Reusable Pad Training
Resource
2
Authors
Developed for Irise International by: Dr Emily Wilson-Smith
With valuable input from: Dr Victoria Ramsden, Dr Sophie Dickinson, Louise Tyson, Susannah
Henderson of Project Mwezi and Family Impact in Zimbabwe.
Copyright
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. It may be
reproduced by anyone working to promote the menstrual health of women and girls as long as it is clearly
referenced. It may not be used for commercial purposes unless written permission has been obtained from Irise
International.
Irise International would appreciate information on how and where this resource has been used. Please send
details to [email protected]
Second edition 2013
3
4
Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................. 6
Irise Menstrual Hygiene Toolkit .................................................................................. 7
Reusable Pad Training ................................................................................................. 9
Costings ..................................................................................................................... 10
Reusable Pad Training Workshop ............................................................................ 11
Reusable Pad Designs ................................................................................................ 16
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 16
Materials ................................................................................................................ 18
Using the Pads........................................................................................................ 18
Washing and Drying ............................................................................................... 18
How to make Irise ‘Insert’ Pad .................................................................................. 20
Irise ‘Insert’ Pad Pattern ........................................................................................ 23
How to Make Irise ‘All in One’ Pad ........................................................................... 24
Irise ‘All in One’ Pad Pattern .................................................................................. 27
Appendices ................................................................................................................ 28
Appendix 1: Estimates for Costs of Workshops..................................................... 28
Appendix 2: Using, Washing and Drying Reusable Pads Handout ........................ 30
Appendix 3: Costing Tables from East Africa ......................................................... 32
www.irise.org.uk
[email protected]
5
Introduction
Irise is a charity and research group working to develop a replicable and
sustainable solution to Menstrual Hygiene Management in East Africa. We believe
that a successful Menstrual Hygiene Project needs to provide an appropriate
product, health education and be tailored to the local community. Our Menstrual
Hygiene Toolkit is designed to enable other organisations and individuals to replicate
our work.
We ask organisations and individuals using our resources to make a donation
to Irise so we can continue providing our support for free to community groups in
East Africa. We also ask you to let us know how and where you used them so that we
can measure the impact of our work and network with groups working on this issue.
We are constantly developing our resources so feedback is always welcome.
6
Irise Menstrual Hygiene Toolkit
This resource is part of a set of resources designed to help organisations
develop and evaluate a menstrual hygiene project. The table and timeline
below summarise the resources available and how they can be used together.
All the resources can be accessed at www.irise.org.uk/online-womens-healthlibrary/resources.
Resource
Evaluation Toolkit
Reusable Pad Training
Resource
Menstrual Hygiene
Project Training
Resource
Menstrual Health
Education Resource
Gender Teaching
Resource
Handouts
Questions and Answers
about Menstrual
Hygiene
How to Make an Irise
‘Insert’ Pad
How to Make an Irise
‘All in One’ Pad
Videos
How to Make an Irise
‘Insert’ Pad
How to Make an Irise
‘All in One’ Pad
Description
…contains tools to help assess menstrual hygiene in the
community and to evaluate and monitor the impact of
training or project delivery.
…is a step by step guide on how to make two common
reusable pad designs from locally available materials.
…contains training sessions to help a group develop a
menstrual hygiene project.
…contains information and ideas about delivering
menstrual health education based around common
questions.
…is designed to help engage men and boys in menstrual
hygiene training and projects.
…a leaflet containing common questions and answers
about menstrual hygiene.
…a pictorial step by step guide to making this pad to be
used in conjunction with the Reusable Pad Training
Resource.
…a pictorial step by step guide to making this pad to be
used in conjunction with the Reusable Pad Training
Resource.
…a step by step guide to making this pad to be used in
conjunction with the Reusable Pad Training Resource.
…a step by step guide to making this pad to be used in
conjunction with the Reusable Pad Training Resource.
7
The timeline below illustrates how the resources in Irise’s Menstrual Hygiene Toolkit can support the different stages of project
development and delivery.
Gender Teaching Resource
Irise Resource
Evaluation
Toolkit
Menstrual Health Education Resource
Menstrual Hygiene
Project Training
Resource
Evaluation
Toolkit
Development and
Delivery of a
Menstrual Hygiene
Project
Monitoring
and
Evaluation
Reusable Pad Training Resource
Menstrual Hygiene Training
Stage of Project
Development
and Delivery
Assessment of
Menstrual
Hygiene Needs
Reusable
Pad
Training
Menstrual
Health
Education
Engagement
of men and
boys
Reusable Pad Training
Phase 1
Visit local markets and research what materials are available at what price. Buy a
selection of the materials available. Work out the cost of making the two pad designs
using the costing table provided in this resource.
Phase 2
Run a training workshop on how to make, use and wash resuable sanitary pads.
Phase 3
Ask the participents to come back in 1-2 months, feedback on the pads and suggest
improvements.
Phase 4
Meet with the trained participants and the community and collect their feedback on
the training and their opinions on how they would like to take it forward. If feedback
is positive you can consider developing a project using the ‘Menstrual Hygiene
Project Training Resource’ to enable participants to develop their ideas and skills.
Costings
The following table should be completed prior to the training workshops through
research at local shops and markets.
Equipment
Press studs
Buttons
Velcro
Ribbon
Elastic
New Fleece
Second hand
fleece
Plastic
Plain Cotton
Patterned
Cotton
Towel
Thread
Equipment
costs (£)per
unit
Amount
needed for
Irise ‘Insert’
Pad
2 items
Cost
per
‘Insert
Pad’
Amount
needed for
Irise ‘All in
One’ Pad
1 item
4cm
20cm
2cm
n/a
23pads/m2
19pads/ m2
25pads/m2
8pads/m2
70pads/ m2
28pads/ m2
23pads/m2
1.5m
n/a
1.5m
Cost
Per ‘All
in One’
Pad
‘Insert’ Pad ‘All in One’
Pad
Total using…. E.g. buttons, elastic, second hand fleece,
plastic, plain cotton, towel, thread
Total using…
Total using…
10
Reusable Pad Training Workshop
Top Tip
This session is much more effective in a smaller group where people can interact, ask
questions and where individual feedback can be given on the quality of the pads. We
would recommend a maximum of 50 women in one session.
Outline of what will be covered in the Workshop
It is often useful to write the agenda for the day on the blackboard or on a piece of
paper stuck to the wall. Start the session by introducing yourself and outlining the
plans for the day:
“My name is……………………………I am from a group/organisation working to support
women and girls. We believe that all women and girls have a right to basic sanitation
and education and that through working together we can help to deliver these rights
to everyone. Today we are going to be delivering training on how to make reusable
sanitary pads. Firstly I will show you the different designs and how to use, wash and
dry them. Then I will demonstrate how to make the pads. Finally we will have an
interactive session where everyone can have a go at making their own pad.”
Icebreaker
It is important to create a relaxed and interactive atmosphere. The box below
contains some different ideas for icebreakers.
Basic Introduction: Ask everyone to share their name, why they have attended the
workshop and what they hope to get out of it. This is useful for training sessions
with representatives from different organisations and places.
Female Role Models: Ask participants to volunteer to share a female role model who
has inspired them. This is appropriate for a training session for professionals or a
more formal community group.
Song: Ask the group if someone would be willing to lead everyone in a song and a
dance before the session starts. This is appropriate in many East African women’s
groups but not suited to a professional setting.
11
Introduction to a Reusable Product
Show the group the Irise ‘Insert’ Pad and the Irise ‘All in One’ Pad. Pass some samples
around the room. Demonstrate how to attach the pads in the underwear. For the
Irise ‘Insert’ Pad demonstrate how to separate the base pad and the insert.
Small Group Activity
Give the participants some disposable and reusable pads. Ask them to discuss:
- What products women in their community use at the moment?
- What are the pros and cons of these products?
- What are the pros and cons of a reusable product?
- What are the pros and cons of a disposable product?
Explain/Summarise the following pros and cons of reusable and disposable products
Pros
Cons
Reusable
Cheaper
Can wash and reuse
Can make at home
Less absorbent than
disposable pads
Must have soap and water
to use safely
12
Disposable
Very absorbent
Can use and throw away
More expensive
Waste disposal issues
Not widely available or
affordable
Outline the differences between the two Irise Pads:
Product
name
Irise ‘Insert’
Pad
Description
Target
population
A base pad with
Older
removable inserts women
that can be
changed
Women and
throughout the
girls who
day.
want to
make pads
at home.
Irise ‘All in
One’ Pad
An all in one pad
with no
removable
absorbent
material. The
entire pad must
be changed
regularly.
School Girls
Individuals
who wish to
produce
pads to sell.
Pros
Cons
The design can
be easily
adapted for use
as incontinence
pads or nappies.
Removable
insert is easy to
wash.
Easy to make.
Similar in design
and feel to a
disposable pad.
Generally
cheaper to
make.
More bulky
than the ‘All in
One’ Pad
Generally more
expensive to
make.
More difficult
to wash as
absorbent
material cannot
be removed.
More difficult
to make.
How to Use, Wash and Dry the Pad
All women who receive training or plan to use a reusable pad should also receive
instructions on how to use them safely. The ‘Using, Washing and Drying Reusable
Pads Handout’ (Appendix 2) summarises this information. Outline the key points
during the training session:
-
-
The insert of the ‘Insert’ pad or the entire ‘All in One’ pad should be changed
at least once every 8 hours. Base Pads can be used for longer but should be
changed if they become stained by blood.
Pads should be soaked in cold water then washed with soap and water.
Pads can be dried in the sun as this helps kill bacteria and dry the pad quickly.
Wearing a damp or dirty pad may cause irritation or infection
Frequently Asked Questions
What if I’m too embarrassed to dry the pads outside?
Some people suggest placing the pads in the bottom of a basin so that the pads are
hidden from sight but still drying outside. The basin can then be placed on a roof.
13
Others suggest placing the pads on the washing line and covering them with a thin
sheet of cotton so they are hidden from sight.
Should I use bleach to wash the pads?
Some people suggest using bleach to wash reusable pads. However it is important to
bear in mind the risks to young children related to keeping bleach at home and the
extra expense in households that struggle to afford basic commodities. It is also
important to note that if bleach is used to wash the pads and they are not thoroughly
rinsed then the bleach may cause irritation to the genital area. We do not feel that
bleach is necessary, but if used safely should not be harmful.
Should I only wash the pads in boiled water or tap water?
Some people ask about the need to use boiled water or tap water to wash the pads.
In keeping with the explanation below about the difference between something
being clean as opposed to sterile, we feel that it is appropriate to wash the pads
using water from the same source that is used to provide water for washing
underwear, clothes or menstrual cloths. Boiling water does kill most bacteria and
make it very clean but that does not mean other water sources are not sufficiently
clean for washing sanitary products. There is no guarantee that tap water will be
cleaner than water from other sources.
Can I iron the pad?
Some women have asked about ironing the pads. This is acceptable but they should
be wary of melting the plastic inside the pad.
Clean vs Sterile
Sterile means an area with no bacteria. From a medical perspective the genitals are not a
sterile area and have many ‘healthy’ bacteria that provide a barrier against infection.
Washing too regularly or using soaps on the genital area can upset the balance of
bacteria and actually cause infection. Disposable pads are not sterile and nor is
underwear. There is therefore no need to sterilise pads. They should be washed with
soap and should be clean before use. They should also be dry before use.
Demonstration of How to Make the Pad
Prior to the session you will need to prepare samples of pads at different stages of
the manufacturing process. If you have the facilities you can show the Irise videos
designed to accompany this resource. You can also distribute the ‘Irise All in One’
Pad and The Irise ‘Insert’ Pad Handouts at this point and use this as an aid to talk
14
through the different stages of making both pads. All resources are available at:
www.irise.org.uk/online-womens-health-library/resources/
Make your own Pad
Before the session it is useful to prepare packs for the women containing their
rations of equipment i.e. pre-cut portions of fleece, cotton and plastic and a needle.
This ensures that materials are not wasted and saves time during the session.
Scissors and thread can also be included in the packs or they can be shared. While
the participants make the pads you should be available to answer questions and help
if problems arise. Leave the samples of the different stages laid out on a table so that
participants can come and view them while they are making their pads.
Conclusion
If there is time for everyone to finish making at least one pad, conclude the session
by bringing everyone back together and giving feedback on the pads that have been
made. You may wish to ask the participants to share one thing that went well and
one thing that was challenging about making the pads. If participants have not
finished making the pads you can ask them to share one positive thing about the
session and one negative thing. It is useful to try and arrange a time to feedback on
the finished pads and if you will be seeing the women again in the future you can ask
them to bring their pads to this session. The participants may wish to close the
session themselves, particularly if they are part of a women’s group or local
organisation. You should give them the opportunity to do this.
15
Reusable Pad Designs
Introduction
There are many different designs of reusable pads available on the internet for
individuals to use or produced by businesses for sale. These can be broadly classified
into two designs. Design A is a base pad with a removable, absorbent insert that can
be changed regularly. Design B has a non-removable absorbent insert, similar to a
disposable pad, so that the whole pad has to be changed regularly.
Design B
Design A
Examples of these designs being sold by businesses are included in the table below.
Design A: ‘Insert’ Pad
Luna pads, Canada
Afripads, Uganda
UGER pads, (Jatan Sanathan) India
Design B: ‘All in One’ Pad
Eco femme, India
Family Impact, Zimbabwe
Angelpadz, UK
This resource outlines a simple pattern for both these designs that can be easily
adapted to locally available materials and contexts.
Market research focus groups in Zimbabwe and Uganda suggest that older
women prefer Design A. Women suggested it could also be used for post-partum
bleeding and incontinence. This design may be slightly more expensive; however it is
very easy to make. It is also easy to wash because the insert can be separated from
the base pad. Schoolgirls preferred Design B because it was most similar to a
disposable pad. This pad is more difficult to make, may be slightly cheaper but is
more difficult to wash because the absorbent material is not removable. We belive
that choice is important and empowering so we recommend teaching both designs
16
and allowing women and girls to choose for themselves. Generally the ‘Insert’ pad is
more appropriate for programmes where women are expected to receive training
and then make the pad at home on their own and the ‘All in One’ Pad, because it is
more difficult to make, is more suited to community projects where participants will
make pads as a group and receive ongoing training.
Product name
Irise ‘Insert’
Pad
Description
Target
population
A base pad with Older women
removable
inserts that can Women and
be changed
girls who want
throughout the to make pads
day.
at home.
Irise ‘All in One’ A pad with built
Pad
in absorbent
material. The
entire pad must
be changed
regularly.
School Girls
Individuals
who wish to
produce pads
to sell.
17
Pros
Cons
Removable
insert is easy
to wash.
Easy to make.
The design can
be easily
adapted for
use as
incontinence
pads or
nappies.
More bulky
than the ‘All in
One’ Pad
Generally
more
expensive to
make.
Similar in
design and feel
to a disposable
pad.
Generally
cheaper to
make.
More difficult
to wash as
absorbent
material
cannot be
removed.
More difficult
to make.
Materials
-
-
Cotton
Plastic (shower curtain, plastic table
cloth, umbrella, mackintosh)
Absorbent material (fleece, towel:
these can be bought second hand or
new or used in combination, for
example old towel or fleece can be
used inside the ‘All in One’ and new
fleece on the outside.)
Needle and thread or a sewing
machine
Fastenings: buttons, press studs, ribbon, elastic
Dark or patterned materials are better because they hide stains. Dark materials
also absorb more sunlight and therefore dry more quickly. Think about the time it
will take to attach your fastener of choice. This is the most time consuming stage of
making the pads and if the group are going to make them to sell they may wish to
spend a bit more on something quicker to attach. The prices of different materials
should be carefully researched before the workshop so that women can be
presented with a range of materials and costings. In order to find materials that are
available locally you may need to be innovative. Remember to ask the group for
ideas during the training workshop, our most innovative ideas come from the groups
we train. Many East African markets will have second hand fleece jumpers, towels
and bed sheets. These are ideal for a training workshop where much of the
equipment may be wasted.
Using the Pads
The pads should be changed reguarly. The removable insert of the ‘Insert’ Pad and
the entire ‘All in One’ Pad should be changed every 6-8 hours. The base pad can be
changed less frequently but should be changed if it becomes stained. Women may
wish to buy or make a small plastic bag to transport their used pads or inserts in.
Washing and Drying
Both designs should be soaked in cold water for 2-4 hours after use. They should
then be cleaned with soap and water and dried in the sun. The soap and sunlight
help to kill bacteria. Drying outside in the sun also helps to dry the pads more
18
quickly. The pads may cause irritation or infection if they are worn damp or dirty.
There are reports of girls using damp pads or their pads becoming mouldy after
being left to dry inside. Many women and girls will feel embarassed about drying
their pads outside. It is important to emphasise that reusable pads should be clean
and dry when they are worn.
You can suggest the following:
- The pad designs have been chosen because they are not immediately
recognisable as pads. This is particularly true of the ‘Insert’ Pad where the
base and and insert can be separated.
- The pads can be placed in the bottom of a basin on the top of a roof. The rim
of the basin hides the pads from sight but they can still be dried in the sun.
- The pads can be placed on the washing line and covered with a thin cotton
sheet.
- Women and girls can form groups where these issues are discussed so that
drying pads outside is more acceptable.
Women and girls should be invited to discuss potential issues around washing and
drying the pads and to suggest ways they could be addressed.
Every woman and girl who make a pad should receive a photocopy of the using,
washing and drying instructions in Appendix 2.
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How to make Irise ‘Insert’ Pad
The following steps can be used in conjunction with the Irise training video. There is
also a handout which can be used as a teaching aid. All the resources are available on
our website: www.irise.org.uk/online-womens-health-library/resources/
1.Using the pattern provided below, cut three circles out of cotton and one circle out
of plastic. Larger size pads can be made by increasing the size of the circle.
2.Place the circles on top of each other in the following order: cotton, plastic, cotton,
cotton. Ensure that patterned sides of the cotton are facing each other. Pin in place
and sew around the circle leaving a small hole.
plastic
cotton
4.Turn the pad inside out through the hole you have left and sew around the circle
again, sealing the hole and ensuring the plastic is pulled tight.
20
5. Make some straps using ribbon, elastic or scrap material. The straps can be
measured out using the diameter of the pad. Measure out a piece of your chosen
material the length of the pad and cut in half. If you are using scraps of cotton cut a
piece 2-3 fingerbreadths wide, fold in half, sew along one edge and turn inside out
for neatness.
7.Fold the pad the way it will sit in the underwear and mark on where the straps
need to be attached. It is better if they are near the edge otherwise they will become
stained by blood. Mark on where the fasteners will be attached. Using two fasteners
is more secure than one alone.
21
8. Attach the straps and fasteners
FRONT
BACK
9. Cut pieces of absorbent material using the insert patterns. You can alter the length
depending on the size of the base pad and personal preference. Oval shaped inserts
based on the ‘All In One’ Pad pattern can also be used. You can use towel or fleece or
alternating layers of fleece and towel. For light flow use three layers. Add more
layers for heavier flow.
22
Irise ‘Insert’ Pad Pattern
20cm
3cm
8cm
20cm
1.5cm
8cm
8cm
18cm
23
How to Make Irise ‘All in One’ Pad
The following steps can be used in conjunction with the Irise training video. There is
also a handout which can be used as a teaching aid. All the resources are available on
our website: www.irise.org.uk/online-womens-health-library/resources/
1.Cut a cross shape out of cotton and fleece using the pattern provided. Cut one oval
shape out of plastic and two oval shapes out of fleece. A larger pad can be made the
same way by increasing the dimensions on the pattern. Pads for heavier flow can be
made by increasing the number of fleece or towel ovals in the centre of the pad.
Fleece
Plastic
Cotton
24
1. Place the fleece cross on the table. Place the two fleece ovals with one plastic
oval on top in the centre of the fleece cross. Pin them in place.
2. Sew the oval shapes to the cross using backstitch.
3. Turn the piece over so the oval is facing down on the table top and the fleece
cross is facing upwards. Place the cotton cross with the pattern face down on
top of the fleece cross.
25
4. Sew around the cross attaching the cotton to the fleece using backstitch.
Leave a small gap.
5. Turn inside out and seal the hole. Sew around the insert again so it is held
securely in place.
6. Attach the fasteners.
26
Irise ‘All in One’ Pad Pattern
18cm
8cm
5cm
18cm
20cm
5cm
7.5cm
When cutting out the fleece the following arrangement maximises the number of
pads that can be made per metre.
27
Appendices
Appendix 1: Estimates for Costs of Workshops
Below are some estimates for the cost of a training workshop in Uganda. We use
generous estimates of the amount of equipment needed to make the pads for
training. This budget can be adapted (e.g: 25 women making 3 of each pad, 50
women making 1 of each pad) to suit the individual organisation’s budget and
programme.
50 women making 3 of each pad
Total: £195
Costs for 150 Irise ‘Insert’ Pads
Item
Cost/pad
(£)
Quantity
per pad
(max)
Pads/m
Total
quantity(m2)+10%
contingency
Total Cost
(£)
Cotton
0.47/m2
0.06
0.6x0.6
8
21
9.87
Plastic
1.01/m2
Fleece
5/m2
Velcro
0.3/m
0.04
0.2x0.2
25
7
7.07
0.22
0.24x0.18
23
7
35
0.01
0.04
25
6
1.8
53.74
Costs for 150 Irise ‘All in One’ Pad
Item
Cost/pad
(£)
Quantity
per pad
(max/m)
Pads/unit Total
quantity(m2)+10%
contingency
Total Cost
(£)
Cotton
0.47/m2
0.02
0.18x0.2
28
6m
2.82
Plastic
1.01/m2
0.01
0.08x0.18
70
2.5m
2.53
Fleece
5/m2
Velcro
0.3/m
Total
0.26
0.01
0.02
19
9m
45
50
4m
1.2
51.55
Additional Costs
Item
Cost/unit
Quantity
Total (£)
Printing
0.05/double sided
sheet
330
16.5
Scissors
2.5
25
62.5
Needles
0.03
50
1.5
Trainer
12.5
2
25
Trainer transport
10
2
20
Food
-
1
32.5
Total (£)
158
Total equipment cost ‘Insert Pad’(£)
53.74
Total equipment cost ‘All in One’ Pad(£)
51.55
Additional Costs(£)
158
Total (£) +10%
290
29
Appendix 2: Using, Washing and Drying Reusable Pads Handout
The following page is a copy of the using, washing and drying reusable pads handout.
It has been included here for ease of photocopying. A copy should be given to
anyone who will be using a pad.
30
Using, Washing and Drying Reusable Pads
Using…
The pad insert or the entire ‘all in
one’ pad should be changed at
least once every 8 hours. Base Pads
can be used for longer but should
be changed if they become stained
by blood.
…Washing…
Pads should be soaked in
cold water then washed with
soap and water
©SODIS/Eawag
…Drying.
Pads should be dried outside in the
sun.
©SODIS/Eawag
Wearing a damp or dirty pad may cause irritation or infection
31
Appendix 3: Costing Tables from East & Southern Africa
Please send us your costings table so we can keep our information up to date and
accurate.
Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Equipment
Equipment costs
(£)
Press studs
0.3/item
New Fleece
2.75/m2
Plastic
2/m2
Patterned Cotton
2/m2
Total using press studs and fleece (£)
Irise ‘Insert’ Pad
0.6
0.12
0.08
0.25
1.05
Irise ‘All in One’
Pad
0.3
0.14
0.03
0.07
0.54
Kisumu, Kenya
Equipment
Equipment costs
Irise ‘Insert’ Pad
(£)
Press studs
0.04/item
0.08
Buttons
0.01/item
0.02
Velcro
0.57/m
0.02
2
Nappy Fabric/Towel
6.44/m
0.28
Fleece
Not known
Plastic
0.36/m2
0.01
2
Plain cotton
0.55/m
0.07
2
Patterned Cotton
0.60/m
0.08
Thread
0.15/200m
0.01
Total using press studs and patterned
0.46
cotton (£)
Total using velcro and plain cotton (£)
0.39
Other Items
Scissors
0.21-0.50/item
32
Irise ‘All in One’
Pad
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.34
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.42
0.39
Kampala, Uganda
Equipment
Irise ‘Insert’ Pad
Press studs
Equipment costs
(£)
0.04/item
0.08
Irise ‘All in One’
Pad
0.04
Buttons
0.01/item
0.02
0.01
Velcro
0.3/m
0.01
0.01
Elastic
Ribbon
New Fleece
0.38/m
0.25/m
5/m2
0.08
0.05
0.22
n/a
n/a
0.26
Second hand fleece
1/m2
0.04
0.05
Plastic
1.01/m2
0.04
0.01
Plain Cotton
0.47/m2
0.06
0.02
Patterned Cotton
0.74/m2
0.10
0.03
Towel
Thread
8.75/m2
0.5/200m
0.38
0.01
Totals
Total using new fleece, patterned cotton, 0.45
and press studs (£)
Total using second hand fleece, plain
0.16
cotton and velcro (£)
Other Items
Needles
Sewing machine
Scissors
n/a
0.01
33
0.35
0.10
0.03/item
50-125
2.5
Kasese, Uganda
Equipment
Velcro
Second Hand Fleece
New Fleece
Plastic
Plain Cotton
Patterned Cotton
Elastic
Thread
Total using old
fleece, plain cotton
and velcro (£)
Needle
Pins
Equipment costs
(£)
0.75/m
1/m2
Not available
1.01/m2
0.63/m2
1.5/m2
0.02/m
0.63/200m
Irise ‘Insert’ Pad
0.03
0.04
Irise ‘All in One’
Pad
0.02
0.05
0.4
0.08
0.19
0.004
0.01
0.57
0.01
0.02
0.05
n/a
0.01
0.11
Other items
0.03/item
0.38/1500
34
35
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