TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction....................................................................................................................... 1
General Tips for Taking Science Tests.................................................... 2
Unit 1 – The Nature of Science............................................................................... 5
Review 1: Scientific Ways of Knowing................................................... 6
Achievement Coverage: SK.A.1, SK.A.2, SK.C.3–5
Review 2: Scientific Inquiry..................................................................... 15
Achievement Coverage: SI.A.1, SI.A.2, SI.B.3, SI.B.4
Review 3: Technology and Society....................................................... 30
Achievement Coverage: ST.A.1–4
Review 4: Designing Technology.......................................................... 43
Achievement Coverage: ST.B.5
Unit 2 – Earth and Space Sciences.................................................................... 57
Review 5: Minerals...................................................................................... 58
Achievement Coverage: ES.D.2, ES.D.3
Review 6: The Rock Cycle....................................................................... 69
Achievement Coverage: ES.D.1
Unit 3 – Life Sciences................................................................................................ 79
Review 7: Cells and Systems................................................................... 80
Achievement Coverage: LS.A.1–3
Review 8: Heredity and Reproduction................................................ 90
Achievement Coverage: LS.B.4–7
Review 9: Ecosystems.............................................................................. 103
Achievement Coverage: LS.C.8
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Unit 4 – Physical Sciences.................................................................................... 113
Review 10: Properties of Matter.......................................................... 114
Achievement Coverage: PS.A.1
Review 11: Physical Changes................................................................ 127
Achievement Coverage: PS.A.3, PS.A.4
Review 12: Chemical Changes............................................................. 137
Achievement Coverage: PS.A.2, PS.A.4
Review 13: Energy Resources.............................................................. 148
Achievement Coverage: PS.C.5–8
Glossary.......................................................................................................................... 161
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To the Teacher:
“Achievement Coverage” codes are listed for
each review in the table of contents and for
each page in the shaded gray bars that run
across the tops of the pages in the workbook
(see example to the right). These codes indicate
which Ohio Academic Content Standards,
Benchmarks, and Indicators are covered in a
given review or on a given page.
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Table of Contents
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Unit 1 – The Nature of Science
Achievement Coverage: SK.A.1, SK.A.2, SK.C.3, SK.C.4
Review 1
Scientific Ways of Knowing
Think of all the different areas of science. There are space scientists trying to find
out whether there was ever life on Mars, biologists studying life in all its forms, and chemists
looking at how matter interacts. Even though these are different areas, science is really all
one subject. All the different areas connect with each other in some interesting ways, and
they all ask and answer questions about nature. You do this, too, even though you might not
realize it. Throughout the day, you ask questions about the world around you and solve
problems. In a way, you could say that this makes you a scientist! As you’ll see in this review,
there are many kinds of questions that help with scientific learning.
Scientific Method
Scientists use a variety of ways to explain the natural world. Some of these ways, such as
observing and using tools, help scientists collect data, while others help scientists analyze
their data. There is one procedure that all scientists use to help solve different puzzles. This
procedure is called the scientific method. The scientific method is a process that allows
scientists to explore the world around them, using steps that include asking questions,
creating a hypothesis, designing an experiment, conducting the experiment, observing and
recording data, and analyzing results. Scientists may also repeat steps when they find new
evidence. This process, however, is flexible and is not a step-by-step method that’s the same
every time. It changes depending on the experiment.
Words
to Know
experiment
hypothesis
scientific method
variable
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As you go through the day, the world presents you with many different puzzles. Each puzzle
requires a different set of questions and a new solution. Scientists must decide what types of
questions to ask, depending on what area of science is being addressed.
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Review 1: Scientific Ways of Knowing
Achievement Coverage: SK.A.1, SK.A.2, SK.C.3, SK.C.4
Heather wants to do an investigation to figure out how the angle of sunlight affects the
direction a plant grows. What steps should she take to investigate this?
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When scientists solve problems, they test their ideas by running experiments, and they are
careful to keep accurate records of all the steps they take and all the equipment they use.
They also keep track of all the things that could go wrong. They write down all of this
information so that other scientists can work the same experiments in other laboratories,
perhaps even in other countries.
An experiment’s results are scientifically sound only when other scientists can repeat the
experiment and produce the same results. The only way scientists can be sure that the
results are the same each time is by keeping accurate records and communicating the results
to other scientists every time they run an experiment.
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Why is it important that scientists carefully record the steps they take during
an experiment?
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Unit 1 – The Nature of Science
Achievement Coverage: SK.A.1, SK.A.2, SK.C.3, SK.C.4
Because problem solving in science doesn’t include the same step-by-step recipes, it involves
special investigation skills. Good problem solving requires a scientist to ask questions, make a
good guess based on what they already know (called a hypothesis), and plan an experiment.
During the experiment, it is very important to keep track of the variables, which are the
factors that can change during the experiment. For example, if you were testing how fast
different bicycles are, you’d have to control the variables—in this case, the rider and the
racetrack. That means the same rider would ride all the bicycles that you are testing, on the
same racetrack.
Wilton wants to test three different kinds of plant food to see which one will cause his
tomato plants to produce the most fruit. What variable is Wilton testing?
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Everyday Science
Name one area of science that is important to each of the following careers.
Farmer: _ ____________________________________________________________________________________
Chef: ________________________________________________________________________________________
Firefighter: __________________________________________________________________________________
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All careers rely on both scientific thinking and some sort of technology. A fry cook uses
steam cookers and automatic mixers. A writer uses word processing programs and sits in a
chair designed for health and comfort. The head of a company relies on communications
technologies to provide reliable information quickly. A doctor uses technologies to diagnose
disease, keep records, and search for cures. Your teacher uses all sorts of technology in the
classroom, from the blackboard to books to the Internet.
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Review 1: Scientific Ways of Knowing
Achievement Coverage: SK.A.1, SK.A.2, SK.C.3, SK.C.4
Consider what sort of job you’d like to have. What sorts of technology does that
job use?
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Keys to Keep
Ask questions about the world around you. Questions are the basis for
scientific experiments.
Use the scientific method when you want to answer scientific questions.
Hypotheses can be useful even if they are not supported by your data.
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Scientific thinking is helpful in everyday life, and it is beneficial for any
career.
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Unit 1 – The Nature of Science
Achievement Coverage: SK.C.4, SK.C.5
Explore It Yourself
Scientists all over the world have made contributions to our understanding of science.
Scientists of the past and present, as well as science students, are all part of the scientific
community.
For this exercise, write the names of three scientists, past or present, on the lines provided.
Then write what accomplishment is associated with each of them. You may need to use your
science book, ask your science teacher, or search other references to help you with this.
1. Scientist: __________________________________________________________________
Accomplishment: _ __________________________________________________________________________
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2. Scientist: __________________________________________________________________
Accomplishment: _ __________________________________________________________________________
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3. Scientist: __________________________________________________________________
Accomplishment: _ __________________________________________________________________________
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Review 1: Scientific Ways of Knowing
Achievement Coverage: SK.C.4, SK.C.5
What Does It Mean?
1. Scientists often build on knowledge that other scientists before them have studied and
developed. Describe how one of the scientists you listed may have used knowledge
developed by another scientist before him or her.
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2. In what ways might knowing some science history allow you to understand science
better?
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3. In what ways might knowing the history of a topic make it easier to understand that
topic?
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Unit 1 – The Nature of Science
Achievement Practice
1. Which of the following phrases best describes the scientific method?
A. following safe laboratory procedures
B. a set of rules on how to act like a scientist
C. a flexible approach to learning about the world
D. a set step-by-step way to get the right answer each time
2. How is scientific thinking helpful in everyday life and in nonscientific
careers?
A. Everyone must pass science tests throughout their lives.
B. Scientific thinking can help you avoid making false assumptions.
C. Scientific-sounding explanations cause more people to believe you.
D. Every question in life can be answered by using the scientific method.
Which of the following tools would Carl need to conduct his experiment? A. ruler
B. thermometer
C. stopwatch
D. scale
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3. Carl wants to find out if metal is a better conductor of heat than plastic.
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Review 1: Achievement Practice
Use the following diagram and information to answer questions 4 and 5.
Adriana placed a beaker upside down over a water plant in an aquarium
(Diagram A). After several weeks, she observed that the water level in the
beaker had dropped (Diagram B).
Air
25 mL
50 mL
75 mL
100 mL
Diagram A
25 mL
50 mL
75 mL
100 mL
Diagram B
4. Adriana’s experiment can be used to address which of the following
questions?
A. Which plant food works best?
B. How much water can most beakers hold?
C. Do water plants produce any gas over time?
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D. Can plants survive if they are put into ice-cold water?
5. How could the results of Adriana’s experiment help someone who sells
tropical fish?
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Unit 1 – The Nature of Science
6. A scientist is studying changes in weather patterns in Ohio.
Which of the following variables would not likely be important to the
scientist’s research?
A. changes in rainfall amounts over the last century
B. the average monthly temperature in Cincinnati
C. the number of cloudy days in Columbus
D. the size of the population of the state of Ohio
7. Jonna is doing an experiment and figures out that her hypothesis was
incorrect. What should she do next?
A. Use what she has learned to form a new hypothesis and then test
again.
B. Conduct a different experiment.
C. Use the data she has collected thus far to make her conclusion.
8. Tim wants to find out which flavor of ice cream, chocolate or vanilla, tastes
better.
Is this an example of a scientific hypothesis? Explain your answer.
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D. Conduct the experiment again using the same hypothesis.
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