Table of Contents
Student Letter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
TEKS for English Language Arts and Reading Correlation Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chapter 1 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Lesson 1
Root Words and Affixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
TEKS for ELA and Reading
1.2 (A)
Lesson 2
Determining Word Meanings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2 (B)
Lesson 3
Using a Dictionary and a Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2 (E)
Lesson 4
Synonyms and Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2 (C)
Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Chapter 2 Building Understanding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Lesson 5
Monitor Your Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Fig. 19 (A), Fig. 19 (B),
Fig. 19 (C)
Lesson 6
Make Inferences and Draw Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.Fig. 19 (D),
3.Fig. 19 (D)
Lesson 7
Main Idea, Supporting Details, and Summary. . . . . . . 54
2.Fig. 19 (E), 3.11 (A),
3.Fig. 19 (E)
Lesson 8
Author’s Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.10
Chapter 3 Literary Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Lesson 9
Plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.6 (A)
Lesson 10
Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.6 (B)
Lesson 11
Point of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.6 (C)
Lesson 12
Poetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2 (D), 2.4 (A), 2.8 (A)
Lesson 13
Drama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.5 (A)
Lesson 14
Theme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.3 (A)
Lesson 15
Comparing Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.3 (B)
Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4
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Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Chapter 4 Critical Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Lesson 16
Fact and Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
TEKS for ELA and Reading
3.11 (B)
Lesson 17
Text Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.11 (C)
Lesson 18
Text Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.11 (D)
Lesson 19
Persuasive Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12 (A)
Lesson 20
Procedural Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3.13 (A), 3.13 (B)
Lesson 21
Comparing Fiction and Nonfiction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
1.7 (A), 1.Fig. 19 (F)
Lesson 22
Media Literacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
2.14, 3.14
Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Mechanics Toolbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Practice Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Practice Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
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5
Lesson
1
Root Words and Affixes
1.2 (A)
Getting the Idea
Many common words in English came from other languages, such as
Greek and Latin. For this reason, learning Greek and Latin roots can help
you understand many words in English. A root is the base, or main part,
of a word. A root needs to be joined with other word parts to make a
complete word.
geo ⫹ graphy ⫽ geography
The root geo, meaning “Earth,” is not a word. It cannot stand alone.
Add the word part -graphy to form the word geography, which means
“the study of Earth’s landforms, resources, and climate.” The same
root can appear in many different words. The following chart lists some
common Greek and Latin roots.
Origin
Greek
Greek
Latin
Greek
Greek
Greek
Greek
Latin
Greek
Greek
Meaning
Examples
star
astronaut, astronomy
same, self
automobile, automatic
good
benefit
life
biography, biology
house, environment ecology, economy
something written
autograph, paragraph
light
photograph
to carry
export, import
a tool for seeing
microscope
far away
telephone, telegraph
Read the sentence below.
Computers designed to be portable in the 1980s look
big and heavy now.
You can figure out the meaning of portable by looking at its root. The root
of portable is port, which means “to carry.” Something that is portable
can be easily carried.
12 • Chapter 1: Vocabulary
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Root
astro
auto
bene
bio
eco
graph
photo
port
scope
tele
Lesson 1: Root Words and Affixes
An affix is a word part added to the beginning or end of a root or base word to
change its meaning. An affix cannot stand alone as a word.
An affix added to the beginning of a base word is called a prefix. An affix added
to the end of a base word is called a suffix. Read the charts below.
Prefixes
Prefix
bicodisexextrainpreretransununi-
Meaning
two
together, with
not, opposite
out, away from
outside, beyond
in, into
before
again
across, over
not
one
Examples
bicycle
coworker
disagree, dishonest
expand
extraordinary
inside, infield
preview, prehistoric
rewrite, resell
transmit
unhappy, unkind
unicycle
Suffixes
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Suffix
-able, -ible
-ation
-fy
-logue
-ogy
-meter, -metry
-ment
-ty, -ity
Function or Meaning
forms adjectives, means “able to”
forms nouns from verbs
forms verbs that mean “to make or become”
speech, to speak
science or study of
a tool for measuring, a measure
forms nouns from verbs
forms nouns from adjectives
Examples
likable, reversible
imagination
terrify, magnify
dialogue
biology
kilometer, geometry
statement
loyalty, purity
Read the following sentences. Figure out the meaning of the underlined word, based
on the meaning of its affix.
We stared at Ms. Hull in amazement. Did our teacher really just do
cartwheels across the playground?
The affix in amazement is the suffix -ment. This suffix forms a noun from the verb
amaze. To amaze is to surprise or astonish. Amazement means “surprise.”
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Thinking It Through
Read the following paragraphs, and then answer the questions that follow.
Once upon a time, our cat was the
most adorable kitten! He was skinny
and fluffy and had big green eyes.
His meow was so small and high that
we named him Squeaky.
Now little Squeaky is a big cat.
He roams around the neighborhood
chasing birds, squirrels, and mice.
We decided it would be beneficial to
the neighborhood animals if we put a bell on his collar. The birds, squirrels,
and mice hear Squeaky coming: jingle, jingle, jingle. They scatter as quickly
as they can!
What is the suffix in adorable? What does adorable MOST LIKELY mean?
HINT
2.
Find the suffix -able in the chart. Use its meaning, plus the meaning of the base word, to find the meaning
of adorable.
What is the Latin root in beneficial? What does beneficial MOST LIKELY mean?
HINT
What does bene- mean? If something is beneficial, is it more likely to be good for someone or
bad for someone?
14 • Chapter 1: Vocabulary
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1.
Lesson 1: Root Words and Affixes
Coached Example
Read the passage and answer the questions.
In the early 1600s, the scientist
Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study
the white streak across the night sky
called the Milky Way. He discovered
that it is actually a large collection of
stars. Our sun is just one of these stars.
For hundreds of years, people thought
the Milky Way was the only galaxy
in the universe. In 1923 and 1924,
an astronomer named Edwin Hubble studied photographs of stars in the
Andromeda Nebula. He found that the stars got brighter in a regular pattern.
Because of this pattern, Hubble could measure their distance from Earth.
To the disbelief of many, he found that these stars were so far away that they
could not be in our galaxy. We now know that our galaxy is only one of many.
1.
Read this sentence from the passage.
To the disbelief of many, he
found that these stars were so
far away that they could not
be in our galaxy.
Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.
Based on the meaning of its prefix,
the word disbelief probably means
A. the opposite of wish.
B. the opposite of belief.
2.
Which of these words means “a tool
for seeing far away”?
A. universe
B. astronomer
C. photograph
D. telescope
HINT
Look back at the roots chart. Find the
roots that mean “a tool for seeing” and
“far away.”
C. not understood.
D. not true.
HINT
What is the meaning of the root?
How does the meaning of the prefix
dis- affect the meaning of the root?
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Lesson Practice
Use the Reading Guide to help you understand the passage.
What prefix do you see in
the word cooperate?
Based on its use in
paragraph 2, what does
enjoyment probably mean?
What are the roots of
the words ecology and
transport?
16 • Chapter 1: Vocabulary
Community Supported Agriculture
The supermarket is only one place where you can buy
fruits and vegetables. You can also go to a stand at a farm.
If you live in a city, such as Dallas or Houston, far from a
farm, you might buy produce at a farmer’s market. Now
there is another way for people who live in cities to get
fresh fruit and vegetables: through Community Supported
Agriculture, or a CSA.
Members of a CSA cooperate with a farmer. CSA
members prepay the farmer for the food they will receive
during the year. This way, the farmer has money to get the
farm ready. Then, each week during the growing season, each
CSA member receives a share of food from the farm. The
farmer brings the food right to the neighborhood where the
CSA members live. To the enjoyment of CSA members, the
shares often include uncommon produce, such as kohlrabi
or pluots.
There are many benefits to Community Supported
Agriculture. One benefit is the delicious, nutritious food
itself. The farm benefits, too. Farms such as Home Sweet
Farm, near Houston, and Comeback Creek, near Dallas, use
the money they get from CSA members to keep the farms
going. They don’t have to borrow money from banks to stay
in business to compete with bigger farms. Also, Community
Supported Agriculture is good for the environment. Small
farms that grow many different plants have a healthy ecology.
At Home Sweet Farm and Comeback Creek, they use only
natural fertilizers. That’s good for the land. Finally, trucks
transport the food a short distance from the farm to the
community. So, less pollution is created.
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Reading Guide
Lesson 1: Root Words and Affixes
Answer the following questions.
1.
Read this sentence from the passage.
3.
Members of a CSA cooperate
with a farmer.
Which of the following BEST
describes the meaning of ecology?
A. study of logic
Based on the meaning of its prefix, the
word cooperate MOST LIKELY means
B. study of sound
C. study of the environment
A. to operate together.
D. study of school
B. to practice under.
C. to go opposite from.
D. to come to.
4.
Which of the following BEST
describes the meaning of transport?
A. to drive a car
2.
Read this sentence from the passage.
CSA members prepay the
farmer for the food they will
receive during the year.
B. to take the train
C. to love sports
D. to carry across
The word prepay means
A. to pay too much.
B. to pay after making a budget.
C. to pay ahead of time.
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D. to pay in ways other than
with money.
5.
What is the suffix in the word enjoyment? What does this word
MOST LIKELY mean?
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