SETTLEMENT OF THE WESTERN TERRITORIES
- Following the peaceful acquisition of Oregon and the violent acquisition of California, the migration of Americans into these
lands began
- The area between the Mississippi Valley and the Pacific Coast was known in the 1850s as the Great American Desert
- Americans passed quickly over this big, dry region to reach the more inviting lands on the West Coast
- Therefore, California & Oregon were settled several decades before people attempted to farm the Great Plains
FUR TRADERS' FRONTIER
- Fur traders known as mountain men were the earliest nonnative group to open the Far West
- In the 1820s, they held yearly rendezvous in the Rockies with Native Americans to trade for animal skins
- James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carton, and Jedediah Smith were among the hardy band of explorers and trappers who
proved much of the early information about trails and frontier conditions
OVERLAND TRAILS
- The next and much larger group of pioneers took the hazardous journey west in hopes of clearing the forests and farming the
fertile valleys of California and Oregon
- By 1860, thousands had reached their westward goal by following the Oregon, California, Santa Fe, and Mormon trails
- The long trek usually began in St. Joseph or Independence, Missouri, or in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and followed the river valleys
through the Great Plains
- Months later, wagon trains would finally reach the foothills of the Rockies or face the hardships of the southwestern deserts.
- The final life-or-death challenge was to get through the mountain passes of the Sierras and Cascades before the first big snow
- A wagon train moved west at an average rate of only 15 miles a day
- Far more serious than any threat of attack by Indians were disease and depression from harsh conditions on the trail
MINING FRONTIER
- The discovery of gold in California in 1848 set off the first of many migrations to the mineral-rich mountains of the West
- The gold rush to California (1848-1850) was followed by gold or silver rushes in Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills of the
Dakotas, and other western territories
- The mining boom brought tens of thousands of men (and afterward women as well) into the western mountains
- Mining camps and towns (many of them short-lived) sprang up wherever a strike (discovery was reported
- Largely as a result of the gold rush, California's population soared from a mere 14,000 in 1848 to 380,000 by 1860
- The discoveries of gold and silver attracted miners from around the world
- By the 1860s, almost one-third of the miners in the West were Chinese
FARMING FRONTIER
- Most pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and begin farming
- Congress' Preemption Acts of the 1830s and 1840s gave squatters the right to settle public lands and purchase them for low
prices once the government put them up for sale
- The government made it easier for settlers by offering parcels of land as small as 40 acres for sale
- However, the move to western lands was not for the penniless
- A family needed at least $200 to $300 to make the overland trip, which eliminated many of the poor and made the trek to
California and Oregon largely a middle-class movement
- The isolation of the frontier made life for pioneers difficult during the first years, bur rural communities soon developed
- The institutions that people established (schools, churches, clubs, political parties) were modeled after those that they had
known in the East, or for immigrants from abroad, in their native lands
URBAN FRONTIEER
- Western cities that arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, & farming attracted professionals and businesspersons
- San Francisco and Denver are examples of instant cities created by the gold and silver rushes
- Salt Lake City grew because it offered fresh supplies to travelers on overland trails for the balance of their westward journey
Settlement of the Western Territories
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Fur Traders' Frontier
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Overland Trails
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Mining Frontier
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Farming Frontier
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Urban Frontier
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