TÍTULO
NIVEL LINGÜÍSTICO SEGÚN
MCER
IDIOMA
ÁREA/ MATERIA
NÚCLEO TEMÁTICO
GUÍON TEMÁTICO
FORMATO
CORRESPONDENCIA
CURRICULAR (etapa, curso)
AUTORÍA
TEMPORALIZACIÓN
APROXIMADA
COMPETENCIAS BÁSICAS
Earth Inner Energy
A 1.3 / A 2. 1 ( Según las destrezas)
Inglés
Conocimiento del Medio
Energía interna de la Tierra: transformaciones
geológicas provocadas por las fuerzas internas de
la Tierra.
Conocimiento de la estructura de la Tierra,
materiales y movimientos motivados por la energía
interna de la Tierra provocando diferentes
fenómenos geológicos, volcanes y terremotos, que
contribuyen a cambiar la fisonomía del planeta.
Word / PDF
6º curso de Educación Primaria
María Dolores de la Torre Ávalos
6 sesiones (2 semanas)
- Competencia
con el medio
- Competencia
información.
- Competencia
- Competencia
- Competencia
- Competencia
en el conocimiento e interacción
físico
digital y tratamiento de la
social y ciudadana.
para aprender a aprender.
cultural y artística.
lingüística.
Las imágenes usadas se encuentran bajo la
Licencia “Creative Commons”.
OBSERVACIONES
Las imágenes del texto de Julio Verne “ Viaje al
centro de la tierra”, están extraídas del libro del
mismo título perteneciente a la Colección “
Clásicos de Siempre”, de la editorial Servilibro.
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3
OBJETIVOS DE ETAPA
- Conocer la estructura de la
Tierra y su energía.
- Conocer las rocas y los
minerales, así como sus
utilidades.
- Diferenciar unas rocas de
otras.
- Identificar los volcanes como
aberturas de la corteza
terrestre por las que fluyen
materiales procedentes del
interior de la Tierra.
- Identificar y reconocer un
terremoto como un temblor o
sacudida que tiene lugar en una
zona de la corteza terrestre.
- Conocer los elementos de un
terremoto.
- Conocer los efectos
devastadores de un volcán y de
un terremoto.
- Reconocer la importancia
tanto de la predicción como de
la prevención para paliar los
riesgos de la actividad sísmica y
volcánica.
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
CONTENIDOS
DE
CURSO/CICLO
La energía
interna de la
Tierra.
Transformacio
nes geológicas
provocadas por
dicha energía y
efectos en la
configuración
paisajística y
en la vida
humana.
TEMA O
SUBTEMA
MODELOS
DISCURSIVOS
Identificación
de los distintos
tipos de rocas
según su
textura y
origen: rocas
magmáticas,
metamórficas e
ígneas.
- Diferenciación
de las
manifestaciones
de la energía
interna de la
Tierra: volcanes
y terremotos.
- Valoración de
los riesgos que
supone la
energía interna
de la Tierra:
volcanes y
terremotos.
Predicción y
prevención.
- Expresar
opiniones sobre
los temas y
conceptos
propios de la
secuencia
partiendo de las
tareas
planteadas.
- Leer y
escuchar las
diferentes
lecturas propias
de la secuencia
didáctica.
- Escribir acerca
de los diferentes
aspectos
tratados en el
tema con el
objetivo de
interrelacionar
los contenidos
aprendidos.
TAREAS
- Ejercicios de
comprensión
lectora del tema
expuesto.
- Elaboración de
mapas
conceptuales de
algunos tratados.
- Exposición de
conclusiones o
soluciones a
tareas
propuestas.
- Construcción de
modelos sencillos
extraídos de las
explicaciones de
los aspectos
teóricos de la
secuencia
didáctica.
CONTENIDOS
LINGÜÍSTICOS
CRITERIOS DE
EVALUACIÓN
FUNCIONES:
Predecir el tema de
estudio usando
palabras.
-Comparar las
manifestaciones de
la energía interna de
la Tierra.
Relacionar diferentes
fenómenos
geológicos.
- Explicar la
diferencia
entre rocas y
minerales.
- Explicar los
diferentes tipos
de
rocas.
- Describir cómo
se
producen los
volcanes.
ESTRUCTURAS:
- Describir los
I think it is a/ an…
tipos
There is/ there are… y las partes de
I can see…
un
Its force is …/
volcán.
Its intensity is
- Explicar cómo
Simple Past
se
LÉXICO:
producen los
core, mantle,
terremotos.
crust, talc,
- Describir los
diamond, old, iron, elementos de un
rock, quarry, mine, terremoto.
earth, igneous,
- Describir los
volcanic,
Efectos
devastadores
metamorphic and
que
sedimentary,
pueden
plutonic,ash,
ocasionar
volcano, magma,
los terremotos y
chamber, conduit,
los volcanes.
chimney, , gas,
lava, magma,
plate, rock, vent.
4
1. Warm up Activity.
Look at the photograph showing the effects of the inner energy Earth.
In pairs describe it.
How do you feel looking at the effects of the inner energy Earth?
I think it is a/ an…
There is/ there are…
I can see…
I watched some
images of an
earthquake on TV
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
The Earth inner
energy is …
Its force is …
Its intensity is …
I feel so bad…
I feel afraid…
5
Vocabulary:
Strong: powerful.
Huge: extremely large.
Big: great, of more size, force, importance.
Destroyed: damaged.
Afraid: full of fear.
Sad: unhappy.
Bad: not good.
Surprised: showing surprise or shock.
Broken: damaged or spoilt.
Fall: to move to a lower position or level
Fallen: moved or changed to a lower level.
Dead: no longer alive.
Read and listen to the following text.
A. WHAT IS THE EARTH MADE OF?
Planet Earth has got three main layers: the core, the mantle and the crust.
The core, or centre of the Earth (in yellow), consists of hot liquid rock. The
core is covered by the mantle- a layer of hot rock about 2,900 kilometres
thick.
The crust (in red) covers the mantle (in brown) but is much thinner than the
mantle. It can be as little as 5 kilometres thick under the sea, and as much as
100 kilometres thick under mountain ranges such as the Alps.
The mantle is the intermediate layer.
The crust is the surface of the Earth. It is also divided into three layers: the surface rocks layer, the
granite layer, and the basalt rock layer.
Approximately 70% of the Earth´ s crust is covered by the seas and oceans. Thirty percent of the
crust rises up above the sea. This is the land that makes up the continents.
The surface layer consists of many different layers of rocks, and these layers are usually covered in
soil. Most rocks contain two or more different minerals. These minerals are graded on a scale of
hardness from 1 to 10. The talc used in talcum powder, for example, is the softest mineral and the
diamond is the hardest.
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When a rock contains a mineral we can use, we call it an ore. For example, the gold we use for
jewellery is found in gold ore. The iron we use in industry is found in iron ore. These mineral ores
are extracted from mines and quarries.
1. Complete these sentences using these words:
1. The surface layer of the Earth is called________.
2. The intermediate layer is called ___________
3. When a rock contains a mineral we can use, we call it an _______
4. The softest mineral is called ___________
5. The hardest mineral is called ___________
6. The ________ consists of hot liquid rock.
2. Answer these questions?
a. What does the core consists of?
_______________________________________________________________________
b. What is the mantle?
_______________________________________________________________________
c. How thick is the crust?
_______________________________________________________________________
d. On a hardness scale of 1-10, what number is a diamond?
_______________________________________________________________________
e. What is an ore?
_______________________________________________________________________
f. What is the coolest layer of the Earth? Why?
_______________________________________________________________________
g. In which layer of the Earth can we extract different minerals? Why?
_______________________________________________________________________
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7
h. Which is the thinner layer of the Earth?
________________________________________________________________________
3. Find the following hidden words:
core, mantle, crust, talc, diamond, gold, iron, rock, quarry, mine, earth.
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4. Match the parts of the crust in A to the layers in B.
A
B
1. the middle layer
____a. basalt rock
2. the top layer
____b. surface rocks
3. the bottom layer
____c. granite
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5. Make, in pairs, a model of the Earth´s structure using plasticine.
You will need :
Materials :
-Yellow plasticine
-Red plasticine
- Brown plasticine
- Blue plasticine
- Black plasticine
- Icecream sticks
- Pieces of paper or cardboard
- Some photos of Earth´s inner structure
Process :
1. First, take yellow plasticine. Make a ball with the yellow plasticine (The ball will be the Core of
the Earth).
2. Cover the yellow ball with the brown plasticine, but not completely (Look at the diagram or some
photos of Earth´s inner structure) (The layer will be the Mantle)
3. Cover the brown layer (the mantle) with red plasticine (The third layer will be the Crust of the
Earth).
4. Cover the red layer with a thin layer of blue plasticine to make the oceans of the Earth.
5. Take the black plasticine and make the outlines (figures) of the continents, mountains, etc.
6. Finally, use icecream sticks to label the layers of the Earth, the continents and the oceans.
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
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I think the first/
second…step is…
We can use the
black/red/blue
…plasticine to make…
Don´t cover the layer
completely.
We should….
Please, give me the black/ red/
…plasticine
I think so.
I don´t think so.
You´re right.
You´re wrong.
This ocean is called…
This continent is…
Vocabulary:
Continents: Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia,
America (North America, South America),
Antarctica.
Oceans: Arctic Ocean, North Pacific Ocean,
North Atlantic Ocean, South Pacific Ocean,
South Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean.
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6. Complete this puzzle with the right information.
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7. Listen and fill in the blanks of this text about the Earth´s structure.
Planet Earth has got (1) _________main layers: the core, the mantle and the crust.
The (2) _________, or centre of the Earth consists of (3)__________ liquid (4)__________. The
core is covered by the (5)__________. It is the (6)_______________ layer.
The (7) ____________is the surface of the Earth. It is (8)__________ divided into three
(9)__________: the (10)___________ rocks layer, the (11)___________layer, and the
(12)__________rock layer.
The (13)___________that makes up the (14)____________is called the (15)___________.
Could we listen
to it again,
please? I don´t
understand.
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
What´s the right
answer in
number…?
12
A Journey to the Center of the Earth is a classic science fiction novel by Jules Verne.
The story involves a German professor Professor Von Hardwigg who believes there
are volcanic tubes going toward the centre of the Earth. He, his nephew Axel and their guide
Hans encounter many adventures, including prehistoric animals and natural hazards,
eventually coming to the surface again in southern Italy.
8. Describe these pictures about the journey to the centre of the Earth and write below each
picture the right sentence.
1
2
3
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4
13
- The volcano is erupting.
- A huge crocodile attacks to the adventurers.
- The adventurers go down through the crater.
- Journey to the icy lands.
In picture number ___I can
see___
I read the book by Jules Verne
and I remember____
There was / There were ____
I like the book because ____
The most exciting picture for me
is___
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
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9. Imagine you could travel on a journey to the centre of the Earth.
Describe your journey and the changes you could see as you travelled through the different
layers.
My journey to the centre of the
Earth was…
In my journey I saw….
I visited…
In the crust I could see…
In the mantle, there is (there are) ….
In the core, there is (there are)…
I could see…
Vocabulary:
Great: very large in degree or amount
Fantastic: wonderful, good
Bored: tired and uninterested
Funny: amusing
Exciting: causing excitement
Buildings: structures with a roof and walls, houses
Extinct animals: animals which lived in the past and
they do not live actually
Fantastic plants: wonderful plants
Carnivorous plants: plants that eat animals
Danger: harm
Adventure: a journey or an experience
Hot: having a certain degree of heat
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
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10. Make a C-map about the Earth´s structure, its different types of layers, main aspects and
so on.
EARTH´S
STRUCTURE:
types of layers
.
.
.
.
.
.
Examples
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
Examples
Examples
16
Read the following text and listen to the audio.
B. ROCKS AND MINERALS
What is a mineral? What is a rock?
A mineral is a naturally occurring, solid substance. A rock is a combination of one or more
minerals. Some rocks are made up almost entirely of one mineral. Other rocks are made up of many
different minerals.
The Earth´ s surface is so varied due to the wide variety of rocks. In order to recognise a rock, we
need to know which minerals it is made of and identify their structure (the size, form and
distribution of the grains or crystals). Many of the materials we use in our daily life come from
minerals and transformed rocks. As natural resources we should preserve them.
Types of rock
There are three types of rock:
- igneous rocks can be formed in two ways:
- plutonic rocks are formed through the slow solidification of magma in the interior of the
Earth´ s crust, with large crystals of pure minerals, for example, granite or obsidian
.
Granite
Obsidian
- volcanic rocks, which are formed through fast solidification of the lava from volcanoes on
the Earth´ s surface, for example, basalt or pumice stone.
Basalt
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
Pumice stone
17
- metamorphic rocks, which are formed from igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks transformed by
pressure and/ or high temperatures during a process called metamorphism, e.g., slate and marble.
Marble
Slate
- sedimentary rocks, which are formed by the deposition on the surface of the Earth of material
produced by erosion or the remains of living creatures, e.g., limestone and sandstone.
Sandstone
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Limestone
18
11. Classify the following rocks in the table.
Plutonic rock
Volcanic rock
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Metamorphic rock
Sedimentary rock
19
12. Match the rocks using different colours ( red : plutonic rocks, green : volcanic rocks ;
brown : metamorphic rocks, blue : sedimentary rocks).
Plutonic rocks
Volcanic rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Sedimentary rocks
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
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13. Look at this rock carefully. In pairs, discuss what type of rock it is it and why you think
so.
I think it is a
…….rock
because …
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
In my opinion,
it´s a…..rock
because…
21
14. As you know, there are three main types of rocks. In pairs, match the numbers of the
types of rocks to the correct description.
1. Metamorphic
2. Igneous
3. Sedimentary
a. Rocks which have been changed by extreme pressure over long periods of time.
Examples: marble, slate
b. Rocks formed by layers of sediment falling to the bottom of the sea or lakes.
Fossils may be found in these types of rock. Examples: sandstone, limestone.
c. Rocks formed from cooled molten lava. Example: granite.
I agree with you.
I disagree with
you.
I think so. I don´t
think so.
I think number___is
letter__ because___
I´m sure number___
is letter____
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15. Find the following hidden words and write a sentence with each one
syenite, granite, obsidian, slate, marble, limestone, basalt, pumice
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Example: Syenite is a plutonic rock. I have got a syenite in my collection.
1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________________
7. ________________________________________________________
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
23
16. Make a C-map about the different types of rocks, characteristics, main aspects, examples
and so on.
ROCKS
.
.
.
.
.
.
Examples
Examples
.
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
Examples
.
.
24
17. In pairs, answer these Why-questions.
1. Why are the plutonic rocks formed through the slow solidification of magma?
2. Why are the volcanic rocks formed through fast solidification?
3. Why should we preserve our natural resources?
4. Why is important the process of Metamorphism?
5. Why is easier to find a sandstone than a slate?
The plutonic rocks are
formed through the slow
solidification of magma
because______
We should preserve our
natural resources
because____
The metamorphism is an
important process
because___________
The volcanic rocks are formed
through fast solidification
because______.
It´s easier to find a sandstone
than a slate because_______
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25
18. Work in pairs:
Student A makes the questions 1,2,3,4 and 5 to the Student B.
Student B makes the questions 6,7,8,9 and 10 to the Student A.
Student A
1. In which type of rock are you most likely to find fossils?
2. Which type of rock is marble?
3. How is a metamorphic rock made?
4. How is a sedimentary rock formed?
5. Which type of igneous rock is an obsidian?
Student B
6. How is an igneous rock created?
7. Which type of igneous rock is a pumice stone?
8. What is the name of the process to transform an igneous rock on a sedimentary rock?
9. Which type of rock is a sandstone?
10. How is a plutonic rock formed?
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26
19. Work in pairs. Read and write T for True or F for False.
How much do you know about volcanoes and earthquakes?
1. The Earth´ s centre is very hot.
2. The Earth´ s crust is all one piece.
3. When a volcano erupts, gas comes out of the Earth.
4. Volcanoes are made from lava and rock from inside the Earth.
5. Energy inside the Earth makes earthquakes.
6. The epicentre is where an earthquake begins.
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I think number ____ is
true/ false.
In my opinion _____ is true
because…
I agree with you.
I don´t agree with you.
I think so.
I don’t think so.
You are right.
You are wrong.
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20. And now read these rhymes and guess the words:
Everything´s moving,
Trembling and moving,
Everything´s falling down
In my town.
Fire and ash, here and there.
Smoke and danger everywhere.
The mountain breaks
everything.
People shout and shout.
Fire and ash running down.
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
29
Read the following texts and listen to the audio.
Geothermal energy
The centre of the Earth is very hot. The heat comes from geothermal energy. This energy is
generated in the Earth´ s core, about 6,500 km below the surface. Volcanic eruptions and
earthquakes are both manifestations of the Earth´ s geothermal energy.
The Earth´s core has two layers: a solid iron and nickel core and an outer core made of very hot
partially melted rock. The partially melted rock is called magma.
Magma can sometimes come up from the outer core to near the Earth´ s crust. It forms magma
chambers.
The Earth´ s crust is broken into pieces called plates. Sometimes the magma finds a crack between
these plates. This crack is called a chimney or vent. A volcanic eruption happens when magma
explodes out of the chimney.
Magma that erupts onto the Earth´ s surface is called lava. Gas, ash and rocks also come out. They
cool and solidify. They form the mountains we call volcanoes.
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21. Complete the descriptions of volcanic eruptions.
Volcanic eruptions
Hot, melted rock called______________ comes up close to the Earth´s surface. It forms magma
__________.
A volcanic eruption happens when the magma comes out of a ____________. Gas and
___________, including rocks come out. The materials form the mountains we call ___________.
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22. Read the definitions, then label the diagram below.
ash cloud - an ash
cloud is the cloud of
ash that forms in the
air after some
volcanic eruptions.
conduit - a conduit is
a passage through
which magma
(molten rock) flows
in a volcano.
crust - the crust is
Earth's outermost,
rocky layer.
lava - lava is molten
rock; it usually
comes out of
erupting volcanoes.
magma chamber - a
magma chamber
contains magma
(molten rock) deep
within the Earth's
crust.
side vent - a side
vent is a vent in the
side of a volcano.
vent - a vent is an
opening in the
Earth's surface
through which
volcanic materials
erupt.
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Read the texts and listen to the audio.
Types of volcano depending on their form.
A stratovolcano has steeply sloping sides. It is created by viscous (thick) magma that moves slowly
and cools quickly. Its eruptions are explosive.
A shield volcano is shaped like a bowl or shield in the middle with long slopes. It is created by
runny magma that moves quickly and cools slowly. Its eruptions are effusive (non-explosive).
A cinder cone is a circular or oval volcano made up of small fragments of lava from a single
chimney that have been blown into the air cooled and fallen around the vent.
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REMEMBER:
A volcano is a
mountain formed
from eruptions of
lava (molten rock)
and ash.
23. Identify the volcano. Read the descriptions of the different types of volcanoes depending
on their forms and match the shapes of the volcanoes and the right description.
1
A shield volcano is shaped like a bowl or
shield in the middle with long slopes.
2
A cinder cone is a circular or oval
volcano made up of small.fragments of
lava.
3
A stratovolcano has steeply sloping
sides. The magma moves slowly and cools
quickly. Its eruptions are explosive.
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34
REMEMBER:
The movement of the
Earth´s tectonic plates is
responsible for
earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions.
Read the following text.
Types of the volcano depending on its inner activity.
Volcanoes can be classified as active, dormant and extinct.
•
•
•
An active volcano has erupted recently and is expected to erupt again in the futureA dormant volcano is actually inactive, but may erupt in the future.
An extinct volcano has not erupted in the past few thousand years and is not expected to
erupt in the future.
There are 1500
volcanoes around the
World, but few are
erupting at any one
time.
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24. Surf the Internet and complete the tables with the correct information.
Name
ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE WORLD
Country
Continent
When erupted last time
1.
2.
DORMANT VOLCANOES IN THE WORLD
Name
Country
Continent When erupted last time
1.
2.
Name
EXTINCT VOLCANOES IN THE WORLD
Country
Continent
When erupted last time
1.
2.
Each student talks about the results of his/her survey.
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On Earth, some examples of active/
dormant/ extinct volcanoes
are_________.
The volcano called _____is in
___(country).
It is in ______(continent).
Its last eruptions was in ____(year).
Place the volcanoes on the world map.
Colour the place in which the volcano is using different colours:
red for active volcanoes, yellow for dormant volcanoes and green for extinct volcanoes.
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25. In pairs, answer these special questions:
Do you think underwater earthquakes exist? Why?
Do you think underwater volcanoes exist? Why?
26. Order the words and form a right sentence about volcanoes:
a) volcano/ erupt/ may/ the/ in/ dormant/ a/ the
____________________________________________________________________
b) recently/ has/ active/ an/ active/ erupted
___________________________________________________________________
c) is/ not/ future/ expected/ to/ extinct/ an/ volcano/ erupt/ in/ the
____________________________________________________________________
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27. Circle the words below in this crossword.
ACTMPC
VHNALO
AIEGAN
LMVMTD
RNOAEU
OENGFI
CYAHAT
KMCZSS
FMLZBA
TQOGEO
XTVDXR
ASH, CHIMNEY, CONDUIT, GAS, LAVA, MAGMA, PLATE, ROCK, VENT, VOLCANO
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28. As a class, make a C-map about different types of volcanoes, characteristics and examples
of one of them ( Surf the internet to know the different names of the volcanoes). Write the Cmap in your notebook.
VOLCANOES
TYPES
Depending on
their form
.
.
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
Depending on
their inner
energy
.
.
.
.
40
Read the following text and listen to the audio.
First of all, have a disaster plan. Be prepared for earthquakes, ash falling, acid rain and tsunamis.
Prepare a disaster supplies kit for your home and car with a first aid kit, canned food and a can
opener, bottled water, battery-operated radio, flashlight, protective clothing, dust mask and goggles.
Don´t forget, know all of your evacuation routes.
Follow the evacuation order given by authorities. Avoid rivers. If you are indoors, close all
windows and doors and bring animals inside. If you are outdoors, seek shelter indoors. Protect your
head. If you are near a stream, move to higher ground. Wear long sleeved shirts and trousers.
Protect your eyes. Wear a dust mask and keep car engines off.
Cover your mouth and nose. Volcanic ash can irritate your respiratory system. Protect your eyes.
Keep your skin covered. Clear roofs of ash, because the ash can cause the building to collapse.
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29. Talk in pairs:
What will you take in case of volcano to a safety shelter?
What will you do in case of volcano to get to a safety shelter?
Before a volcano
I will prepare …
I will take …
6º de Primaria: Earth inner energy
During a volcano, I
will protect…
After a volcano, I
will …
In case of volcano, I
must…
42
Read the following text and listen to the audio.
The Earth´ s crust is broken into seven large tectonic plates and lots of small plates. The plates fit
together like a jigsaw puzzle. The plates are on top of the mantle. They can move around because
the mantle is soft. When the plates move, sometimes they bump into each other. The rock breaks
along a weak point (fault scarp, fault line).
When this happens, there is an earthquake.
The movement of the plates makes seismic waves come to the Earth´ s surface.
The place where the earthquake begins is called the focus. This is inside the Earth. The place where
we feel the earthquake most intensely is called the epicentre (epicenter).
This is on the Earth´s surface, directly above the focus.
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Read this scheme:
It is a brief summary
of the activity of an
earthquake
Tectonic plates are locked
together by friction.
Pressure builds up due to
movement in the mantle.
The rock breaks along a weak
point (fault line).
The tectonic plates suddenly
move.
Stored energy is released as
seismic waves.
The Earth´s surface shakes.
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Read the following text .
What is a seismograph?
A seismograph is an instrument used for recording the intensity and duration of an earthquake.
The strength of an earthquake is usually described using the Richter Scale. The Richter Scale
measures the total amount of energy released in the earthquake.
0- 1.9
2- 2.9
3- 3.9
4- 4.9
5-5.9
6- 6-9
7- 7.9
8- 8.9
9 and over
Can be detected only by a seismograph.
Hanging objects may move.
Comparable to vibrations of a passing truck
May break windows, cause small or unstable objects to fall.
Furniture moves, pieces may fall from walls.
Damage to well- built structures, severe damage to poorly built
ones.
Buildings displaced from foundations; cracks in the earth;
underground pipes broken.
Bridges destroyed. Few structures left standing.
Near- total destruction, waves moving through the earth visible
with naked eye.
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Earthquakes are also measured using the Mercalli Scale. The Mercalli Scale measures the amount
of damage, the effects of the earthquake on people and buildings in different areas caused by the
earthquake. The Mercalli scale was the first earthquake scale invented.
People fill out reports on what happened to them during an earthquake. They are asked if they were
awakened by the earthquake, if furniture moved, any damage to chimneys or to walls in their home.
Each of these questions is part of the criteria used to determine the intensity of the earthquake
at their location. Roman numerals I to XII are used to show the effects of the earthquake.
I
II
III-IV
V-VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Not felt
Felt only by people at rest
Felt by people indoors only
Felt by all; some damage to plaster, chimneys
People run outdoors, damage to poorly built
structures
Well-built structures slightly damaged; poorly
built structure suffer big damage
Buildings moved foundations
Some well- built structures destroyed
Few structures remain standing; bridges
destroyed
Damage total; waves seen on ground; objects
thrown into air
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Read the following text .
What is a tsunami?
A tsunami is a large ocean wave usually caused by an underwater earthquake or a volcanic
explosion. Tsunamis are NOT tidal waves. Tidal waves are caused by the forces of the moon, sun,
and planets upon the tides, as well as the wind as it moves over the water. With typical waves, water
flows in circles, but with a tsunami, water flows straight. This is why tsunamis cause so much
damage!
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30. In pairs, surfing this link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3AdFjklR50 (Earthquake:
Helicopter aerial view video of giant tsunami waves) on Internet, answer the following
sentences:
1. Why does a tsunamy happen ?
2. In which country did this tsunami happen ? Why do you think that ?
3. What time did it happen ?
4. Was the destruction total or partial ?
5. Were there many dead people ? What do you think ?
6. Was it in the country or in a city ? Why ?
7. Are there any high or low buidings ?
8. Do you think tsunamis and earthquakes are common in that country ? Why ?
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31. READ THIS ARTICLE EXTRACTED FROM BBB NEWS
(HTTP://WWW.BBC.CO.UK/NEWS/WORLD-EUROPE-13368599)
SPAIN: EARTHQUAKE ROCKS LORCA, MURCIA, KILLING 10
(10TH MAY 2011)
Hundreds of people have spent the night outdoors in the southern Spanish
town of Lorca after an earthquake which killed at least 10 people.
The magnitude-5.2 tremor toppled several buildings after striking at a depth of just
1km (0.6 miles), 120km south-west of Alicante. Wednesday evening's quake came
about two hours after a 4.4-magnitude tremor.It is not clear how many people were
injured.
Shocked residents and workers rushed out of buildings and gathered in squares,
parks and open spaces. Old buildings were badly damaged. At night many people
were still too afraid to return to their homes.
The BBC's Sarah Rainsford in Madrid says the quake is the most serious to hit
Spain in about 50 years. Spain has hundreds of earthquakes every year but most of
them are too small to be noticed. Murcia is the country's most seismically active
area and suffered tremors in 2005 and 1999.
Murcia is close to the large faultline beneath the Mediterranean Sea where the
European and African continents meet.
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the name of the town where an earthquake happened on 10th May 2011?
2. Where is that town?
3. Which was the magnitude of the earthquake?
4. In which scale was the earthquake measured?
5. Where is Murcia placed?
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6. How many earthquakes are there in Spain every year?
7. What is the intensity number of the Earthquake using the Mercalli scale?
In my opinion, the
intensity number in the
Mercalli Scale is…
I think it is because…
32. Complete the description of earthquakes.
Earthquakes
An earthquake happens when the ___________in the Earth´ s crust bump into each other.
____________come to the Earth´ s surface. The place the earthquake begins is called the ________.
The ___________ is directly above this, on the Earth´ s surface.
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33. Discuss in pairs and put the following statements in order to explain how earthquakes
happen.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The Earth´s surface shakes.
Tectonic plates are locked together by friction.
The tectonic plates suddenly move.
Pressure builds up due to movement in the mantle.
The rock breaks along a weak point (fault line).
Stored energy is released as seismic waves.
I think number ___is
the first.
Second, it´s
number____
Third,
it´s____because___
Fourth,
Fifth,
I´m not sure but I think
number ____is____
Then, it´s
number_____because___
Finally, it´s number
______because_______
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34. Read the information of this table.
YEAR
881
1169
1494
1522
1531
1804
1910
1930
1932
1951
1951
1956
1964
1993
1994
MAGNITUDE
(RICHTER SCALE)
7,2
6,8
6,5
6,8
6,5
6,2
6,3
5,3
4,7
5
5,5
5
4,8
5
4,9
PLACE OR TOWN
Gulf of Cádiz
Andújar
Málaga
Almería
Baza
Dalias
Adra
Montilla
Lúcar
Bailén
Alcaudete
Albolote
Orce-Galera
Berja
Coast of Balerma
(Information: Andalusian Geophysics Institute)
Use the information of the table to place the name of the towns where the
earthquakes happened in Andalusia.
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52
Then ask your partners some questions like:
-
When was the earthquake in Adra, Málaga,…?
-
Which was its magnitude?
-
Where did an earthquake happen in …(year)?
The earthquake in _______(town or
place) was in _____(year).
Its magnitude was ______ on the
Richter scale.
In _____(year), an earthquake measured
_____(magnitude)on the Richter scale
happened in _______(town or place).
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Read the text and listen to the audio.
Have a disaster plan. Choose a safe place in every room. It is the best to get under a table or a desk
where nothing can fall on you.
Practice DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON! Drop under something, hold on, and protect your eyes
by pressing your face against your arm. Prepare a first aid kit for your home. By talking special
precautions, you will be much more likely to stay safe.
DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON! Stay indoors until the shaking stops. Stay away from windows.
If you are in bed, hold on and stay there, protecting your head with a pillow.
If you are outdoors, find a clear spot away from buildings, trees and power lines. Then, drop to the
ground. If you are in a car, slow down and drive to a safe place. Stay in the car until the shaking
stops.
Check for injuries. Inspect your home for damage. Turn off the gas. Expect after shocks. Each time
you feel one, DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON.
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54
35. Talk in pairs
What will you take in case of an earthquake to a safety shelter?
Choose five important things that you will take to a safety shelter.
In case of an
earthquake I will
take …to a safety
shelter.
The most important
things for me are…
First of all, I will
take …
Second …
Third…
Fourth…
Fifth…
An earthquake is the sudden
release of energy from below the
surface of the earth.
REMEMBER in case of an
earthquake
DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON
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55
In groups of five students do these three experiments.
After that, tell the rest of the students how they did it, what materials they used and
what happened.
(Optional activity : Divide the whole class in three teams, Shaking Team will do the
earthquake experiment, Eruption Team will do the Baking Soda Vocano 1 and
Magma Team will do the Soda Bottle Volcano 2)
MATERIALS:
- two rectangular pieces of cardboard
- hole puncher
- tape
- string
- cookie sheet
- dirt ( enough to cover the two cardboard pieces)
PROCESS:
Use the hole puncher to punch out two holes on one side of each piece of cardboard.
Then put the string through the holes.
Tie a knot using the ends of the string for both pieces of cardboard.
Tape the cardboard pieces together but lay them so that the ends are not touching.
Place the cardboard pieces on the cookie sheet.
Put some dirt over top of the pieces. Make sure the dirt is covering both pieces completely. (It is
better to do this outside.)
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Pull on the strings outward and watch the dirt as it simulates an earthquake.
Explain your partners what happens when you pull on the strings.
First, I put___
Then, I used ____
Suddenly,______
When we pull the strings,
we notice_____
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Note: although the materials are
not dangerous, pay attention
using the baking soda and the
dishwashing detergent and
specially when you prepare the
mixture. Use gloves.
MATERIALS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
6 cups of flour
2 cups of salt
4 tablespoons of cooking oil
2 tablespoons of baking soda
dishwashing detergent
food color
vinegar
warm water
baking dish or pan
PROCESS:
First, make the cone of the baking soda volcano.
Mix 6 cups flour, 2 cups salt, 4 tablespoons cooking oil and 2 cups warm water. The mixture
should be smooth and firm.
Add more warm water if needed.
Stand the soda bottle in the baking pan and mold the dough around it into a volcano shape.
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Don't cover the
opening or drop
dough in it.
Fill the bottle with warm water and a bit of red food colour.
Add 6 drops of detergent to the bottle contents.
Add 2 tablespoons of baking soda to the contents.
Slowly pour vinegar into the bottle.
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Tell your partners what happens when you pour the vinegar into the bottle.
I poured the
vinegar into the
bottle and _____
The reaction of the
vinegar and the
baking soda
was____
Use different shaped containers that represent the magma chamber and conduit of a volcano.
How does shape affect the eruption results? Write a brief summary of the changes. Then tell
your partners.
When we use a bottle with
narrow neck, the eruption
is_______
When we use a bottle with wide
neck, the eruption is______
It´s fantastic when we use _____
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MATERIALS:
•
•
roll of mint Mentos (type of candy)
clear 2-litres bottle of Coke (diet works better)
PROCESS:
Go outside to an area where you have a lot of room. This experiment is messy!
Open the bottle of soda carefully. Position the bottle on the ground, so that it will not tip over.
Diet soda works
better than regular
soda. Plus, diet
doesn't leave a sticky
mess.
Unwrap the roll of Mentos. The goal is to drop the Mentos into the bottle at the same time, which is
very tricky. One method is to roll a piece of paper into a tube just big enough to hold the loose
Mentos.
Put a card under the roll and on top of the bottle top, so you can pull the card and the candies will
just drop in at once.
Drop all of the Mentos into the bottle at the same time and then move out of the way just as quick as
you can.
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Watch the eruption!
In pairs, do this experiment following the instructions of the table.
Use a chronometer to measure the time of reaction of the mixture and complete the following
table.
Number of mint Mentos
pills
1
2
4
4
Number of litres of Diet
Coke
1 litre
1 litre
1 litre
2 litres
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Time of Eruption
62
Tell your partners about the conclusions of this experiment.
If you pour one Mentos pill
on a litre of Diet Coke, the
time of eruption is______
The time of eruption is
_____when we pour
____Mentos pills on ____of
Diet Coke.
In conclusion, we notice that____
Finally, we can say that if you pour
___Mentos pills on ____litres of
Diet Coke, the time of eruption is
faster/ slower than____
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Read the following statements and write a cross to mark your progress in this unit.
I can recognise words and expressions
about the Earth inner energy, types of
rocks, volcanoes and earthquakes
I can read different informative texts about
the Earth inner energy, types of rocks,
volcanoes and earthquakes and understand
the important information.
I can talk about some characteristics of
Earth inner energy, about imaginary
journeys to the centre of the Earth.
I can talk to my classmates about the Earth
inner energy, rocks, volcanoes and
earthquakes, about volcano safety tips and
earthquake safety tips and learn to protect
my life in case of a volcano or an
earthquake.
I can write about the Earth inner energy,
about types of rocks, about volcanoes and
different types of volcanoes, about
earthquakes and different parts of an
earthquakes.
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ACTIVE VOLCANO - An active volcano is one that erupts regularly
ASH - Ash are very small fragments of lava or rock blasted into the air by volcanic explosions.
CINDER CONE - It is a circular or oval volcano made up of small fragments of lava from a single
chimney that have been blown into the air cooled and fallen around the vent.
CORE - It is the centre of the Earth.
CRUST - It is the surface of the Earth. It is the land that makes up the continents.
CHIMNEY (VENT) - It is a crack between the plates in the Earth´s crust. The magma goes out
through the chimney.
DORMANT VOLCANO - A dormant volcano is one that has not erupted for many years, although
there is still some activity deep inside.
EARTHQUAKE- It happens when the plates in the Earth´s crust bump into each other.
EPICENTRE- It is the place where we feel the earthquake on the Earth´s surface, directly above
the focus. It is the point on the earth's surface directly above the source of the earthquake.
EXTINCT VOLCANO - An extinct volcano is a volcano that is no longer active.
FOCUS- It is the place where the earthquake begins.
LAVA - Lava is the liquid rock (magma) that flows out of a volcano. Lava glows red
hot to white hot as it flows.
MAGMA - Magma is the liquid rock inside a volcano.
MANTLE- It is the intermediate layer of the Earth.
MERCALLI SCALE- It measures the amount of damage, the effects of the earthquake on people
and buildings in different areas caused by the earthquake. The Mercalli scale was the first
earthquake scale invented.
METAMORPHIC ROCK- It is a rock formed from igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks
transformed by pressure and/ or high temperatures during a process called metamorphism.
MINE- An excavation in the earth from which ore or minerals can be extracted.
The site of such an excavation, with its surface buildings, elevator shafts, and equipment. A deposit
of ore or minerals in the earth or on its surface.
MINERAL- It is a naturally occurring, solid substance.
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65
ORE- A naturally occurring mineral or rock from which a valuable or useful substance, especially a
metal, can be extracted at a reasonable cost.
PLATES- They are the different pieces in which the Earth´s crust is broken.
PLUTONIC ROCK- It is a rock formed through the slow solidification of magma in the interior of
the Earth´s crust. It is an igneous rock.
PUMICE - It is a light-coloured volcanic rock containing lots of bubbles from trapped gases.
QUARRY- An open excavation or pit from which stone is obtained by digging, cutting, or blasting.
RICHTER SCALE - A measurement of an earthquake's intensity. Each one-point increase on the
scale indicates ten times the amount of shaking and 33 times the amount of energy.
ROCK- It is a combination of one or more minerals.
SEDIMENTARY ROCK- It is a rock formed by the deposition on the surface of the Earth of a
material produced by erosion.
SEISMIC WAVES - The energy created by the quake travels in waves from the
epicentre, where they are the strongest. The waves shake buildings, structures and the earth
vertically, causing them to move horizontally!
SEISMOGRAPH- It is an instrument used for recording the intensity and duration of an
earthquake.
SHIELD VOLCANO- It is shaped like a bowl or shield in the middle with long slopes. It is
created by runny magma that moves quickly and cools slowly. Its eruptions are effusive (nonexplosive).
STRATOVOLCANO-It has steeply sloping sides. It is created by viscous (thick) magma that
moves slowly and cools quickly. Its eruptions are explosive.
VENT (CHIMNEY) - It is a crack between the plates in the Earth´s crust. The magma goes out
through the vent.
VOLCANIC ROCK- It is a rock formed through fast solidification of the lava from volcanoes on
the Earth´s surface. It is an igneous rock.
VOLCANO- It is an opening in the earth's crust through which molten lava, ash, and gases are
ejected. A mountain formed by the materials ejected from a volcano.
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