MEDICINE THROUGH TIME: REVISION BOOKLET
Core Content
1350-to the present day
Developments in medicine and medical treatment and their impact
throughout society;
the nature and significance of changes,
the extent
of change and continuity and factors affecting these issues:
the role of individuals, war, government, attitudes and beliefs in society,
chance, science and technology.
1350-1750
Ideas about the cause of disease: belief in the supernatural; the
search for a natural explanation of illness.
Approaches to the treatment and prevention of disease and illness.
The influence of the Church and the Renaissance on medicine.
Medical ideas and practices at the time of the Black Death;
continuity
with the Ancient World;
the importance of Galen’s ideas and the influence
of religion.
The medical Renaissance: new knowledge, ideas and technology;
The development of printing and its significance;
the influence of Vesalius;
changes in the training of physicians and the reduction in Church
influence;
the Royal Society: a scientific approach.
Medicine and health care in the home and in hospitals.
The significance of key individuals and events: William Harvey and the
theory of the circulation of the blood.
1750-1900
Ideas about the cause of disease: the development of the germ
theory;
the identification of microbes.
Approaches to the treatment and prevention of diseases and illness;
the development of vaccination.
The influence of industrialisation and science on changes in medicine.
New knowledge about the cause and prevention of disease: the
significance of the work of Pasteur and Koch on microbes and
vaccines;
the importance of research teams.
The fight against smallpox: Jenner
and vaccination.
Improvements in hospitals and training and the professionalisation of
the roles of nurses, midwives, and doctors;
the significance of Elizabeth
UNDERSTANDING
(1=POOR;
5=EXCELLENT)
1
2
3
4
5
Garrett Anderson in the training of women.
Informal medical treatment:
within the home;
patent medicines.
The contribution of improved
communications and technology to medical research.
The importance of
science in the search for microbes and the ‘magic bullet’.
The significance of key individuals and events: the Germ Theory;
Florence Nightingale.
1900 to the present day
Ideas about the cause of disease: growing understanding of microbes
and of genetic conditions.
Approaches to the treatment and prevention of diseases and illness;
high-tech medicine.
The influence of science and technology on changes in medicine.
Increased understanding of the causes of disease and illness: the
significance of Watson and Crick’s discovery of the DNA structure.
Developments in the fight against disease: a new pharmaceutical
industry and improvements in treatment; the development of
antibiotics;
increased use of vaccinations; work on genetic conditions. Improved
access to treatments available through state funding of medical and
hospital care.
Changes in the roles of doctors, nurses and midwives and
the increased regulation of training.
Informal and alternative medicine: products
Informal and alternative medicine: products available for use at home,
for example medicines and monitoring devices from pharmacies,
alternative medicine such as acupuncture.
The contribution of science
and technology to research, diagnosis and treatment, for example in
enabling x-rays, radiotherapy, scans and monitors.
The significance of key individuals and events: Alexander Fleming; the
establishment of the National Health Service in 1948.
Extension Study: Medicine and Public Health from Roman Britain to
1350
The key features of medicine from Roman Britain to c1350,
including the
influence of the ideas of Hippocrates and Galen,
the importance of public
health and hygiene, the role of government and the effects of war.
The role of religion and the work of the Catholic Church in the care of
the
sick.
Supernatural and rational explanations for diseases and illness and the
belief in the Theory of the Four Humours.
Changes in the training and
work of doctors.
The significance of key individuals and events: Galen; the Roman
withdrawal from Britain.
KEYWORDS:
For each of the keywords try and write a definition or meaning.
KEYWORD
ALMSHOUSE
ANAESTHETIC
ANATOMY
ANTIBIOTICS
ANTISEPTIC
APOTHECARY
ASEPTIC
ASTROLOGY
BLACK DEATH
BLOODLETTING
CAUTERY
DISSECTION
DNA
EPIDEMIC
FLAGELLANTS
FOUR HUMOURS
HYGIENE
IMMUNISATION
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
INOCULATION
LAISSEZ FAIRE
MEANING
LIGATURE
MAGIC BULLET
MEDIEVAL
MIASMA
MICROBES
NHS
PATENT MEDICINE
PHARMACY
PHYSIOLOGY
PLASTIC SURGERY
PUBLIC HEALTH
PURGING
RENAISSANCE
ROYAL SOCIETY
SEPSIS
SEWER
SPONTANEOUS
GENERATION
SUPERNATURAL
SURGEON
TRANSFUSION
VACCINATION
IDEAS ABOUT THE
CAUSE OF DISEASE
KEY TREATMENTS
PUBLIC HEALTH
ROMAN
MEDCINE
KEY INDVIDUALS
MEDICAL TRAINING
EXAMPLES OF
CONTINUITY/CHANGE
IDEAS ABOUT THE CAUSE
OF DISEASE
KEY TREATMENTS
THE BLACK DEATH
MEDIEVAL
MEDCINE
KEY INDIVIDUALS
THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH
EXAMPLES OF
CONTINUITY/CHANGE
CHANGE AND CONTINUITY FROM THE ROMAN PERIOD TO THE
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Fill in the table below with example of change/continuity
CHANGE/CONTINUITY
CHANGE
CONTINUITY
EXAMPLES
RENAISSANCE KEY INDIVIDUAL 1: ANDREAS VESALIUS
What did he do?______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
How many of Galen’s errors did he correct?________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What did he do differently?______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What was the book called he wrote?______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Why did his ideas have a limited impact?__________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What factors were important in helping him make his discoveries and why?________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
RENAISSANCE KEY INDIVIDUAL 2: WILLIAM HARVEY
What did he do?______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
How did he correct Galen?______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What did he do differently?______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What was the book called he wrote?______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Why did his ideas have a limited impact?__________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What factors were important in helping him make his discoveries and why?________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
RENAISSANCE KEY INDIVIDUAL 3: AMBROSE PARE
What did he do?______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
How did he correct Galen?______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What did he do differently?______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What was the book called he wrote?______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Why did his ideas have a limited impact?__________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What factors were important in helping him make his discoveries and why?________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
KEY TREATMENTS
EXAMPLES OF
CHANGE/CONTINUITY
IDEAS ABOUT THE CAUSE
OF DISEASE
RENIASSANCE
MEDCINE
THE ROYAL SOCIETY
KEY INDIVIDUALS
IMPACT
CHANGE AND CONTINUITY FROM THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD TO THE
RENAISSANCE
Fill in the table below with example of change/continuity.
CHANGE/CONTINUITY
CHANGE
CONTINUITY
EXAMPLES
KEY TREATMENTS
IDEAS ABOUT THE CAUSE
OF DISEASE
KEY DEVELOPMENTS
MEDICINE
1750-1900
THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
EXAMPLES OF
CHANGE/CONTINUITY
KEY INDIVIDUALS
EDWARD JENNER AND VACCINATIONS: try and write a sentence to accompany each picture to explain the story of the Smallpox
vaccination.
LOUIS PASTEUR
WHAT FACTORS HELPED ME MAKE
MY
DISCOVERIES?____________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT ABOUT THE CHICKEN
CHOLERA
VACCINE?________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT EXPERIMENTS DID I
DO?_______
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT EXPERIMENT DID I DO TO
CREATE THE GERM
THEORY?________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
ROBERT KOCH
WHY WAS THE STAINING OF
BACTERIA
IMPORTANT?______________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT FACTORS HELPED ME MAKE
MY
DISCOVERIES?____________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHY AM I
IMPORTANT?______________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT EXPERIMENTS DID I
DO?_______
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
WHAT WAS NIGHTINGALE’S
BACKGROUND? HOW DID SHE GET
INTO NURSING? WHAT WAS
PEOPLE’S ATTITUDE TO NURSES
BEFORE HER?____________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
WHAT ABOUT NIGHTINGALE
HOSPITALS?______________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT WAR WAS SHE INVOLVED IN?
HOW WAS IT REPORTED? HOW DID
SHE GET
THERE?___________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
HOW DID NUGHTINGALE IMPROVE
NURSING IN THE WAR
ZONE?________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
ELIZBETH GARRET ANDERSON
WHAT WAS MY BACKGROUND?______
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHY DID I GO TO
FRANCE?__________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHY AM I IMPORTANT?_____________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT OPPOSITION DID I
FACE?______
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
EDWIN CHADWICK
WHAT BOOK DID I WRITE?__________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS DID MY
BOOK MAKE?____________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHATY OPPOSITION DID I FACE?___
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHY AM I IMPORTANT?__________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
JOHN SNOW
HOW DID I PROVE CHOLERA WAS
WATER BORNE?_________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT FACTORS HELPED ME MAKE
MY DISCOVERIES?________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT OPPOSITION DID I FACE?___
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHY AM I IMPORTANT?__________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
JOSEPH BAZALGETTE
WHAT WAS MY BACKGROUND?______
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
HOW DID THE SEWERS WORK?______
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT WAS MY ROLE IN BUILDING
LONDON’S SEWERS?_______________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT FACTORS HELPED ME MAKE
MY DISCOVERIES?_________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
PATENT MEDICINES AND PHARMACIES
Fill in the missing words in the paragraphs below on patent medicines and
pharmacies.
During the 19th century there was less use of herbal remedies. However,
apothecaries sold many ‘p_________________’. These preparations tooks many
forms such as coloured liquids; alchold; lard; wax; ginger and arsenic.
The ingredients for pills were made into a p_____________ and then shaped by
hand. The use of pills was revolutionised in 1844 when William B_______________
invented a machine to make standardised pills that were produced far more quickly
than being made by hand.
Thomas Beecham began selling his pills in 1847 and Jesse Boot transformed his
family shop into a chain of pharmacies in the late 19th century. By the end of the 19th
century British government r_________________ stopped many of the harmful
ingredients being used. Meanwhile, the growth of the chemical industry meant that
companies such as Wellcome, Boots and B________________ could produce their
brand of medicines on a national basis, and they all used advertising in newspapers
and posters to increase their sales. This type of business is called the
p_____________________ industry.
MISSING WORDS:
Preparations/pharmaceutical/regulations/paste/Beecham/Brockedon
KEY TREATMENTS
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
IDEAS ABOUT THE CAUSE
OF DISEASE
MEDICINE 1900
TO THE
PRESENT DAY
KEY INDIVIDUALS
EXAMPLES OF
CHANGE/CONTINUITY
THE NHS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAGIC BULLETS: PAUL EHRLICH
WHAT ARE MAGIC
BULLETS?_________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT FACTORS HELPED ME MAKE
MY
DISCOVERIES?____________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT DID EMIL VON BEHRING
DO?___
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT EXPERIMENTS DID I CARRY
OUT? HOW WAS SALVERSAN 606
DISCOVERED?____________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
WHAT WAS THE ROLE
OF FLEMING?
WHAT ABOUT FLOREY AND CHAIN?
HOW WAS IT
DISCOVERED?
PENICILLIN
WHY WAS WORLD WAR
TWO IMPORTANT?
WHAT ABOUT THE DRUG COMPANIES
AND COUNTRIES INVOLVED?
WHAT ABOUT THE ROLE
OF GOVERNMENT?
DNA
KEY QUESTION:
WHO WERE WATSON AND
CRICK?
WHAT WAS THE ROLE OF
MAURICE WILKINS?
WHAT ABOUT ROSALIND
FRANKLIN?
WHY WAS DNA SUCH AN
IMPORTANT DISCOVERY?
WHAT FACTORS HELPED
THE DISCOVERY OF DNA?
ANSWER:
MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH FROM ROMAN BRITAIN TO 1350
KEY INDIVIDUAL 1: HIPPOCRATES
KEY REASON WHY HE IS
IMPORTANT
1. THEORY OF THE FOUR
HUMOURS
2. HIPPOCRATIC OATH
3. CLINICAL OBSERVATION
4. CASE STUDIES
WHY DOES THIS MAKE HIM IMPORTANT?
KEY INDIVIDUAL 2: GALEN
KEY QUESTION
WHAT TIME PERIOD DID
GALEN WORK DURING?
WHY IS HE IMPORTANT?
WHAT WAS HE NOT
ALLOWED TO DO?
WHAT WERE HIS KEY
DISCOVERIES?
WHAT MISTAKES DID HE
MAKE?
WHY WERE HIS IDEAS
ADOPTED BY THE
CATHOLIC CHURCH
DETAILS:
ROMAN PUBLIC HEALTH
KEY QUESTION
WHY WERE AQUEDUCTS
IMPORTANT?
WHY WERE PUBLIC
TOILETS IMPORTANT?
WHY WERE BATHS
IMPORTANT?
WHY WERE SEWERS
IMPORTANT?
WHAT ROLE DID THE
GOVERNMENT PLAY IN
PUBLIC HEALTH?
WHO DID THE ROMANS
CREATE HOSPITALS
FOR?
DETAILS
THE ROLE OF RELIGION AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CARE FOR THE
SICK
Who were monastery hospitals for?_______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Give an example of a medieval hospital?___________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What does the above medieval picture show us about the care and treatment
received in medieval monastery hospitals?_________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Who did most people rely on for treatment?_________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
CHANGES IN MEDICAL TRAINING
Read these statements and colour code according to whether they are examples of
continuity or change in medical training between the Roman and Medieval periods
KEY
EXAMPLES OF CHANGE
EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY
Doctors were not
respected
Galen’s ideas were
still taught.
In the Roman period
doctors were not
highly respected
The church became
very powerful
Dissection was
frowned upon or
banned.
By the 12th century
there was a separate
course for doctors
based on texts called
the Ars Medicinae (Art
of Medicine)
Doctors had to prove
their qualifications to
practice by the 13th
century
There was little
change as many
doctors continued to
read books or work
with a successful
doctor
Education and training
were controlled by the
church in the Middle
Ages
The Theory of the
Opposites was
adopted from the
Theory of the Four
Humours
Students in the Middle
Ages were not
encouraged to study
anatomy or look for
mistakes in Galen’s
teachings.
Bloodletting was
common
CHANGES IN PUBLIC HEALTH
Read these statements and colour code according to whether they are examples of
continuity or change in public health between the Roman and Medieval periods
KEY
EXAMPLES OF CHANGE
EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY
Taxes were not
collected for public
health
There were few
aqueducts, public
baths and toilets.
When the Roman
empire collapsed so
did public health.
Strong government
meant public health
was good.
Animals were
slaughtered in the
street.
There was no strong
government so public
health was worse
Wealthy medieval
people still had good
public health.
Towns were not built
near swamps because
the Romans feared
malaria.
There were public
toilets in London,
Leicester and other
places in the Middle
Ages
In 1281 the
government attempted
to stop pigs being
allowed onto London’s
streets.
Human excrement
was common on the
street.
Taxes were collected
for public health.
In the 13th century
lead pipes were laid in
London.
The people in the
Middle Ages were not
taxed to pay for public
health.
The standard of
hygiene for monks
and nuns was high in
the Middle Ages.
In 1347 a Sanitary Act
was passed to try and
keep the streets
cleaner.
CHANGES IN IDEAS ABOUT CAUSES AND TREATMENTS
Read these statements and colour code according to whether they are examples of
continuity or change in public health between the Roman and Medieval periods
KEY
EXAMPLES OF CHANGE
EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY
Jews were blamed for
the Black Death.
People still
followed Galen’s
ideas.
The Catholic
church
discouraged
dissection.
Prevention of disease
was important for the
Romans.
Astrology or the
movement of the
planets was
blamed for
disease.
Bloodletting was
common
The Romans
believed in the
Gods.
Strapping a live chicken
to your head was
thought a cure for the
Black Death.
Most people relied on
herbal remedies and
cannot afford a doctor
The Romans didn’t
build near swamps
as they feared
malaria
Flagellants
whipped
themselves during
the Black Death of
1348
Most people relied
on the wife or
mother to provide
simple healthcare.
The Theory of the
Opposites was
developed from the
Theory of the Four
Humours.
People preyed to god.
Miasma or bad smells
was a cause of disease.
CHANGES IN MEDICAL TRAINING
PERIOD
ROMAN
EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY
EXAMPLES OF CHANGE
MEDIEVAL
RENAISSANCE
1750-1900
1900 TO THE
PRESENT DAY
THE FACTORS IN MEDICINE
FACTOR
WAR
INDIVIDUAL GENIUS
EXAMPLES
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
CHANCE/LUCK
RESEARCH TEAMS
EXPERIMENTATION
MEDICINE THROUGH TIME: AN OVERVIEW
PERIOD
THE ROMAN
PERIOD
THE MEDIEVAL
PERIOD
THE
RENIASSANCE
1750-1900
EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY
EXAMPLES OF CHANGE
1900 TO THE
PRESENT DAY
PRACTICE QUESTIONS:
Below are some practice questions. Have a good at the different question types and
make sure you are happy with the success criteria for each question type. I am more
than happy to give you feedback on any of these questions.
THE 8 MARK QUESTION:
Success Criteria:
•
•
•
•
Explain what can be learned from the sources
Use the information from the sources-quote or explain what the picture shows
Make a clear inference
Use your own knowledge
EXAMPLE QUESTION 1: What do sources A and B show about changes in
attitudes towards nurses between the start and end of the nineteenth century?
Source A An extract from Martin Chusslewitt, a novel by Charles Dickens, published
in 1844. In his introduce Dickens wrote that ‘Mrs Betsy Prig is an accurate
description of a hospital nurse.’
“How are we?” asked Mrs Gamp.
Mrs Prig said, “He’s as cross as two sticks. He wouldn’t have washed if he’d had his
own way.”
“She put soap in my mouth,” said the unfortunate patient, feebly.
“Couldn’t you keep it shut them?” said Mrs Prig.
Source B: A picture of Florence Nightingale
EXAMPLE QUESTION 2: What do sources A and B show about changes in the role
of government between the Middle Ages and the twentieth century?
Source A: Sanitation in the Middle Ages, from an old woodcut
Source B: Government legislation means that every cigarette packet carries an
obvious health warning
EXAMPLE QUESTION 3: What do sources A and B show us about changes in
medical training between the middle ages and the twenty first century?
Source A: A 14th century picture showing a physician treating a patient; the people
behind the physician may be his apprentices.
Source B: Description of medical courses to become a doctor from the NHS website,
2014
Courses in medicine are offered by a number of medical schools. Please use our
coursefinder to locate these.
•
•
•
"Standard" five-year degree course
Courses including the pre-medical year, for candidates with non-science
subjects to offer at A level (or equivalent). The pre-medical year is a
preliminary course in chemistry, physics and biology and lasts normally 30
weeks
Accelerated courses for graduates (four years)
THE 6 MARK QUESTION:
Success Criteria:
•
•
•
Spend 8-10 minutes on this type of question
Aim for one PEA paragraph
Explain the key features and give specific examples
QUESTION 1: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one and describe the
key features of the care that was available to patients in English hospitals during that
period.
The late middle ages
The late nineteenth century, after the
work of Florence Nightingale
QUESTION 2: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one and
describe the key features of medical training in that period.
Training of doctors in the middle ages
Training of doctors in the Twentieth
Century
QUESTION 3: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one and explain
the key features of public health in that period
The middle ages
The beginning of the nineteenth century
QUESTION 4: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one and explain
the key features of the role of government in that period.
The Roman period
The Twentieth Century
THE 8 MARK USEFULNESS QUESTION
Success Criteria
Explain why the source might be useful to a historian
Explain why the source might not be useful to a historian
Reach a judgement on the reliability of the source using usefulness
QUESTION 1:
How useful is this cartoon to a historian investigating public health in the 19th
century?
Source A: A cartoon about the Broad Street Pump, called ‘Death’s Dispensary’.
EXAMPLE QUESTION 2:
How useful is this source to a historian investigating the role of government
and public health in the 20th century?
Source A: a poster issued by the Ministry of Health advertising immunisation
THE 12 MARK QUESTION
Success Criteria:
• Spend 15 minutes on this type of question
• Three paragraphs
• A conclusion-especially if it is a how far question
QUESTION 1: Why have science and technology been so important in improving
medical understanding since 1850? (12)
Louis Pasteur published his germ theory in 1861.
X-Rays were discovered in 1895.
Crick and Watson discovered the structure of DNA in 1953.
QUESTION 2: How important for the prevention of disease was Edward Jenner’s
discovery of a smallpox vaccination in 1796? (12)
Lady Mary Wortley Montague had her children inoculated against smallpox in 1721.
The British government made vaccination against smallpox compulsory in 1852.
Louis Pasteur tested a vaccine against rabies in 1886.
QUESTION 3: In what ways did the training of doctors change during the period
c1350–c1900?
Vesalius carried out dissections during the Renaissance period.
1815: The Society of Apothecaries and the Royal College of Surgeons introduced
examinations.
1884: Edinburgh University opened a new medical school, containing research
laboratories.
QUESTION 4: Why did the standard of medical treatment improve so rapidly during
the twentieth century?
1909: Salvarsan 606 was discovered.
1948–49: In its first year, £373 million was spent on the NHS.
1956: A dialysis machine was first used for people with kidney problems.
QUESTION 5: How far did the church have a positive role in medicine during the
period c1350–c1750?
You may use the following in your answer and any other information of your own.
A picture of the Hotel Dieu* in Paris during the fifteenth century. Similar buildings
existed in Britain.
QUESTION 6: Why was there so much opposition to Jenner’s vaccination against
smallpox? (12)
You may use the following in your answer and any other information of your own.
•
•
•
During the eighteenth century, many doctors were paid to inoculate people.
1797: The Royal Society rejected Jenner’s report about his theory of vaccination.
Cowpox samples sometimes became contaminated with smallpox.
QUESTION 7: Why have science and technology been so important in improving the
treatment of illness since 1900?
You may use the following in your answer and any other information of your own.
•
•
•
1909: Salvarsan 606 discovered.
1958: Kidney dialysis became available at three hospitals in Britain.
1983: A drug was developed to prevent the body from rejecting transplants.
QUESTION 8: How much have hospitals changed since 1800?
You may use the following in your answer and any other information of your own.
The women’s ward at the Middlesex Hospital, London, c1800.
QUESTION 9: How much impact did discoveries during the Renaissance period have on
medicine? (12)
You may use the following in your answer and any other information of your own.
•
•
•
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Harvey published his book about the circulation of the blood in 1628.
In 1673 a Dutch scientist described bacteria which he had seen under a
microscope.
Many physicians used bloodletting and purging in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries.
THE 16 MARK QUESTION
Success Criteria:
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Like a traditional essay
Introduction
PEA paragraphs
Balanced argument
Clear conclusion and most important reason
QUESTION 1: How much did the role of government in public health change from the
Roman period until c1350? Explain your answer.
You may use the following in your answer and any other information of your own.
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A Roman system in London provided fresh water to several thousands of people.
After 410AD, England became a number of rival kingdoms.
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In 1345, the local authorities in London increased the fine for throwing litter in the
street.
QUESTION 2: How much did the role of government in public health change during the
period c1350---c1850? Explain your answer.
You may use the following in your answer and any other information of your own.
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In 1345, the local authorities in London increased the fine for throwing litter in the
street.
In 1611, King James I gave money to Hugh Myddleton’s project to bring water from
the River Ware to London.
1848: Public Health Act.
QUESTION 3: ‘The Roman withdrawal from Britain was a turning point in medicine and
public health’. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
You may use the following in your answer and any other information of your own.
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Roman villas in Britain usually had a good standard of hygiene.
During the Anglo-Saxon period, collections of herbal remedies were
known as ‘Leechbooks’.
In the Middle Ages medical training was based on Galen’s teachings.
QUESTIONN 4: How effective were the actions taken by governments and local authorities
to deal with the problems of epidemics in the period c1650---c1900? Explain your answer.
You may use the following in your answer and any other information of your own.
• 1665: The authorities in London ordered prayers to be said during a plague
• epidemic.
• 1872: Compulsory vaccination against smallpox was enforced.
• 1875: A Public Health Act forced towns to appoint Health Inspectors.