Martin ADAM: Potentiality as a Natural Phenomenon within

6%251Ë.35$&Ë),/2=2),&.e)$.8/7<%51ċ16.e81,9(5=,7<
678',$0,125$)$&8/7$7,63+,/2623+,&$(81,9(56,7$7,6%581(16,6
6²%512678',(6,1(1*/,6+
0$57,1$'$0
INTERPRETATIVE POTENTIALITY AS A NATURAL
PHENOMENON WITHIN THE THEORY OF FUNCTIONAL
SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE
Abstract
:LWKLQ UHVHDUFK FDUULHG RXW LQ WKH ILHOG RI WKH WKHRU\ RI IXQFWLRQDO VHQWHQFH
SHUVSHFWLYH )63 WKH TXHVWLRQ RI SRWHQWLDOLW\ LQ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ VHHPV WR SOD\
D PDUJLQDO UROH 7KH SDSHU GHDOV ZLWK WKH WUHDWPHQW RI WKH LVVXH IURP D V\Q
FKURQLFSRLQWRIYLHZIRFXVLQJRQWKHSRVLWLRQRISRWHQWLDOLW\LQ)63DQDO\VLV
7KHDXWKRUGUDZVDERYHDOORQWKHILQGLQJVSUHVHQWHGE\0DWKHVLXVDQG)LUEDV
DQGSUHVHQWVWKHUHVXOWVRIKLVRZQLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQWRWKHLVVXHRISRWHQWLDOLW\LQ
)637KHGLVFXVVLRQLVLOOXVWUDWHGE\DXWKHQWLFH[DPSOHVRIFDVHVRISRWHQWLDOLW\
LQIXQFWLRQDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQQDPHO\LQWKHELEOLFDOSDVVDJHRI0DWWKHZ±
DQGE\VXJJHVWHGVROXWLRQV
Key words
3RWHQWLDOLW\)63)LUEDV0DWKHVLXV%HDWLWXGHVRVFLOODWLRQ
1. Introduction
7KHSKHQRPHQRQRISRWHQWLDOLW\ZLWKLQWKHV\VWHPRIODQJXDJHKDVEHHQGLVFXVVHG
HYHQLIUDWKHUH[FHSWLRQDOO\IRUPDQ\GHFDGHVLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIIXQFWLRQDO
V\QWD[PRVWQRWDEO\E\)LUEDV±±DQG6YRERGD±
6WULFWO\VSHDNLQJSRWHQWLDOLW\LVQRWDSXUHO\OLQJXLVWLFWHUPLWPD\EHDVVRFLDWHG
ZLWKRWKHUVFKRODUO\GLVFLSOLQHVDSDUWIURPOLQJXLVWLFVVXFKDVVRFLRORJ\RUSKL
ORVRSK\ODQJXDJHDQGKXPDQWKLQNLQJDUHLQHYLWDEO\DQGLQVHSDUDEO\LQWHUFRQ
QHFWHGýHUQê±:LOKHOPYRQ+XPEROGWWKHWUXHSKLORVRSKHURI
ODQJXDJHFODLPHGDVHDUO\DVWKDW³LWLVDIWHUDOOWKHFRQWLQXDOLQWHOOHFWXDO
HIIRUWWRPDNHWKHDUWLFXODWHGVRXQGFDSDEOHRIH[SUHVVLQJWKRXJKW´+XPEROGW
>@ LQ +HLGHJJHU VHH DOVR 8UEDQRYi 6RPH RI
0$57,1$'$0
+XPEROGW¶V IROORZHUV DERYH DOO UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI QHR+XPEROGWLVP DQG ODQ
JXDJHUHODWLYLVPQDPHO\6DSLUDQG:KRUIFRQIHVVHGWRDEHOLHIWKDWGLIIHUHQW
ODQJXDJH FRPPXQLWLHV SHUFHLYH WKH VXUURXQGLQJ ZRUOG GLIIHUHQWO\ DQG WKDW WKH
XVHRIODQJXDJHLVWKHUHIRUHSRWHQWLDOýHUQê±RU:KRUI
7KHSUHVHQWSDSHUGHDOVZLWKWKHWUHDWPHQWRIWKHLVVXHRIOLQJXLVWLFSRWHQWLDOLW\
LHWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIHTXLYRFDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJRUOLQJXLVWLFLQWHUSUHWDWLRQIURP
DV\QFKURQLFSRLQWRIYLHZIRFXVLQJRQWKHSRVLWLRQRISRWHQWLDOLW\LQWKHWKHRU\
RIIXQFWLRQDOVHQWHQFHSHUVSHFWLYH)63,QWKHLQLWLDOVWDJHRIWKHGLVFXVVLRQRI
WKH SKHQRPHQRQ RI SRWHQWLDOLW\ LQ ODQJXDJH DQG HVSHFLDOO\ )63 LW ZRXOG EH
EHQHILFLDOWRGHILQHWKHQRWLRQRISRWHQWLDOLW\LWVHOI5HVWULFWLQJWKHDUHDRIP\
LQWHUHVWWRWKDWRIOLQJXLVWLFV,PD\GUDZRQDJHQHUDOGHILQLWLRQRIWKHWHUPDV
RIIHUHGE\ýHUPiNWUDQVODWHGLQWR(QJOLVKE\0$³3RWHQWLDOLW\LV
WKHSRVVLELOLW\WRXVHDXQLWRIODQJXDJHLQDQRQV\VWHPDWLFZD\´,WIROORZVWKDW
SRWHQWLDOLW\LQODQJXDJHLQGLFDWHVDFHUWDLQRVFLOODWLRQEHWZHHQIROORZLQJDIL[HG
UXOHDQGXVLQJDOLQJXLVWLFLWHPLQDQLQDSSURSULDWHRUQRQVWDQGDUGZD\
)RUWKHSXUSRVHRIWKLVSDSHULWZLOOEHQHFHVVDU\WRQDUURZGRZQWKHDERYH
PHQWLRQHG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI SRWHQWLDOLW\ HPXODWLQJ WKH FRQFHSW HODERUDWHG E\
)LUEDVKLVDSSURDFKZLOOEHFUXFLDOLQWKHGLVFXVVLRQWRIROORZ,Q)LUEDV¶YLHZ
ZKLFKLVREYLRXVO\WLJKWO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHWKHRU\RI)63SRWHQWLDOLW\UHSUH
VHQWVDVLWXDWLRQZKHQ±ZLWKLQWKHIXQFWLRQDODQDO\VLVRIDFODXVH±RQHFDQQRW
LQWHUSUHWWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHGHJUHHVRIFRPPXQLFDWLYHG\QDPLVP&'XQ
HTXLYRFDOO\6XFKDQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQGRHVQRWOHDGWRRQHFOHDUFRQFOXVLRQ)LUEDV
±
$IWHUH[SORULQJWKHILQGLQJVRIIHUHGE\UHQRZQHGOLQJXLVWVVXFKDV+XPEROGW
0DWKHVLXVDQG)LUEDVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHDXWKRU¶VRZQLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQWRWKHLVVXH
RISRWHQWLDOLW\LQ)63ZLOOEHSUHVHQWHG7KHGLVFXVVLRQZLOOEHLOOXVWUDWHGE\DX
WKHQWLFH[DPSOHVRIFDVHVRISRWHQWLDOLW\LQIXQFWLRQDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ7RZDUGVWKH
HQGRIWKHGLVFXVVLRQFRQFOXVLRQVWRJHWKHUZLWKSRVVLEOHVROXWLRQVWRWKHSUREOHP
ZLOOEHVXJJHVWHG
2. Vilém Mathesius: Oscillation
%HIRUH )LUEDV¶ FRQFHSW RI SRWHQWLDOLW\ LV SUHVHQWHG OHW PH UHFDOO VRPH RI WKH
WKRXJKWV RI WKH ILUVW SLRQHHU RI WKH IXQFWLRQDO DSSURDFK WRZDUGV ODQJXDJH WKH
IRXQGHURIWKH3UDJXH6FKRRORIOLQJXLVWLFV9LOpP0DWKHVLXV
0DWKHVLXVGHILQHGSRWHQWLDOLW\DVVWDWLFRVFLOODWLRQLQODQJXDJHVXFKRVFLOODWLRQ
PD\RSHUDWHRQWZROHYHOVILUVWDVVWDWLFRVFLOODWLRQDPRQJLQGLYLGXDOVLQVLGHWKH
ODQJXDJH FRPPXQLW\ DQG VHFRQG DV VWDWLF RVFLOODWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH LQGLYLGXDO¶V
ODQJXDJH0DWKHVLXVRU9DFKHN0DWKHVLXVLOOXVWUDWHGOLQJXLVWLFRV
FLOODWLRQE\H[DPSOHVIURPSKRQHWLFVPRUSKRORJ\V\QWD[DQGVHPDQWLFVPDN
LQJXVHRIGLIIHUHQWODQJXDJHV,QWKHILHOGRIV\QWD[IRULQVWDQFHKHGHVFULEHG
SRWHQWLDOLW\ LQ KLV RZQ XVH RI HQFOLWLF SURQRXQV LQ &]HFK FRPPHQWLQJ RQ WKH
³QRUPDWLYH´DQG³PDUNHG´ZRUGRUGHU0DWKHVLXV
,17(535(7$7,9(327(17,$/,7<$6$1$785$/3+(120(121«
,QDFHUWDLQVHQVHLWLV0DWKHVLXV¶ZRUNWKDWSHUIHFWO\FRQQHFWVWZRFRQWUDGLF
WRU\DSSURDFKHVRIWKHWKFHQWXU\WKDWFRQVLGHULQJODQJXDJHDQREMHFWLYHSKH
QRPHQRQ*ULPPV6FKOHLFKHU+XPEROGWDQGWKDWYLHZLQJODQJXDJHDVSXUHO\
LQGLYLGXDO.UX]VHZVNL-HVSHUVHQ,Q0DWKHVLXV¶YLHZJHQHUDOLVDWLRQVFDQEH
GDQJHURXVDQGOHDGWRH[FHVVLYHVLPSOLILFDWLRQVDQG³IODWLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIODQ
JXDJHSKHQRPHQD´8UEDQRYi±+HDUJXHVWKDWODQJXDJHLQLWV
DEXQGDQWULFKQHVVFDQQRWEHDSSURDFKHGH[FOXVLYHO\DVDIL[HGV\VWHPRIUXOHV
RQHPXVWFULWLFDOO\MXGJHZKDWLVFRQVWDQWDQGZKDWLVSRWHQWLDO0DWKHVLXV
$V8UEDQRYiSXWVLWLQKHUWUHDWLVHRQFXUUHQWWUHQGVLQOLQJXLVWLFVTXRWLQJ0DWK
HVLXV¶XQGHUVWDQGLQJRISRWHQWLDOLW\³ODQJXDJHHOHPHQWVDUHVXEMHFWWRUHHYDOXD
WLRQDQGFDQEHDQGDUHWRVRPHGHJUHHHSKHPHUDO´8UEDQRYi
0DWKHVLXV¶LQVLJKWIXODQGSURSKHWLFYLHZVRQODQJXDJHSKHQRPHQDVHWRQHRI
WKHPDMRUPLOHVWRQHVIRUWKHOLQJXLVWLFUHVHDUFKWRFRPH
3. Jan Firbas: Potentiality
$VKDVEHHQPHQWLRQHGDERYHIRU-DQ)LUEDVDQDXWKHQWLFGHVFHQGHQWRI0DWK
HVLXV¶DQG9DFKHN¶VOHJDF\WKHQRWLRQRISRWHQWLDOLW\ZDVLQHYLWDEO\DVVRFLDWHG
ZLWKKLVWKHRU\RI)63
)LUEDVYLHZVDVHQWHQFHDV³DILHOGRIVHPDQWLFDQGV\QWDFWLFUHODWLRQVWKDWLQLWV
WXUQSURYLGHVDGLVWULEXWLRQDOILHOGRIGHJUHHVRIFRPPXQLFDWLYHG\QDPLVP&'´
)LUEDV±%\DGHJUHHRI&')LUEDVXQGHUVWDQGV³WKHUHODWLYH
H[WHQWWRZKLFKWKHHOHPHQWFRQWULEXWHVWRZDUGVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHFRPPX
QLFDWLRQ´)LUEDV7KHGHJUHHVRI&'DUHGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHLQWHUSOD\
RI)63IDFWRUVLQYROYHGLQWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIGHJUHHVRI&'OLQHDUPRGLILFDWLRQ
FRQWH[WDQGVHPDQWLFVWUXFWXUH)LUEDV±,QVSRNHQODQJXDJHLQWRQD
WLRQLHWKHSURVRGLFIDFWRULVDGGHGWRWKHLQWHUSOD\RIWKHVHIDFWRUV
,QPRVWFDVHVWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHGHJUHHVRI&'LVXQDPELJXRXVDQGLQGL
YLGXDOFRPPXQLFDWLYHXQLWVPD\EHDVFULEHGDQDSSURSULDWHG\QDPLFVHPDQWLF
IXQFWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUSURPLQHQFHWKH)63LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIDVHQWHQFHLV
WKXVWUDQVSDUHQW1HYHUWKHOHVVDIXQFWLRQDODQDO\VLVRFFDVLRQDOO\GRHVQRWOHDGWR
PRUHWKDQRQHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ)LUEDVVSHDNVWKHQRIDFHUWDLQGHJUHHRISRWHQWLDO
LW\)LUEDV
,QKLVNH\PRQRJUDSK)LUEDV)LUEDVPHQWLRQVWKHSKHQRPHQRQRISR
WHQWLDOLW\VHYHUDOWLPHV+HDUJXHVWKDWLQZULWWHQGLVFRXUVHUHDOFDVHVRISRWHQWLDO
LW\DUHH[WUHPHO\H[FHSWLRQDODQGWKDWDQHTXLYRFDOXQFOHDU)63LQWHUSUHWDWLRQLV
RIWHQURRWHGHLWKHULQDQLQDSSURSULDWHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI)63SULQFLSOHVLQJHQHUDO
RULQWKHIDFWWKDWRQHGRHVQRWFRQVLGHUDOOWKUHHIDFWRUVRSHUDWLQJLQ)63WKHLU
LQWHUSOD\7RUHFDOOWKHDXWKRU¶VRZQH[SHULHQFH)LUEDVZDVYHU\FDXWLRXVDERXW
XVLQJWKHWHUPµSRWHQWLDOLW\¶HYHQLQGXELRXVFDVHVRILQWHUSUHWDWLRQDQGZDVUH
OXFWDQWWRSURYLGHSUHPDWXUHMXGJHPHQWV7KHVLWXDWLRQLVVRPHZKDWGLIIHUHQWLQ
VSRNHQGLVFRXUVHZKHUHKHUHJDUGVLQWRQDWLRQDVDGHFLVLYHWRRO³%\HOLPLQDW
LQJ SRWHQWLDOLW\ LQWRQDWLRQ GLVDPELJXDWHV WKH )63 IXQFWLRQ RI DQ HOHPHQW DQG
0$57,1$'$0
IUHTXHQWO\DOVRWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKHHQWLUHGLVWULEXWLRQDOILHOG$VLWGRHVQRW
FUHDWHDµGLVFUHSDQF\¶EHWZHHQWKHWZRGLVWULEXWLRQVHOLPLQDWLRQRISRWHQWLDOLW\
FRQWULEXWHVWRZDUGVWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRISHUIHFWFRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQWKHP´
)LUEDV)LUEDVGHPRQVWUDWHVKRZLQWRQDWLRQUHPRYHVSRWHQWLDOLW\E\
GHFLGLQJZKHWKHUDQDGYHUELDOLVSHUIRUPLQJWKHG\QDPLFVHPDQWLFIXQFWLRQRID
6HWWLQJRUD6SHFLILFDWLRQ)LUEDVII
2QWKHRWKHUKDQG)LUEDVDGPLWVWKDWWKHUHH[LVWJHQXLQHFDVHVRISRWHQWLDO
LW\%HORZDUHWKUHHRIKLVH[DPSOHVDVDQLOOXVWUDWLRQLQWKHVHQWHQFHVLWLVQRW
FOHDUZKLFKRIWKHFRPPXQLFDWLYHXQLWVLVJLYHQSURPLQHQFHDQGLVWKXVUKHPDWLF
)LUEDVII
7KHWLGHZDVLQ
7KHWHDPVDUHFRPLQJRXW
7KHLQHYLWDEOHWKLQJKDSSHQHG
:KHQH[SORULQJWKHDERYHH[DPSOHV)LUEDVODEHOVWKHVHQWHQFHVDVµERUGHU
OLQH FDVHV¶ DV XQFHUWDLQW\ DULVHV DV WR WKH VWDWXV RI WKH VXEMHFWV 7KH VXEMHFWV
PD\EHUHJDUGHGHLWKHUDVFRQWH[WGHSHQGHQWDQGVRWKHPDWLFRUDVFRQWH[WLQ
GHSHQGHQWFDUULHUVRIWKHKLJKSRLQWRIWKHPHVVDJHDQGVRUKHPDWLF:LWKRXW
WKHKHOSRILQWRQDWLRQUHIOHFWHGHJLQSKRQHPLFDQQRWDWLRQWKDWZRXOGUHPRYH
WKHSRWHQWLDOLW\LWLVQRWHDV\WRGLVWULEXWHWKHGHJUHHVRI&'RYHUWKHLQGLYLGXDO
XQLWV,QVWHDGWKHUROHRIWKHLPPHGLDWHO\UHOHYDQWFRQWH[W)LUEDV±
PXVWEHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQDQGDOVRWKHSRWHQWLDOSRVVLELOLW\WRYLHZWKH
YHUEVDVH[SUHVVLQJWKHH[LVWHQFHRUDSSHDUDQFHRQWKHVFHQHZLWK³H[SOLFLWQHVVRU
VXIILFLHQWLPSOLFLWQHVV´)LUEDVZKLFKPD\OHDGWRDFRUUHFWVROXWLRQ
+HUHLV)LUEDV¶RZQFRQFOXVLRQRIWKHSUREOHP³,IWKHVHREVHUYDWLRQVDUHFRUUHFW
WKH XQFHUWDLQW\ DV WR WKH DGHTXDWH DVVHVVPHQW LV GXH WR WKH UHIHUHQWV RFFXUULQJ
LQWKHERUGHUOLQHDUHDEHWZHHQWKHLPPHGLDWHO\UHOHYDQWSRUWLRQDQGWKHUHVWRI
WKHVLWXDWLRQDOFRQWH[W«7KLVOHDGVWRSRWHQWLDOLW\ZKLFKLQVSRNHQODQJXDJHLV
UHPRYHGE\WKHSODFHPHQWRIWKHLQWRQDWLRQFHQWUHHLWKHURQWKHVXEMHFWRURQWKH
YHUE´)LUEDV±
)LUEDVFRQWUDVWVWKHDERYHFDVHVRISRWHQWLDOLW\ZLWKVHYHUDOH[DPSOHVRIVHQ
WHQFHVLQZKLFKWKH)63DQDO\VLVLVFOHDUHYHQWKRXJKLWPD\QRWVHHPWREHDW
ILUVWVLJKW
,QHYHU\FRXQWU\GRJVELWH
([WUHPHVPHHW
2OGYHVVHOVPXVWOHDN
7KHXQDPELJXRXVFKDUDFWHURIWKHVHVHQWHQFHVLV³GXHWRWKHSURYHUELDOFKDU
DFWHURIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQFRQYH\HG´)LUEDVDTXDOLW\LVDVFULEHGWR
D SKHQRPHQRQ 7KH LQWHUSUHWDWLYHDUUDQJHPHQWQDWXUDOO\SODFHV WKH FRQWH[WLQ
GHSHQGHQW FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ DIWHU WKH SKHQRPHQRQ WR EH FKDUDFWHUL]HG´ )LUEDV
2EYLRXVO\WKHVXEMHFWVDUHWKHPDWLFZKHUHDVWKHTXDOLWLHVDVFULEHG
,17(535(7$7,9(327(17,$/,7<$6$1$785$/3+(120(121«
DUHKLJKOLJKWHGDQGWKXVUKHPDWLF)LUEDVFRQFOXGHVWKDWVXFKDSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKH
VHQWHQFHVLVDFWXDOO\LQKDUPRQ\ZLWKWKHFRPPRQUROHRISURYHUEV±WRUHFDOODQ
H[SHULHQFH³ZHOONQRZQDQGJHQHUDOO\DFFHSWHGDVYDOLG´)LUEDV
7RFORVHWKHVHFWLRQGHYRWHGWRKLVFRQFHSWRISRWHQWLDOLW\H[LVWLQJLQWKHDUHD
RI)63DQRWKHU)LUEDV¶TXRWHZLOOEHXVHG7RH[HPSOLI\WKHFODLPWKDWWKHSKH
QRPHQRQRISRWHQWLDOLW\LVDFWXDOO\H[WUHPHO\UDUH)LUEDVW\SLFDOO\UHPDUNHGRQ
DFFRXQWRIWKHEDVLF)63IDFWRUVWKDW³IXUWKHUUHVHDUFKLQWRWKHVHIDFWRUVPD\UH
YHDOWKDWZKDWKDVVRIDUEHHQFRQVLGHUHGDFDVHRISRWHQWLDOLW\PD\EHDFFRXQWHG
IRUE\WKHLUXQHTXLYRFDOLQWHUSOD\´)LUEDV
4. One more example of genuine potentiality in FSP: Matthew 5:1–12
7RLOOXVWUDWHWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIHTXLYRFDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLQWKHWKHRU\RI)63
DQRWKHUSUDFWLFDOLQVWDQFHRIJHQXLQHSRWHQWLDOLW\ZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG
,Q $GDP WKH UHVXOWV RI UHVHDUFK LQWR SRWHQWLDO LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI WKH
/RUG¶V3UD\HU0DWWKHZ±ZHUHSUHVHQWHGWKHFRPSOHWHGDWDREWDLQHGGXU
LQJWKHUHVHDUFKDUHDYDLODEOHLQ$GDP±)RUWKHSXUSRVHRIWKH
SUHVHQWGLVFXVVLRQDQH[WUDFWWDNHQIURPWKH1HZ7HVWDPHQWZLOOEHXVHGDJDLQ
QDPHO\WKHIXOOWH[WRIWKH%HDWLWXGHV0DWWKHZ±,WZLOOEHFUXFLDOWRVWDWH
FOHDUO\WKDWP\UHVHDUFKDFWXDOO\GUDZVRQWKHILQGLQJVZLWKLQWKHDUHDRI)63
HODERUDWHGE\-DQ)LUEDVDQGVRP\XQGHUVWDQGLQJRISRWHQWLDOLW\LVLGHQWLFDOWR
KLV)LUVWDQDQDO\VLVRIWKHWH[WEDVHGRQ)63LQWHUSUHWDWLRQZLOOEHSUHVHQWHGDQG
WKHQFRPPHQWHGRQLWLQJUHDWHUGHWDLO
7KLVVKRUWSDVVDJHUHSUHVHQWVDQHVVHQWLDOSDUWRIWKHVRFDOOHG³6HUPRQRQWKH
0RXQWDLQ´ZKHUH-HVXV&KULVWSUHDFKHVRQWKHYHU\EDVLFSULQFLSOHVWKDWVKRXOG
EHDSSOLHGLQRQH¶VOLIH7KH%HDWLWXGHVUHSUHVHQWWKHRSHQLQJSDUWRIWKH6HUPRQ
DQGLQWURGXFHWKHZKROHVHFWLRQRIWKH*RVSHODFFRUGLQJWR6W0DWWKHZ7KHWUD
GLWLRQDOKHDGLQJRIWKHSDVVDJH±WKH%HDWLWXGHV±FRPHVIURP/DWLQURRWbeatus
EOHVVHGEOLVVIXOVDLQWHGDQGDQWLFLSDWHVWKHFRUHRIWKHWH[W&KULVWRSHQVKLV
VHUPRQE\VD\LQJZKRLVEOHVVHGLQWKHNLQJGRPRIKHDYHQDQGZK\WKLVVHHP
LQJO\VLPSOHVWDWHPHQWDVZLOOEHFRPHFOHDUODWHULVDOLWWOHDPELJXRXV
)LUVWRIDOOWKHWH[WLQIXOOZLOOEHVKRZQDQGWKHQDQ)63DQDO\VLVRIWKHSDV
VDJHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHWDEOH7KHWH[WRIWKH%HDWLWXGHVFRQWDLQVVHYHUDOFDVHVRI
SRWHQWLDOLW\DQGVRWKHDQDO\VLVZLOOEHGRQHLQWZRYHUVLRQV9HUVLRQ%ZLOOEH
SUHVHQWHGRQO\DIWHU9HUVLRQ$KDVEHHQGLVFXVVHG
51RZZKHQKHVDZWKHFURZGVKHZHQWXSRQDPRXQWDLQVLGH
DQGVDWGRZQ+LVGLVFLSOHVFDPHWRKLP2DQGKHEHJDQWRWHDFK
WKHPVD\LQJ 3³%OHVVHGDUHWKHSRRULQVSLULWIRUWKHLUVLVWKH
NLQJGRPRIKHDYHQ 4%OHVVHGDUHWKRVHZKRPRXUQIRUWKH\ZLOO
EH FRPIRUWHG 5%OHVVHG DUH WKH PHHN IRU WKH\ ZLOO LQKHULW WKH
HDUWK6%OHVVHGDUHWKRVHZKRKXQJHUDQGWKLUVWIRUULJKWHRXVQHVV
IRUWKH\ZLOOEHILOOHG 7%OHVVHGDUHWKHPHUFLIXOIRUWKH\ZLOOEH
0$57,1$'$0
Table 1)63DQDO\VLVRI0W±9HUVLRQ$
9HUVH &ODXVH 7U3U 7K3U
'7K
FRQM 6HW% 6HW%
KH
1RZ
:KHQKHVDZ
WKHFURZGV
DQG ^
WRKLP
DQG KH
7U3U7U
43U
ZHQWXS
FDPH
EHJDQ
5
EOHVVHGDUH
6
EOHVVHGDUH
5
EOHVVHGDUH
6
EOHVVHGDUH
EOHVVHGDUH
EOHVVHGDUH
EOHVVHGDUH
EOHVVHGDUH
D
SHRSOH
DJDLQVW\RX
D
E
WKH\
5K5K3U
6S)6S
RQD
PRXQWDLQVLGH
5K3U
3K
EOHVVHGDUH
LQVXOW
SHUVHFXWH
DQGVD\
5HMRLFHDQG
EHJODG
LV
\RXUUHZDUG
LQKHDYHQ
WKHSURSKHWV SHUVHFXWHG
ZKRZHUH
EHIRUH
\RX
+LVGLVFLSOHV
WRWHDFKWKHP
VD\LQJ³´
IRUWKHLUVLV
WKHNLQJGRPRI
heaven3
IRUWKH\ZLOOEH
FRPIRUWHG
WKH\ZLOOLQKHULW
the earth3
IRUWKH\ZLOOEH
ILOOHG
IRUWKH\ZLOOEH
VKRZQPHUF\
IRUWKH\ZLOOVHH
*RG
IRUWKH\ZLOOEH
FDOOHGWKHVRQV
RI*RG
IRUWKHLUVLV
WKHNLQJGRPRI
heaven3
ZKHQ
IDOVHO\DOONLQGV
RIHYLO
EHFDXVHRIPH
EHFDXVH
IRU
JUHDW
6FDOH
4
VDWGRZQ
\RX
5K3U
4
4
3U
4
WKHSRRULQ
VSLULW
3U([
WKRVHZKR
PRXUQ
WKHPHHN
3U([
3U([
WKRVHZKR
3U([
KXQJHUDQG
WKLUVWIRU
ULJKWHRXVQHVV
WKHPHUFLIXO 3U([
WKHSXUHLQ
KHDUW
WKH
SHDFHPDNHUV
3U([
3U([
WKRVHZKRDUH 3U([
SHUVHFXWHG«
LQWKHVDPH
ZD\
VKRZQ PHUF\ 8%OHVVHG DUH WKH SXUH LQ KHDUW IRU WKH\ ZLOO VHH
*RG 9%OHVVHGDUHWKHSHDFHPDNHUVIRUWKH\ZLOOEHFDOOHGWKH
VRQVRI*RG %OHVVHGDUHWKRVHZKRDUHSHUVHFXWHGEHFDXVHRI
ULJKWHRXVQHVVIRUWKHLUVLVWKHNLQJGRPRIKHDYHQ%OHVVHGDUH
\RX ZKHQ SHRSOH LQVXOW \RX SHUVHFXWH \RX DQG IDOVHO\ VD\ DOO
4
4
4
4
4
,17(535(7$7,9(327(17,$/,7<$6$1$785$/3+(120(121«
NLQGVRIHYLODJDLQVW\RXEHFDXVHRIPH 5HMRLFHDQGEHJODG
EHFDXVHJUHDWLV\RXUUHZDUGLQKHDYHQIRULQWKHVDPHZD\WKH\
SHUVHFXWHGWKHSURSKHWVZKRZHUHEHIRUH\RX
.RKOHQEHUJHU
7KHSULQFLSDOTXHVWLRQRISRWHQWLDOLW\LQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQFDQEHEHVWH[DPLQHG
LQFODXVHVWR,Q9HUVLRQ$WKHSDVVDJHZDVLQWHUSUHWHGLQWKHIROORZLQJ
ZD\LQWKHEDVLFGLVWULEXWLRQDOILHOG%OHVVHGDUHWKHSRRULQVSLULWIRUWKHLUVLV
WKHNLQJGRPRIKHDYHQWKHZKROHFODXVHLVSHUVSHFWLYHGWRZDUGVWKHVXEMHFW
the poor in spirit DQG WKXV WKH XQLW LV UKHPDWLF SHUIRUPLQJ WKH G\QDPLFVH
PDQWLFIXQFWLRQRID3KHQRPHQRQ7KHIDFWWKDWWKHVHSHRSOHthe poor in spirit
DUHEOHVVHGLVFRQWH[WLQGHSHQGHQW\HWOHVVG\QDPLFWKDQWKH3KHOHPHQW-HVXV
DFWXDOO\LQWURGXFHVWKH3KHQRPHQDHQWHULQJWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQIRUWKHILUVWWLPH
7KHYHU\IDFWWKDWVXFKSHRSOHDUHEOHVVHGFDQEHYLHZHGDVVRPHWKLQJLPSOLHGRU
HYHQWDNHQIRUJUDQWHG
$OVRIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKHZLGHUFRQWH[WRIWKH%LEOHWKHDFWRIEOHVVLQJ
LWVHOILVQRWHQWLUHO\XQNQRZQ,Q0W±-HVXVLVSDUDSKUDVLQJDQ2OG7HVWD
PHQW SDVVDJH IURP 3VDOP .RKOHQEHUJHU LW UHDGV %OHVVHG are
WKH\ZKRVHZD\VDUHEODPHOHVVWKRVHZKROLYHDFFRUGLQJWRWKH/DZRIWKH/RUG
%OHVVHGDUHWKRVHZKRVWLFNWR+LVWHVWLPRQLHVWKRVHZKRDVNDERXWKLVZLOOZLWK
ZKROHWKHLUKHDUWV,QWKHFRQWH[WRIWKLVTXRWH&KULVWDSSDUHQWO\VSHFLILHVZKR
LVEOHVVHGDQGZK\LQWKH1HZ7HVWDPHQWWLPHV,QWKLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQWKHYHUEDO
H[SUHVVLRQDUHEOHVVHGFRQVWLWXWHVWKHWUDQVLWLRQ7URQO\DQGPD\EHFRQVLG
HUHGWREHPHUHO\DYHUEVXJJHVWLQJ³H[LVWHQFHRUDSSHDUDQFHRQWKHVFHQHZLWK
VXIILFLHQWLPSOLFLWQHVV´)LUEDV±
:LWKLQ WKH VDPH GLVWULEXWLRQDO ILHOG DQRWKHU SRWHQWLDO SUREOHP DULVHV LQ
WKHFRPPXQLFDWLYHXQLWRIIRUWKHLUVLVWKHNLQJGRPRIKHDYHQ7KHTXHVWLRQLV
ZKHWKHUWKLVXQLWSUHVHQWVMXVWDQDGGLWLRQDOSLHFHRILQIRUPDWLRQRUDQLPSRUWDQW
UHDVRQIRUWKHSRRULQVSLULWWREHEOHVVHG$QDORJRXVO\WKHVDPHDSSURDFKFDQ
EHDSSOLHGLQWKHDQDO\VLVRIDOOWKHIROORZLQJGLVWULEXWLRQDOILHOGVLHFODXVHV
WR7KHSHRSOH-HVXVLVWDONLQJDERXWDUHLQWURGXFHGRQWKHVFHQHE\PHDQV
RI VD\LQJ WKDW WKH\ DUH EOHVVHG $ UHDVRQ IRU WKDW RU SDUDGR[LFDOO\ D IXWXUH
FRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\DUHEOHVVHGDOZD\VIROORZV±HJIRUWKHLUVLV
WKHNLQJGRPRIKHDYHQ$WILUVWVLJKWLWVHHPVWKDWWKHFODXVHVLPSOHPHQWWKH
FODVVLFDOW\SHRI3UHVHQWDWLRQ6FDOHWKHUKHPDWLFVSKHUHKRZHYHULVRFFXSLHG
±DSDUWIURPWKH3KHOHPHQWV±E\DVHWRIDGGLWLRQDO6SHFLILFDWLRQV$SSDUHQWO\
LW LV D VSHFLILF NLQG RI 3UHVHQWDWLRQ 6FDOH WKH FRUH RI ZKLFK OLHV LQ D GRXEOH
UKHPH,WVH[LVWHQFHDQGVWUXFWXUHZHUHILUVWGHVFULEHGLQ$GDPZLWKLQDQ
)63DQDO\VLVRIELEOLFDOGLVFRXUVHLQWKHVWXG\VXFKVHQWHQFHVDUHLQDFFRUGZLWK
&KDPRQLNRODVRYi¶V ODWHU FRQFHSWLRQ GHQRWHG DV SUHVHQWDWLRQ VHQWHQFHV
FRQWDLQLQJDGRXEOHUKHPHDQGHODERUDWHGV\VWHPDWLFDOO\LQ&KDPRQLNRODVRYi
DQG$GDP6RPHRIWKHDERYHGLVWULEXWLRQDOILHOGVGLVSOD\DFRQVLGHUDEOH
GHJUHHRISRWHQWLDOLW\ZKLFKFUHDWHVGLIILFXOWLHVLQWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIG\QDPLF
0$57,1$'$0
VHPDQWLFIXQFWLRQV7KHVWUXFWXUHRIVHQWHQFHVLPSOHPHQWLQJWKLVW\SHRILQWHU
SUHWDWLYHVFDOHDFWXDOO\FRUUHVSRQGVYHU\FORVHO\WRWKH3UHVHQWDWLRQ6FDOHGLI
IHULQJRQO\LQWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKH6SHFLILFDWLRQZKLFKLVQRWDSDUWRIWKHSXUH
3UHVHQWDWLRQ6FDOHDVGHILQHGE\)LUEDV
,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKH6SHOHPHQWVHJIRUWKHLUVLVWKHNLQJGRPRIKHDYen±SUHVHQWHGLQLWDOLFVLQWKHWDEOH±FRQYH\HYHQPRUHG\QDPLFLQIRUPDWLRQ
WKDQWKH3KHOHPHQWVHJthe poor in spiritGR)RUWKDWUHDVRQWKH\UHSUHVHQW
WKH5K3UZKHUHDVWKH3KHOHPHQWVUHSUHVHQWWKH5K6LQFHQR4XDOLW\LVEHLQJ
DVFULEHGWRWKHVXEMHFWVWKHVHQWHQFHVKDYHWREHLQWHUSUHWHGDVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQV
RIWKH3UHVHQWDWLRQ6FDOHLQZKLFKWKHFRQWH[WLQGHSHQGHQWVXEMHFWVSHUIRUPWKH
3KIXQFWLRQ6LQFHWKHVHQWHQFHVDOVRFRQWDLQDGYHUELDOFODXVHVRIUHDVRQZKLFK
DUH PRVW RIWHQ UKHPDWLF ZKHQ RFFXUULQJ LQ ILQDO SRVLWLRQV WKH VHQWHQFHV KDYH
WREHFRQVLGHUHGDVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQVRIWKH([WHQGHG3UHVHQWDWLRQ6FDOH3U([
&KDPRQLNRODVRYiDQG$GDP,QWKHWDEOHRIDQDO\VLVWKHFROXPQFRQWDLQ
LQJ6SHFLILFDWLRQVVKRXOGLGHDOO\EHWKHUHIRUHSODFHGRQO\DIWHUWKHFROXPQRI3K
HOHPHQWV7KH)63SLFWXUHRIWKHFODXVHVLPSOHPHQWLQJDQ([WHQGHG3UHVHQWDWLRQ
6FDOHLVWKHIROORZLQJ
6HW
±
3U
±
3K
±
Sp
,QWKHGLVWULEXWLRQDOILHOGVWRRQHFDQILQGDVHWRIHLJKWVXFKDQDORJL
FDOVWDWHPHQWVRIWKLVGRXEOH5KSDWWHUQ±HJIRUWKH\ZLOOEHFRPIRUWHGRU
IRUWKH\ZLOOLQKHULWWKHHDUWK7KHVHFODXVHVDUHWKHUHIRUHLQWHUSUHWHGLQWKH
VDPHZD\DVFODXVH
7RIXUWKHUVXSSRUWWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIIHUHGE\9HUVLRQ$OHWPHSUHVHQWWKH
RULJLQDOWH[WRIWKH%HDWLWXGHV7KH*UHHNRULJLQDORIIHUVDFOXHWRWKHLQWHUSUHWD
WLRQ±WKHOLQHDUDUUDQJHPHQWRIWKH*UHHNFODXVHUHIOHFWVWKHDQDO\VLVSUHVHQWHG
E\9HUVLRQ$2OG*UHHNKDGDPRUHRUOHVVIUHHZRUGRUGHUDQGVRDQHOHPHQW
IRXQGWRZDUGVWKHHQGRIDVHQWHQFHLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DKLJKHUGHJUHHRI&'
$Q(QJOLVKOLWHUDOWUDQVODWLRQRIYHUVHV±ZLOOEHDOVRDGGXFHGLQGLYLGXDOXQLWV
LQ(QJOLVKDUHWUDQVODWHGZRUGIRUZRUGEHORZWKH*UHHNH[SUHVVLRQV
ȂĮțȐȡȚȠȚ
%OHVVHGDUH
ȠȓʌIJȦȤȠȓ IJȫʌȞİȪȝĮIJȚÚ
WKHSRRU LQVSLULW
ǵIJȚĮȪIJȫȞ
%HFDXVHRIWKHP
ȑıIJȚȞ
LV
Ȓ
WKH
ȂĮțȐȡȚȠȚ
%OHVVHGDUH
Ƞȓ
WKH
ʌİȞșȠȪȞIJİȢÚ
RQHVPRXUQLQJ
ǵIJȚ
EHFDXVH
ĮȪIJȠȓ
WKH\
ʌĮȡĮțȜȘșȒıȠȘIJĮȚ
VKDOOEHFRPIRUWHG
ȕĮıȚȜȑȚĮ
NLQJGRP
IJȦȞȠȪȡĮȞȫȞ
RIKHDYHQ
*UHHQ
,17(535(7$7,9(327(17,$/,7<$6$1$785$/3+(120(121«
7RFRQFOXGH9HUVLRQ$LWLVLPSRUWDQWWRSRLQWRXWWKDWDOORIWKHDERYHPHQ
WLRQHGDUJXPHQWVKDYHWKHLUZHDNSRLQWVDOPRVWHDFKVWHSRILQWHUSUHWDWLRQPD\
HDVLO\EHDWWDFNHGDQGGLVSURYHG$VHYLGHQFHRISRWHQWLDOKHWHURJHQHLW\RIWKH
WH[WOHWPHSUHVHQWDQRWKHUYDULDQWRILQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHVDPHWH[W±9HUVLRQ%
±LQWKHIROORZLQJWDEOH
Table 2)63DQDO\VLVRI0W±9HUVLRQ%
9HUVH &ODXVH 7U3U 7K3U
'7K
FRQM 6HW% 6HW%
KH
1RZ
:KHQKHVDZ
WKHFURZGV
DQG ^
5
WKHSRRULQ
VSLULW
EOHVVHGDUH
6
EOHVVHGDUH
5
WKRVHZKR
PRXUQ
WKHPHHN
6
D
WKH\
EOHVVHGDUH
EOHVVHGDUH
EOHVVHGDUH
WKHSXUHLQ
KHDUW
WKH
SHDFHPDNHUV
EOHVVHGDUH
WKRVHZKRDUH
SHUVHFXWHG
EHFDXVHRI
ULJKWHRXVQHVV
EOHVVHGDUH
EOHVVHGDUH
EOHVVHGDUH
LQVXOW
SHUVHFXWH
DQGVD\
5HMRLFHDQG
EHJODG
\RXUUHZDUGLQ LV
KHDYHQ
SURSKHWVZKR SHUVHFXWHG
ZHUHEHIRUH
\RX
SHRSOH
DJDLQVW\RX
D
E
EHJDQ
WKRVHZKR
KXQJHUDQG
WKLUVWIRU
ULJKWHRXVQHVV
WKHPHUFLIXO
5K5K3U
6S)6S
RQD
PRXQWDLQVLGH
5K3U
3K
6FDOH
4
4
FDPH
\RX
5K3U
4
VDWGRZQ
DQG
WR
KLP
KH
7U3U7U
43U
ZHQWXS
+LV
GLVFLSOHV
WRWHDFKWKHP
VD\LQJij
IRUWKHLUVLVWKH
NLQJGRPRI
KHDYHQ
IRUWKH\ZLOOEH
FRPIRUWHG
IRUWKH\ZLOO
LQKHULWWKHHDUWK
IRUWKH\ZLOOEH
ILOOHG
3U
4
4
4
4
4
IRUWKH\ZLOOEH
VKRZQPHUF\
IRUWKH\ZLOOVHH
*RG
IRUWKH\ZLOOEH
FDOOHGWKHVRQVRI
*RG
IRUWKHLUVLVWKH
NLQJGRPRI
KHDYHQ
4
ZKHQ
IDOVHO\DOONLQGV
RIHYLO
EHFDXVHRIPH
EHFDXVH
IRU
JUHDW
4
4
LQWKHVDPHZD\
4
4
4
4
4
4
0$57,1$'$0
%DVHGRQWKHDQDO\VLVSUHVHQWHGE\9HUVLRQ%LWKDVEHFRPHFOHDUWKDWWKHLQ
WHUSUHWDWLRQRIIHUHGE\9HUVLRQ%LVDSXUHRSSRVLWLRQWRWKDWRIIHUHGE\9HUVLRQ
$%RWKLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVDUHEDVHGRQWKHSULQFLSOHVRI)637KLVGRHVQRWPHDQ
WKDWWKHUHDUHVKRUWFRPLQJVLQWKHWKHRU\RI)63LWUDWKHUVHHPVWKDWWKHSRWHQWL
DOLW\LQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQKDVWRGRZLWKWKHFKDUDFWHURIWKHWH[WVWKHPVHOYHVDQGVR
WKH)63DSSURDFKLVRQO\DSSOLFDEOHKHUHWRDOLPLWHGGHJUHH6RIDUWKHUHKDYH
QRWEHHQHQRXJKH[DPSOHVWRSURYHWKLVFRQFOXVLRQRUWRUHYHDOWKHUHDOURRWVRI
WKHSUREOHP
,Q9HUVLRQ%WKHUHDVRQIRUWKHSHRSOHWREHEOHVVHGH[SUHVVHGE\DGYHUELDO
FODXVHVVXFKDVIRUWKHLUVLVWKHNLQJGRPRIKHDYHQLVVHHQDVWKHKLJKSRLQW
RIWKHPHVVDJHDPRQJRWKHUVWKHUHDUHWKHIROORZLQJHOHPHQWVIRUWKH\ZLOOEH
FRPIRUWHGIRUWKH\ZLOOLQKHULWWKHHDUWKDQGIRUWKH\ZLOOEHILOOHG
7KHVHDGYHUELDOFODXVHVRIUHDVRQDUHLQWKLVYHUVLRQFRQVLGHUHGWREHUKHPDWLF
,Q RWKHU ZRUGV 9HUVLRQ % LV LQ KDUPRQ\ ZLWK 9HUVLRQ $ LQ WKLV UHVSHFW 7KH
DGYHUELDOFODXVHVWKHQSHUIRUPWKHG\QDPLFVHPDQWLFIXQFWLRQV'6)VRI6SHFL
ILFDWLRQV
7KHYHUEDOHOHPHQWVDJDLQLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK9HUVLRQ$FRQVWLWXWHWKHWUDQ
VLWLRQDOOD\HUDQGDUHDVFULEHGWKH'6)RID4XDOLW\7KHUHVWRIWKHEDVLFGLVWUL
EXWLRQDO ILHOGV FODXVHV DE DUH DQDO\]HG DQDORJRXVO\ WR 9HUVLRQ $ 7KH
VXEMHFWVHJthe poor in spiritKRZHYHUGLVSOD\GLIIHUHQW'6)V$OORIWKHP
DUH %HDUHUV RI 4XDOLW\ 7KH VXEMHFW HOHPHQWV DUH WKHPDWLF DQG WKH FODXVHV DUH
SHUVSHFWLYHGDZD\IURPWKHP
7RWKURZVRPHPRUHOLJKWRQWKHLVVXHRISRWHQWLDOLW\LQ0DWWKHZ±UH
VHDUFKPRQLWRULQJWKH³IRONLQWRQDWLRQ´RI0DWWKHZ±ZDVFDUULHGRXW7KH
UHVHDUFKZDVGRQHDPRQJVXEMHFWVHDFKRIZKLFKZDVJLYHQD&]HFKWUDQVOD
WLRQRIWKHWH[WFRQWDLQLQJWKH%HDWLWXGHVGLYLGHGLQWRLQGLYLGXDOGLVWULEXWLRQDO
ILHOGV DOZD\V DUUDQJHG DV D VHFWLRQ RI WH[W RQ RQH OLQH ,Q HDFK VHFWLRQ WKH
UHVSRQGHQWVZHUHWRPDUNWKHZRUGRUDZRUGJURXSDFWXDOO\DFRPPXQLFDWLYH
XQLWWKH\ZRXOGHPSKDVL]HPRVWZKHQXWWHULQJRUUHDGLQJWKHWH[W7KHHOHPHQWV
PDUNHGPRVWWLPHVE\WKHUHVSRQGHQWVDUHXQGHUOLQHGWKHQRWLRQVPDUNHGOHVV
IUHTXHQWO\EXWPRUHWKDQRQFHDUHLWDOLFL]HG7KHH[DFWVWDWLVWLFDOGDWDUHVXOWLQJ
IURPWKHUHVHDUFKDUHSUHVHQWHGDOVRLQWKHWDEOHEHORZWKHWH[WLWVHOI
%OHVVHGDUHWKHSRRULQVSLULWIRUWKHLUVLVWKHNLQJGRPRIKHDYHQ
%OHVVHGDUHWKRVHZKRPRXUQIRUWKH\ZLOOEHFRPIRUWHG
%OHVVHGDUHWKHPHHNIRUWKH\ZLOOLQKHULWWKHHDUWK
%OHVVHG DUH WKRVH ZKR KXQJHU DQG WKLUVW IRU ULJKWHRXVQHVV IRU WKH\ ZLOO EH
ILOOHG
%OHVVHGDUHWKHPHUFLIXOIRUWKH\ZLOOEHVKRZQPHUF\
%OHVVHGDUHWKHSXUHLQKHDUWIRUWKH\ZLOOVHH*RG
%OHVVHGDUHWKHSHDFHPDNHUVIRUWKH\ZLOOEHFDOOHGWKHVRQVRI*RG
%OHVVHGDUHWKRVHZKRDUHSHUVHFXWHGEHFDXVHRIULJKWHRXVQHVVIRUWKHLUVLVWKH
NLQJGRPRIKHDYHQ
.RKOHQEHUJHU
,17(535(7$7,9(327(17,$/,7<$6$1$785$/3+(120(121«
Table 3³)RON´LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI0W±
5HVSRQVHV
7KRVHUHIOHFWLQJ9HUVLRQ$
7KRVHUHIOHFWLQJ9HUVLRQ%
7RWDO
1XPEHURIUHVSRQGHQWV
6
7KHUHVXOWVSUHVHQWHGLQWKHWDEOHVXJJHVWWKDWWKHUHVSRQGHQWVSHUFHLYHWKH3K
HOHPHQWVDVFUXFLDOWRWKHPHVVDJHRIWKHWH[W(LJKWHHQRXWRISHUFHQW
IHHO WKH VHQWHQFHV DUH SHUVSHFWLYHG WRZDUGV WKH JUDPPDWLFDO VXEMHFWV HJ WKH
SRRULQVSLULWZKHUHDVWKHFRPPXQLFDWLYHXQLWVVXFKDVIRUWKHLUVLVWKHNLQJGRP
RIKHDYHQDUHUHJDUGHGDVDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQ,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHLQWHUSUHWD
WLRQSURYLGHGE\PRVWUHVSRQGHQWVLVLQKDUPRQ\ZLWK9HUVLRQ$
7RVXPXSLWZRXOGEHEHQHILFLDOWRUHFDOOWKDWERWKRIWKHWZRLQWHUSUHWDWLRQV
KDYH EHHQ FDUULHG RXW DFFRUGLQJ WR )63 SULQFLSOHV 7KH UHVXOWV REWDLQHG KRZ
HYHUYDU\WRDODUJHH[WHQWVRPHWLPHVWKHHOHPHQWVDUHHYHQDVFULEHGRSSRVLWH
G\QDPLFVHPDQWLFIXQFWLRQV,ILQGLWQHFHVVDU\WRQRWHWKDWLWLVQRW)63WKHRU\DV
VXFKWKDWIDLOVKHUHUDWKHUDVKDVEHHQPHQWLRQHGHDUOLHUWKHURRWRIWKHSUREOHP
SUREDEO\OLHVLQWKHFKDUDFWHURIWKHWH[WXQGHUH[DPLQDWLRQ
5. Conclusions
5.1 Version A vs. Version B
%\PHDQVRIDFRQFOXVLRQDIHZTXHVWLRQVPD\EHDVNHG:KLFKRIWKHWZRSRV
VLEOH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV $ RU % LV WKH DSSURSULDWH RQH" :KLFK RI WKH WZR WDEOHV
UHIOHFWVWKHUHDOGLVWULEXWLRQRI&'RYHUWKHXQLWV"'RHVWKHSUHVHQWGLVFXVVLRQ
PHDQ WKDW QHLWKHU RI WKH WZR LQWHUSUHWDWLYH DQDO\VHV IROORZV WKH IXQFWLRQDO DS
SURDFK"2URQWKHFRQWUDU\WKDWERWKWKHVXJJHVWHGYHUVLRQVDUHDSSURSULDWH",
DPSHUVRQDOO\FRQYLQFHGWKDWWKHTXHVWLRQRIZKLFKRIWKHWDEOHVSUHVHQWVEHVWWKH
UHDOLW\LVQRWSRVVLEOHWRVROYHLQDQXQHTXLYRFDOZD\
3HUVRQDOO\,IHHOLQFOLQHGWRDFFHSW9HUVLRQ$DVLWGRHVVKRZLQP\RSLQLRQ
WKHWUXHSLFWXUHRIWKHG\QDPLFVWUXFWXUHRIWKHPHVVDJHDQGWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRI
WKHGHJUHHVRI&'HPSKDVL]LQJWKHFUXFLDOQRWLRQV$WWKHVDPHWLPH,DPDZDUH
RIDSSDUHQWGUDZEDFNVLQWKLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHVWDQGDUG)63PHWK
RGV7KDWLVZK\,FRQVLGHUWKH)63LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI0W±SRWHQWLDOLQWKH
WUXHVHQVHRIWKHZRUG
,ILQGLWQHFHVVDU\WRQRWHWKDWLWLVQRW)63WKHRU\DVVXFKWKDWIDLOVKHUHWKH
URRWRIWKHSUREOHPSUREDEO\OLHVLQWKHFKDUDFWHURIWKHWH[WXQGHUH[DPLQDWLRQ
LWV H[WUHPHO\ IL[HG FKDUDFWHU WKH UROH RI WUDGLWLRQ DQG WKH KLJK GHJUHH RI ULWX
DOL]DWLRQ*HQHUDOO\VSHDNLQJSRWHQWLDOLW\LQ)63LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVHHPVWRDSSHDU
PRUHIUHTXHQWO\LQUHOLJLRXVWH[WVWKDQLQRWKHUW\SHVRIWH[WVVXFKDVQDUUDWLYHV
RUGLDORJXHV5HVHDUFKKDVVKRZQWKHIROORZLQJWKHPRUHDWH[WLVIRUPDOO\DQG
0$57,1$'$0
FXOWXUDOO\IL[HGULWXDOL]HGLQLWVXVHWKHOHVVLWLVDQDO\]DEOHE\PHDQVRI)63
PHWKRGVDQGWKHPRUHFDVHVRISRWHQWLDOLW\LWWHQGVWRKDYHVHH$GDP
,QWKHFRQWH[WRIDGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHDSSOLFDELOLW\RI)63SULQFLSOHVOHWPHUH
FDOOWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIVRFDOOHGIRONLQWRQDWLRQWKLVFRQFHSWKDVEHHQGHVFULEHG
LQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHZD\SHRSOHUHDGXWWHUULWXDOL]HGUHOLJLRXVSRHWLFWH[WV,W
KDVEHHQVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKHFUXFLDOFULWHULRQIRULQWRQDWLRQLVQRWWKHFRQWHQWRI
WKHSDVVDJHRUWKHPHVVDJHFRQYH\HGEXWWKHGHHSVHDWHGWUDGLWLRQRIXWWHULQJ
WKHWH[WVDQGSURVRGLFIHDWXUHVVXFKDVUK\WKP%RWKEHOLHYHUVDQGQRQEHOLHYHUV
VHHPWRVWUHVVWKHHOHPHQWVWKDWDUHVWUHVVHGWUDGLWLRQDOO\WKHUHDOIXQFWLRQDOSLF
WXUHRILQGLYLGXDOFODXVHVLVQRWWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQDWDOO:HPD\WKXVVSHDN
DERXWDULWXDOL]HGIL[HGZD\RIUHFLWLQJWKHSRHWLFWH[WV6XFKDWH[WWKXVIXOILOOVD
VDFUHGIXQFWLRQDQGLWVOLQJXLVWLFFRQWHQWLVVHFRQGDU\$UHPDUNDEOHPHFKDQLVP
RIFRPPXQLFDWLRQLVDWZRUNLQSRHWLFUHOLJLRXVWH[WVWKHWH[WVGRQRWSULPDULO\
IXOILOODFRPPXQLFDWLYHIXQFWLRQEXWDULWXDORQHWKHWKHRU\RI)63LVQHYHUWKH
OHVVGHVLJQHGSULPDULO\IRUWKHSXUSRVHRIDQDO\]LQJJHQXLQHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
5.2 Potentiality
,WKDVEHFRPHFOHDUWKDWSRWHQWLDOLW\GRHVKDYHDSODFHLQWKHV\VWHPRIODQJXDJH
LQFOXGLQJ WKH WKHRU\ RI )63 2Q WKH RQH KDQG LW GRHV QRW YLRODWH UXOHV RU VHW
SULQFLSOHVEXWRQWKHRWKHULWUHSUHVHQWVDQDWXUDOWHQGHQF\RIODQJXDJHWRZDUGV
H[FHSWLRQV/DQJXDJHFDQQRWEHPDWKHPDWLFDOO\PHDVXUHGDQGLIVRWRDOLPLWHG
GHJUHHLWLVQRWDIL[HGSKHQRPHQRQ,WLVDOLYLQJRUJDQLVPDVXEMHFWWRFKDQJ
HV ,Q FRQQHFWLRQ WR RVFLOODWLRQ WR FKDUDFWHUL]H WKH EDVLF TXDOLW\ RI ODQJXDJH
0DWKHVLXVFRLQHGWKHWHUP³IOH[LEOHVWDELOLW\´0DWKHVLXV
:KHWKHURQHFDOOVWKHVHH[FHSWLRQVWRWKHUXOH³RVFLOODWLRQ´RU³SRWHQWLDOLW\´
LWMXVWSURYHVWKHDERYHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHV\VWHPRIODQJXDJHWKDWLVE\QR
PHDQV KRPRJHQHRXV 7KLV LV LQFLGHQWDOO\ RQH RI WKH EHQHILWV EURXJKW E\ WKH
IXQFWLRQDODSSURDFKWRODQJXDJHDVDNLQGRIRSSRVLWLRQWRSXUHO\VWUXFWXUDOFRQ
FHSWV$VDGLJUHVVLRQOHWPHDGGWKDWLWZDVWKH3UDJXH6FKRRORI/LQJXLVWLFV
±UHSUHVHQWHGE\ERWK0DWKHVLXVDQG)LUEDV±WKDWVXFFHHGHGLQFRQQHFWLQJERWK
WKHSULQFLSOHV
7RFRQFOXGH,ZLOOUHFDOOWKHZRUGVRI9LOpP0DWKHVLXVZKLFKZLOOVHUYHDV
DGHFHQWHSLORJXHLQWHUPVRIWKHWRSLFXQGHUGLVFXVVLRQ±SRWHQWLDOLW\,QKLVDU
WLFOHWLWOHGµ.UiVDMD]\ND¶>7KH%HDXW\RI/DQJXDJH@LQZKLFKKHZDVRXWOLQLQJ
WKUHHEDVLFTXDOLWLHVWKDWPXVWEHIXOILOOHGIRUODQJXDJHLQWKHIXQFWLRQDOVHQVH
0DWKHVLXVIRUPXODWHVWKHILUVWTXDOLW\DVIROORZV³/DQJXDJHPXVWEHULFKDQG
IRUPDWLYHHQRXJKWRSURYLGHVXIILFLHQWGLVFUHWLRQWRHYHU\LQGLYLGXDO¶VSXUSRVHV´
0DWKHVLXVWUDQVODWHGLQWR(QJOLVKE\0$
,17(535(7$7,9(327(17,$/,7<$6$1$785$/3+(120(121«
Notes
3OHDVHQRWHWKDWWKHsuperscriptsPDUNverseQXPEHUVLQWKHWH[WVRIWKH%LEOH,QWKHWDEOHVLQ
WKHDQDO\VHVWKHQXPEHUVDWWDFKHGWRLQGLYLGXDOFRPPXQLFDWLYHXQLWVPDUNWKHUHDOVHTXHQFH
RIWKHEDVLFFRPPXQLFDWLYHXQLWVLHWKHDFWXDOOLQHDUDUUDQJHPHQWRIWKHFODXVHV
7U3U WUDQVLWLRQ SURSHU FRQM FRQMXQFWLRQ 7K3U WKHPH SURSHU 6HW VHWWLQJ % EHDUHU RI
TXDOLW\ '7K GLDWKHPH 7U WUDQVLWLRQ 4 TXDOLW\ 3U SUHVHQWDWLRQ 5K3U UKHPH SURSHU
5K UKHPH6S VSHFLILFDWLRQ)6S IXUWKHUVSHFLILFDWLRQ3K SKHQRPHQRQ6FDOH4 TXDOLW\
6FDOH3U 3UHVHQWDWLRQ6FDOH
,WPD\EHDUJXHGWKDWDGLVWULEXWLRQDOILHOGFRQWDLQLQJERWK3KDQG6SHOHPHQWVLPSOHPHQWV
WKH&RPELQHG6FDOHVHH)LUEDV7KH&RPELQHG6FDOHZRXOGKRZHYHULQFOXGHDQ
HOOLSWLF3UHVHQWDWLRQHOHPHQWWKDWZRXOGEHGLUHFWO\VSHFLILHGE\D4XDOLW\RU6SHFLILFDWLRQ
HOHPHQW,QWKHFDVHRIDGRXEOHUKHPHZLWKLQWKH3UHVHQWDWLRQ6FDOHLHWKH([WHQGHG3UH
VHQWDWLRQ6FDOHERWKWKHUKHPDWLFQRWLRQV3KDQG6SDUHSUHVHQW
References
$GDP0DUWLQµ3RHWLFUHOLJLRXVWH[WDQG)63¶%UQR6WXGLHVLQ(QJOLVK±
$GDP 0DUWLQ µ:KR LV ZKR IXQFWLRQDO SUHVVXUH RI WKH G\QDPLFVHPDQWLF WUDFNV¶ ,Q
'RQWFKHYD1DYUiWLORYi2OJDDQG5HQDWD3RYROQiHGV'LVFRXUVHDQG,QWHUDFWLRQ3URFHHGLQJVIURP%UQR6HPLQDURQ/LQJXLVWLF6WXGLHVLQ(QJOLVK%UQR0DVDU\NRYDXQLYHU]LWD±
$GDP0DUWLQµ7KH4XHVWLRQRI3RWHQWLDOLW\LQWKH7KHRU\RI)XQFWLRQDO6HQWHQFH3HUVSHF
WLYH¶,Q'UiSHOD0DUWLQDQG-DQ9RPOHODHGV6LOHVLDQ6WXGLHVLQ(QJOLVK3URFHHGLQJV
IURPWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRI(QJOLVKDQG$PHULFDQ6WXGLHV2SDYD6OH]VNiXQLYHU]LWD
±
&KDPRQLNRODVRYi-DQDµ'\QDPLFVHPDQWLFVFDOHVLQWKHWKHRU\RIIXQFWLRQDOVHQWHQFHSHU
VSHFWLYH¶,Q$OHJUDFHSUR(YX3DSHUVLQ+RQRXURI(YD+DMLþRYi±
&KDPRQLNRODVRYi-DQDDQG0DUWLQ$GDPµ7KH3UHVHQWDWLRQ6FDOHLQWKH7KHRU\RI)XQF
WLRQDO 6HQWHQFH 3HUVSHFWLYH¶ ,Q ýHUPiN -DQ HW DO HGV 3DWWHUQV $ )HVWVFKULIW IRU /LEXãH
'XãNRYi3UDKD)LOR]RILFNiIDNXOWD8QLYHU]L\.DUORY\±
ýHUPiN)UDQWLãHN-D]\NDMD]\NRYČGD3ĜHKOHG3UDKD3UDåVNiLPDJLQDFH
ýHUQê-LĜt'ČMLQ\OLQJYLVWLN\2ORPRXF9RWRELD
)LUEDV-DQµ2QWKHFRPPXQLFDWLYHYDOXHRIWKH(QJOLVKYHUE¶%UQR6WXGLHVLQ(QJOLVK
±
)LUEDV-DQµ2QGHILQLQJWKHWKHPHLQIXQFWLRQDOVHQWHQFHDQDO\VLV¶Travaux Linguistiques
GH3UDJXH±
)LUEDV-DQµ2QWKHG\QDPLFVRIZULWWHQFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQWKHOLJKWRIWKHWKHRU\RIIXQF
WLRQDOVHQWHQFHSHUVSHFWLYH¶,Q&RRSHU&K5DQG6*UHHQEDXPHGV6WXG\LQJ:ULWLQJ/LQJXLVWLF$SSURDFKHV:ULWWHQ&RPPXQLFDWLRQ$QQXDO%HYHUO\+LOOV6DJH±
)LUEDV-DQ)XQFWLRQDO6HQWHQFH3HUVSHFWLYHLQ:ULWWHQDQG6SRNHQ&RPPXQLFDWLRQ&DP
EULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
)LUEDV, -DQµ2QWKHWKHPDWLFDQGWKHUKHPDWLFOD\HUVRIDWH[W¶,Q:DUZLN7DXVNDQHQDQG
+LOWXQHQHGV2UJDQL]DWLRQLQ'LVFRXUVH3URFHHGLQJVIURPWKH7XUNX&RQIHUHQFH$QJOLFDQD
Turkuensia ±
*UHHQ-3HG,QWHUOLQHDU*UHHN(QJOLVK1HZ7HVWDPHQW0LFKLJDQ%DNHU%RRNV
+HLGHJJHU0DUWLQ2QWKHZD\WRODQJXDJHWUDQVODWHGE\3'+HUW]6DQ)UDQFLVFR+DUS
HU&ROOLQV3XEOLVKHUV
.RKOHQEHUJHU-5REHUWHG7KH&RQWHPSRUDU\3DUDOOHO1HZ7HVWDPHQW1HZ<RUN2[
IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
0$57,1$'$0
0DWKHVLXV9LOpPµ.UiVDMD]\ND¶>7KH%HDXW\RI/DQJXDJH@0RåQRVWLNWHUpþHNDMt3UDKD
-DQ/HLFKWHU
0DWKHVLXV9LOpP>@µ2SRWHQFLiOQRVWLMHYĤMD]\NRYêFK¶>2QWKH3RWHQWLDOLW\RI/DQ
JXDJH3KHQRPHQD@-D]\NNXOWXUDVORYHVQRVW±
6YRERGD$OHãµ)LUEDVLDQVHPDQWLFVFDOHVDQGFRPSDUDWLYHVWXGLHV¶,QýHUPiN-DQHWDO
HGV3DWWHUQV$)HVWVFKULIWIRU/LEXãH'XãNRYi3UDKD)LOR]RILFNiIDNXOWD8QLYHU]LW\.DU
ORY\±
8UEDQRYi/XGPLODµ6RPHPHWKRGRORJLFDOUHPDUNVRQFXUUHQWWUHQGVLQOLQJXLVWLFUHVHDUFK¶
,Q'RQWFKHYD1DYUiWLORYi2OJDDQG5HQDWD3RYROQiHGV'LVFRXUVHDQG,QWHUDFWLRQ%UQR
6HPLQDURQ/LQJXLVWLF6WXGLHVLQ(QJOLVK%UQR0DVDU\NRYDXQLYHU]LWD±
9DFKHN-RVHI8]iNODGĤSUDåVNpMD]\NRYČGQpãNRO\3UDKD$FDGHPLD
:KRUI%HQMDPLQ/HH/DQJXDJHWKRXJKWDQGUHDOLW\&DPEULGJH0,73UHVV
MARTIN ADAMLV$VVLVWDQW3URIHVVRULQWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI(QJOLVK/DQJXDJHDQG/LWHUDWXUH)DFXOW\
RI(GXFDWLRQ0DVDU\N8QLYHUVLW\LQ%UQR+HLVDPHPEHURIWKH/LQJXLVWLF6HFWLRQDQGWHDFKHV
)XQFWLRQDODQG&RPPXQLFDWLYH6\QWD[7H[W$QDO\VLVDQGRWKHUOLQJXLVWLFGLVFLSOLQHV+LVSURIHV
VLRQDOLQWHUHVWLQFOXGHVDERYHDOOUHVHDUFKLQWKH)LUEDVLDQWKHRU\RIIXQFWLRQDOVHQWHQFHSHUVSHFWLYH
)63+HLVWKHDXWKRURI$+DQGERRNRI)XQFWLRQDO6HQWHQFH3HUVSHFWLYH)63LQ7KHRU\DQG
3UDFWLFH
$GGUHVV0JU0DUWLQ$GDP3K''HSDUWPHQWRI(QJOLVK/DQJXDJHDQG/LWHUDWXUH)DFXOW\RI
(GXFDWLRQ0DVDU\N8QLYHUVLW\3RĜtþt%UQR&]HFK5HSXEOLF>HPDLOPDUWLQDGDPF]#
\DKRRFRP@