Name _______________________________Class ___________________Date __________________
Skills Worksheet
Active Reading
Section: Renewable Energy Today
Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.
Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells, convert the sun’s energy
into electricity. Solar cells were invented more than 120 years ago,
and now they are used to power everything from calculators to
space stations. Solar cells have no moving parts, and they run on
nonpolluting power from the sun. So why don’t solar cells meet all
of our energy needs? A solar cell produces a very small electrical
current.
So meeting the needs of a small city would require covering
hundreds of acres with solar panels. Solar cells also require
extended periods of sunshine to produce energy. This energy is
stored in batteries, which supply electricity when the sun is not
shining.
Despite these limitations, energy production from solar cells
has doubled every four years since 1985. Solar cells have become
increasingly efficient and less expensive. Solar cells have great
potential for use in developing countries, where energy
consumption is minimal and electricity networks are limited.
Currently, solar cells provide energy for more than 1 million
households in the developing world.
IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEAS
One reading skill is the ability to identify the main idea of a passage. The main
idea is the main focus or key idea. Frequently, a main idea is accompanied by
supporting information that offers detailed facts about main ideas.
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
_____ 1. Solar cells convert the sun’s energy into
a. light.
b. heat.
c. electricity.
d. pollution.
_____ 2. What factor regarding solar cells has doubled every four years since
1985?
a. the number of solar cells produced
b. the amount of energy produced by solar cells
c. the number of people who use solar cells
d. the price of solar cells
_____ 3. Solar cells have great potential for use in
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Holt Environmental Science
7
!
Renewable Energy
Name _______________________________Class ___________________Date __________________
a. cities.
b. private homes.
c. factories.
d. developing countries.
RECOGNIZING SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
One reading skill is the ability to recognize similarities and differences between
two phrases, ideas, or things. This is sometimes known as comparing and
contrasting.
Read the following questions and write the answers in the space provided.
4. How are solar cells different from most other power sources?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. How are solar cells of today superior to solar cells of the 1980s?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches the term
or phrase.
_____ 6. photovoltaic cells
_____ 7. solar panels
_____ 8. energy consumption
_____ 9. batteries
a.
b.
c.
d.
power usage
store energy collected by solar cells
convert the sun’s energy into electricity
collections of solar cells
RECOGNIZING CAUSE AND EFFECT
One reading skill is the ability to recognize cause and effect.
Read the following questions and write the answers in the space provided.
10. How are solar cells used today?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
11. Why are solar cells particularly suitable for developing countries?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
12. Why aren’t solar cells used to meet all of our energy needs?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Holt Environmental Science
8
!
Renewable Energy
TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE
!85
10.3
water cycle: a continuous pattern
in nature in which water moves as it
changes state above, on, and below
the surface of Earth
LINKING TO LITERACY
Questioning the Text
To maintain your reading focus
and get more meaning from a
text, ask questions as you read.
Begin by scanning the
page and reading the title and
headings. What questions come
to mind about the water cycle?
Read the first few
paragraphs. Stop and reflect
on what you have read. What
questions do you have? What
more do you want to learn
about this topic?
Move to the next paragraph
and, again, stop to ask
questions. The conversation in
your head will help you think
more deeply about your reading.
The Water Cycle
Water is the only substance that exists on Earth in each of its
three states. Water easily changes from one state to another. Water
sometimes changes its location by changing state in a continuous
pattern called the water cycle. The water cycle is self-renewing and
constant. The Sun provides the energy to power the water cycle.
Changes of State
When water changes state in the water cycle, the total number of
water particles remains the same. The changes of state include melting,
sublimation, evaporation, freezing, condensation, and deposition. All
changes of state involve the transfer of energy. Figure 1 shows how the
water particles in each state behave as energy is added or removed.
increasing thermal energy of particles
sublimation
melting
evaporation
freezing
condensation
solid
gas
deposition
decreasing thermal energy of particles
requires energy (heat)
releases energy (heat)
Figure 1 Energy is gained or lost whenever water changes state.
melting: the change of state from a
solid to a liquid; occurs when a solid
gains thermal energy
sublimation: the change of state from
a solid to a gas without first becoming
a liquid; occurs when a solid gains
thermal energy
evaporation: the change of state from
a liquid to a gas; occurs when a liquid
gains thermal energy
When solid ice gains thermal energy, it changes state from solid ice
to liquid water in a process called melting. Ice cubes in a cold drink,
for example, gradually melt. Each spring you see snow melt into slush
and puddles.
Sometimes adding thermal energy to solid ice causes a change
of state from a solid to a gas. This change, directly from a solid to a
gas without becoming a liquid, is called sublimation. On crisp, dry
winter days you might notice that snow banks shrink, or ice gradually
disappears, without first becoming slushy and wet.
When water absorbs enough thermal energy, it becomes a gas
(water vapour). This process is called evaporation. Water vapour
mixes with the air and seems to disappear. For example, wet clothes
on a washing line dry because the water evaporates into the air.
270 Chapter 10 • Safe Drinking Water
Sci8_UnitD_Chap10.indd 270
NEL
10/24/08 11:59:22 AM
When water vapour loses thermal energy and becomes liquid
water, condensation has occurred. Rain and dew are examples of
condensation. A cold can of pop placed outside on a hot summer day
often collects water droplets. This is because water vapour in the air
condenses when it is cooled by the cold can.
Sometimes, removing thermal energy from water vapour causes it
to become a solid, rather than a liquid. Deposition occurs when water
vapour changes state directly from a gas to a solid. Deposition is the
reverse of sublimation. One example of deposition occurs high in the
atmosphere where the temperature is very low. In these conditions,
water vapour forms snow without becoming a liquid first.
Liquid water can also lose thermal energy and undergo freezing:
changing state from a liquid to a solid. We see many examples of this
in everyday life. Puddles, ponds, lakes, and even parts of oceans freeze
when the water becomes cold enough.
Changes of State in the Water Cycle
Water moves around Earth in the water cycle. Figure 2 shows where
water is found, the state in which it exists, and how it changes from
one state to another. Look at Figure 2 carefully to find water in each of
its three states.
condensation: the change of state
from a gas to a liquid; occurs when a
gas loses thermal energy
deposition: the change of state from
a gas to a solid; occurs when a gas
loses thermal energy
freezing: the change of state from a
liquid to a solid; occurs when a liquid
loses thermal energy
LINKING TO LITERACY
Reading Visual Text:
The Cycle Map
A cycle map is used to illustrate
a process that repeats itself.
In nature, the water cycle and
the life cycle can be illustrated
using a cycle map. Can you
think of other processes that
are repeated in nature?
condensation
Sun
cloud formation
(water storage in the atmosphere)
deposition
precipitation
sublimation
ice
water vapour
freezing
(water storage
in ice and snow)
evaporation
surface runoff
(snowmelt into
streams)
surface
water
surface
runoff
groundwater
Figure 2 The water cycle
NEL
Sci8_UnitD_Chap10.indd 271
10.3 The Water Cycle 271
10/24/08 11:59:25 AM
runoff: water from precipitation and
snowmelt that flows over Earth’s
surface
groundwater: water that seeps
through soil and cracks in rock;
source of water for underground
springs and wells
aquifer: a geological formation of
loose rock or soil that is saturated
with groundwater
water table: the depth at which loose
rock and soil below Earth’s surface
are saturated with water; the upper
boundary of an aquifer
Melting, Evaporation, and Sublimation in Nature
Solid water includes permanent ice and snow in glaciers and over the
polar regions, and ice and snow that form in the winter. Liquid water
falls to the ground in the form of rain. Liquid water also forms when
winter ice and snow begin to melt. Much of this water is called runoff.
Runoff water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, through
streams, rivers, and lakes. Some of the water eventually reaches the
oceans. All the water on the surface of Earth is called surface water.
Some liquid water seeps into the ground. This water, called
groundwater, trickles down through openings in the soil and cracks
in rocks until it hits bedrock and cannot flow down any farther. The
water spreads out until it fills all the available spaces in the loose rock
and soil above the bedrock. The loose rock and soil become saturated
with water. This saturated area is called an aquifer. The top surface
of the aquifer is the water table (Figure 3). Occasionally, natural
underground caverns also fill up with water.
water table
soil
groundwater
aquifer
surface water
bedrock
Figure 3 Groundwater saturates loose rock and soil to the level of the water table, forming an
aquifer.
Surface water evaporates and snow and ice sublime from Earth’s
surface to become water vapour. Water vapour in Earth’s atmosphere
acts like a blanket that traps thermal energy close to Earth. Melting,
evaporation, and sublimation are processes that occur as a result of
the increasing thermal energy of water particles (Figure 4).
Sun
cloud formation
(water storage in the atmosphere)
sublimation
ice
water vapour
surface runoff
(snowmelt into
streams)
evaporation
Figure 4 Ice melts into water or sublimes to form water vapour. Liquid water
evaporates when thermal energy is added.
272 Chapter 10 • Safe Drinking Water
Sci8_UnitD_Chap10.indd 272
NEL
10/24/08 11:59:30 AM
Condensation, Freezing, and Deposition in Nature
Once water vapour is in the atmosphere, low temperatures cause the
vapour to either condense into a liquid or undergo deposition to
form ice crystals. Water droplets and ice crystals in the atmosphere
form clouds. Air currents move the clouds around the planet. The
water droplets in clouds collide to form larger droplets that fall as
rain. Ice crystals fall to the ground as snowflakes. Both rain and snow
are forms of precipitation—water that falls to Earth’s surface. Fallen
snow may gradually accumulate as polar ice sheets (areas of ice at the
North and South Poles), icecaps (permanent ice that covers land), and
glaciers (rivers of ice that slowly flow down mountainsides).
At low temperatures, Earth’s surface water freezes and forms solid
ice. Ice is slightly less dense than liquid water. This explains why,
in the winter, lakes and ponds develop a layer of ice that floats on
the liquid water underneath. As a result, animals and plants can
survive through the winter without being frozen solid. Condensation,
deposition, and freezing are processes that occur as a result of a
decrease in the thermal energy of water particles (Figure 5).
precipitation: solid or liquid water
that falls to Earth’s surface
polar ice sheet: a frozen field of ice
covering either the North Pole or the
South Pole
icecap: a large area of ice that
permanently covers land
glacier: a river of ice, formed from
snow accumulated over hundreds
of years, that moves slowly downhill
under the force of gravity
To watch an animation of the
water cycle,
Go to Nelson Science
condensation
Sun
cloud formation
(water storage in the atmosphere)
freezing
(water storage
in ice and snow)
deposition
ice
water vapour
Figure 5 Water vapour condenses and liquid water freezes when
thermal energy is removed.
Changes with the Seasons
Winter snow melts as spring arrives. The snowmelt flows into streams
and rivers, and eventually into the oceans. Some of the snowmelt sinks
into the ground, becoming groundwater. As surface water evaporates
to become water vapour, the water cycle is repeated.
Unit Task
How can you apply what you have learned about the water cycle to
the Unit Task?
CHECK YOUR LEARNING
1. Look at Figure 2. Where can you find each of the three states
of water?
4. Describe how water vapour changes into solid and liquid
water above Earth’s surface.
2. Describe the water cycle. Draw your own labelled diagram.
5. Does all surface runoff move directly into rivers, lakes,
and oceans? Explain.
3. Briefly describe how solid and liquid water may be converted
to water vapour.
NEL
Sci8_UnitD_Chap10.indd 273
10.3 The Water Cycle 273
10/24/08 11:59:35 AM
Layers of Atmosphere Reading Questions
1. What are the different layers of the atmosphere based on?
2. What is the layer that most of the weather occurs in?
3. How high above Earth’s surface does this layer extend?
4. In which atmospheric layer do we find the o-zone layer?
5. What does the o-zone layer do?
6. What is the stratosphere and the mesosphere called?
7. At what altitude do the gases nitrogen and oxygen become less well mixed?
8. How dense is the thermosphere compared to the air at sea level?
9. Where is the ionosphere?
10. How do radio transmissions use the ionosphere?
11. What happens to temperature as you go higher in the troposphere?
12. Why does temperature increase in the stratosphere?
The Atmosphere Layers
13. Which layer is the coldest?
14. How hot can the thermosphere get?
15. Draw the layers of the atmosphere in the box! Label each layer
and tell how high it goes! The top of the box is 600 km.