cooperate. ■ Treaty produced outrage in Colombian Senate → (refused to ratify it). Panamanian Revolt ● November 1903: Roosevelt helped organize + finance revolution in Panama. ○ US landed troops in Panama to “maintain order”. ■ Presence prevented Colombian forces for suppressing rebellion. ○ New Panamanian govt agreed to terms that Colombian Senate had rejected. ■ Construction on canal began in 1914. Crash Course 28: ● US acquired additional territory outside of geographic US. ○ Imperialism taking place throughout globe → (many nations). ●
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■ Primary causes of phenomenon of US Imperialism = economics. ■ 1890’s = decade of crisis in US. ○ Horrible economic depression occurred → (1893). 1890: US proved to have a strong power → they had to have a strong naval force. ○ Idea of Panama Canal came about for easier access to Pacific. ■ Nationalism = world wide phenomenon. US administrations wanted to annex Caribbean + Latin American nations to spread US influence. ○ Hawaii = territory containing huge quantities of raw materials. ■ Hawaii annexed in 1898. Spanish American War → started because native Cubans = revolting against Spain. ○ Cuba wanted independence. ■ McKinley threatened Spain to leave Cuba alone → or else possibility of war could occur. ● McKinley was pro idea of war. US went to war with Spain to ensure peace throughout Atlantic. ○ USS Maine sinking/ attack = possible cause of war because US were ported in Cuban harbor to help Cubans gain independence → (Spanish bombed the ship). ■ John Hay → referred to war as “Splendid Little War”. Roosevelt led battle of San Juan Hill (Cuba) → furthered Roosevelt’s career. ○ Manila Bay (Philippines) → strived for Cuban + Filipino independence. ■ US eventually gained control of Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam. ● Able to annex Hawaii as US military base (Pearl Harbor). Access to China = important to increase industry/ economy through population. ○ War in Philippines lasted for 4 years → US put them in concentration camps for absolute control. ■ Congress → extended policies toward US citizenship. PR = not big enough population to actually have voice in Congress → but was still able to become US commonwealth. ○ Hawaii had big enough population to actually have full US control. ■ Imperialism = mainly about overseas trade. China + US = biggest trade partner to keep stable economy. ○ US + China = world's leading economic powers. Crash Course 30: ● US = involved in WWI for 19 months. ○ Great War lasted from 1914 to 1919. ■ Almost 10 million lives lost. ● US remained neutral during beginning of war. ○ Woodrow Wilson wanted to keep nation out of war. ■ Sinking of Lusitania = US entry port to war. ○ Ship sunk by German submarine killing 125 Americans. ●
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Zimmerman Telegram → Compromise for Germany helping Mexico regain CA territory if promised to help Germany in war. ○ Wilson’s 14 points → deal with colonial possessions → (protecting what the US have control of). ■ Ernest Hemingway served as ambulance driver during war. Majority of US progressives = anti war → (but not all of them). ○ WWI made national govt more powerful than it has ever been. ■ Govt controlled majority of economy for war preparation. ■ Railroad industry administered transportation for workers. ● Working conditions improved + wages increased significantly. Committee of Public Information → created during war by Wilson. ○ War would accelerate movement towards solving problems of poverty + inequality. Espionage Act (1917) → prohibited spying + interference with WWI draft. ○ Sedition Act (1918) → criminalized statements intended to score interference with war efforts. ■ Eugene Debbs = convicted for saying anti­war speech. US protective league → helped justice dept identify radicals by harassing radicals in slacker raids. ○ War raised question of what it meant to be a real American. Cities sponsored Americanization pageants → Hamburgers became liberty sandwiches. ○ Certain immigrant groups = inferior to white protestants. ■ 4 million workers engaged in strikes in 1919. Women became able to hold office by 1917. ○ New opportunities led to Great Migration → (black population increasing in north). ■ Versailles Peace Conference → Wilson tried to impliment 14 points. US never joined league of nations → to retreat into isolationism.