INDIANA
MAGAZINE OF HISTORY
Volume XLVII
DECEMBER,
195 1
Number 4
Mr. Lincoln Goes to Washington
Paul Fatout*
The inaugural train, carrying the President-elect, accompanied by Illinois lawyers and politicians, army officers,
the Western Union superintendent with a pocket telegraph
instrument, press correspondents, secretaries, and others,
left Springfield at eight o’clock on the rainy Monday morning of February 11, 1861.’ The talkative bustle in the swaying cars lifted Lincoln’s spirits out of the sadness that had
clouded his leave-taking and his moving farewell address.
“The party, from all we can learn,” said the Indianapolis
Sentinel, “was a very pleasant one and Mr. Lincoln was in
his best anecdotal mood.”* For the vinous the trip boded
well, one reporter noting that “Refreshments for the thirsty
are on board.”3 Twenty miles out of Springfield the pilot
engine, scouting ahead for sabotage, found a stake and rider
rail fence built across the right-of-way by boys, who thus
hoped to catch a glimpse of the Railsplitter. The track was
quickly cleared, however, without delaying the presidential
train, which arrived at the State Line about noon.
Awaiting it there was a committee of seven members of
the Indiana legislature, together with ‘the Honorable John
L. Mansfield. Having left Indianapolis on Saturday, this
delegation had spent Sunday in Lafayette, attending the
Presbyterian church in a body, and also accepting the invitation of “the gentlemanly proprietor of the Artesian bath-
* Paul Fatout is a member of the department of English at Purdue
University, Lafayette, Indiana.
1Among numerous rosters of the inaugural party, see James G.
Randall Lincoln the President (2 vols., New York, 1945), I, 274-275;
Carl Sandburg Lincoln, The W w Years (4 vols., New York, 1939),
I, 35-36; and Lafayette, Indiana, Daily Courier, February 11, 1861.
2 February 12, 1861.
8 Lincoln on the Eve of ‘61. A Journa&t’s Story by H e m y Villard,
edited by Harold G. and Oswald Garrison Villard (New York, 1941), 74.
Indiana Magazine of History
322
...
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house,
to visit his establishment and test the cleansing and healing virtues of the water, without money or
.”’ Well scrubbed, body and soul, the reception
price
committee met the inaugural train, and the chairman, General George K. Steele, welcomed the President-elect to Indiana. Lincoln replied: “Gentlemen of Indiana; I am happy
to meet you on this occasion, and enter again the state of my
early life, and almost of maturity. I am under many obligations to you for your kind reception, and to Indiana for the aid
she rendered our cause which, I think, a just one. Gentlemen, I shall address you at, greater length at Indianapolis,
but not much greater. Again gentlemen, I thank you for
your warm hearted reception.”6
After a hurried dinner at the State Line Hotel the party,
augmented by the Hoosiers, rolled on over the Valley Road
at thirty miles an hour toward Lafayette-past Williamsport, Attica, and Maysville, past cheering clusters of people,
waving villagers and farmers. To Republicans, the inaugural
journey of a trainload of adherents was a justifiable tour
of triumph. Others eyed it disapprovingly. “We think it
in bad taste for the President elect to make a ‘progress’
through the country,” said the Indianapolis Sentinel. “It
would be more in accordance of what was told us of Mr.
Lincoln during the canvass if he would take his carpet-sack
in his hand and go to Washington like a private citizen, than
to suffer himself to be made a show of by office seekers
and pot-house politicians.”e The Terre Haute Journal also
objected: “Abraham Lincoln . will visit Indianapolis. . .
invited there by the Republican wire workers and office
[at] a
seekers and the people will have t o pay the bill.
time like this, when the country is moaning in agony and
threatening to destroy
the angry billows of faction are
i t . . . i t would be much more becoming in Republicans ‘to
let Mr. Lincoln pass quietly on his way to Washington
.”’
Nevertheless the Indiana citizenry turned out in large numbers, and regardless of party, to see this enigmatic and
provocative man.
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Lafayette, Indiana, Daily Journal, February 11, 1861.
Lafayette, Indiana, Daily Cou?.isr, February 11, 1861.
6 February 2, 1861.
7 Reprinted in New Albany, Indiana, Daily Ledgsr,February 8,1861.
4
6
M r . Lincoln Goes t o Washington
323
Disgruntled Tippecanoe County Republicans had perforce to accept, though not without grumbling, cancellation
of the promised half-day stop at the county seat, likewise
rejection of the compromise proposal of William F. Reynolds, President of the L. & I. Railroad: that Mr. Lincoln
be “taken in a carriage to the Bramble [House], and after
an informal reception and a hasty plate of soup, be again
placed on board the special train . . the entire programme
to occupy but one hour and a quarter.”8
The special paused only ten minutes in Lafayette, but
the populace made the most of the short stay. A throng of
the curious milled about the Junction-“about two thousand,”
said the Lafayette Courier; “5,000 or 6,000,” said the Lafayette Journal. When the train hove in sight, the Lafayette
Artillery Company, commanded by Lieutenant (and county
auditor) Chris Miller, began banging away with a brass
field piece named “Old Tippecanoe,” allegedly the first gun
in the Union to sound off in celebration of the Republican
victory the preceding November. The gun crew, ably assisted
by an agile seventy-five-year-old veteran known as Captain
Wood, fired a national salute of thirteen guns, followed by
a Federal salute of thirty-four, and so satisfactory was the
uproar that farmers north of Delphi heard it twenty-four
miles away.
Lincoln, introduced by General Steele, preserved his
shutmouth policy in brief and homely remarks about the
great changes that had occurred during his lifetime in the
Middle West, and concluded with a generalized appeal for
unity: “I find myself f a r from home surrounded by the
thousands I now see before me, who are strangers t o me.
Still we are bound together, I trust in Christianity, civilization and patriotism, and a r e attached to our country and
our whole country. While some of u s may differ in political
opinions, still we are all united in one feeling for the Union.
We all believe in the maintenance of the Union, of every
star and every stripe of the glorious flag, and permit me
to express the sentiment that upon the union of the States,
there shall be among us no differences .
),8
.
.. .
*Lafayette, Indiana, Daily Coulzer, February 7, 1861. The shell of
the Bramble House, which has long since ceased to be a hostelry, still
stands on the southeast corner of Fifth and Columbia Streets.
OZbid., February 11, 1861.
Indiana Magazine of History
324
Political bias colored opinions of the impression he
made upon his audience. “Our citizens,” observed the Republican Lafayette Journal, “were all agreeably disappointed in the personal appearance of the President elect. Instead
of finding him an old and ill-looking individual, the universal
remark was that he was much younger looking and more
impressive . . . He certainly has a most irresistible manner which at once convinces the hearer that he is uttering
the sentiments of an honest heart in a marvellously simple
way.”l0 On the other hand, the Democratic Lafayette Argus
sneered: “The long looked for agony is over-Honest Old
Abe . . . exhibited himself to our citizens at half price. He
spok+-actually
opened his mouth and spoke (what condescension) and said fellow citizens-I am glad to see you,
and presume you are glad to see me. I see their [sic] is no
difference between us (laughter from the ladies). I love
this whole Union-all the states and all the stars. After
thus exhausting himself he bowed to the crowd [sic], and
crab fashion, entered the cars, when the train moved away
for Indianapolis amidst enthusiastic cheers from the assembled dozens.”ll
Indiana railroads and others involved in the route to
Pittsburgh had tendered Lincoln “a special train of cars . .
to run at such time as will suit your convenience. One car
to be set apart for yourself and suit [sic] free of charge.”12
The inaugural entourage, further reinforced by five Lafayette citizens-William
F. Reynolds, Joseph Hanna, Cyrus
Ball, James P. Luse, and William S . Lingle-left promptly
at the scheduled two-forty P.M.
The trip to the capital was enlivened by mildly absurd
contretemps, which the opposition press gleefully publicized.
At Thorntown, Lincoln, apropos of his leisurely progress
toward Washington, embarked on a rambling yarn about a
.
.
10 February 12, 1861. Other Indiana editors similarly complimented
Lincoln: “a much better looking man than he is generally represented
The play of his features
bes eaks a man of soul and
to be.
sensibility.” Centreville, Indiana Tme Repubgcan, February 14, 1861;
“His countenance . is winning, pleasing and interesting .
the
stranger reads humor, honesty, firmness and intelligence in every lineament.” Logansport, Indiana, Journal, February 16, 1861.
11 February 14, 1861.
12 Sol Meredith to Lincoln, January 26, 1861, Robert Todd Lincoln
Collection, 6770-6771. Microfilm, New York State Library, Albany,
New York. Newspaper accounts note a change of engines at Lafayette,
but none in the makeup of the train.
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M r . Lincoln Goes to Washington
325
political candidate whose horse was so slow that he did not
arrive at the scene of the nominating convention until it
had adjourned. He was much amused when the train pulled
out before he reached the nub of this joke, and at Lebanon
“he was jocularly told that some of the Thorntown folks had
followed . . on foot, and were panting outside to hear the
conclusion of the story.”lS He good-humoredly tried i t again
at Lebanon, and this time finished. At Zionsville the train
rumbled to a stop at a water tank a hundred yards or so
past the station. Whereupon the waiting people took out
after it in whooping confusion, some plunging into the deep
mud of the ditch on one side of the tracks, some tripping
into the deep mud of the beaten path on the other side, and
being trampled by the pounding feet of heedless neighbors.
The sturdy survivors galloped to the rear platform and
drowned out Lincoln’s remarks by yelling, “How are you,
old boy? How a r e you, Abe?” at the tops of their voices.
“Every station along the road,” said the Indianapolis Sentinel, “had its crowd-all
anxious to see the man whose
election to the first office in the gift of a free people has
been the cause (whether with reason or not) of the distracted
state of the country.”14
For two weeks Indianapolis had prepared and anticipated. A citizens’ meeting in late January had extended to
Lincoln a formal invitation, which he had formally accepted.15
When citizens gathered again on February 2, the disrespectful Indianapolis Sentinel reported that the meeting “was
patronized by all the seekers for and expectants of Federal
offices, and was consequently well attended. It was held at
the Court house, and was intensely respectable, and cold,
. The Postoffice applicantsand formal, and lifeless .
forty-eight in number-looked at the mail agent expectantsfifty-four-who winked at the ten who desired the Marshalship, and they nodded to the twenty-eight who were after
the Land-office
.”Ie
This meeting created a six-man
committee of arrangements, which for a week busily and
.
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...
Indianapolis, Indiana, Daily State Sentinel, February 12, 1861.
Ibid.
1 6 Lincoln to Measm. James Sulgrove, Eric Locke, William Wallace,
and John F. Wood, committee, January 28, 1861, Robert Todd Lincoln
Collection, 6800.
18 February 4, 1861.
13
14
326
Indiana Magazine of History
confusedly arranged, handicapped by faulty liaison with arrangers in Springfield. Between February 5 and 7 a barrage
of frantic letters and telegrams from Governor Oliver P.
Morton, General Steele, and committeeman H. H. Connor
confessed ignorance of the inaugural itinerary, asked for
information, and urged that the party arrive in Indianapolis
not later than four P.M. “Fifty thousand 50000 persons,”
wired Steele, “will be here to see Mr. Lincoln. Our programme is made for the day time.”17
His estimate was no great exaggeration, if any. For
this uncitified city the first visit of a President-elect was a
gala event of more than carnival proportions. The L. & I.
and Madison and Indianapolis Railroads had drawn visitors
from distant counties by advertising half-fare excursions.
By the afternoon of February 11,the skies had cleared, crowds
were pouring in, and the city was bedecked. “Black Republicans and Disunionists,” stormed the New Albany W e e k ly Ledger, “hang out the Star Spangled Banner throughout
the city to-day, welcoming Abraham Lincoln.”18
Arriving in Indianapolis at five o’clock, the inaugural
train stopped at the L. & I. Railroad’s Missouri Street crossing of Washington Street, salutes thundering, and a thousand
cheering people waiting in the mud. In line with the rear
platform of the last car were Governor Morton and Mayor
Samuel D. Maxwell in a barouche drawn by four white horses
“suitably decorated.”’@ From this rostrum the governor welcomed Lincoln, who responded with a brief speech about the
salvation of the Union and the people’s responsibility for
the fate of the country.2o He and General Steele then took
their places in the barouche, and a huge parade immediately
got under way, moving east on Washington to Pennsylvania,
north to Ohio, west to Illinois, and south to the Bates House.
Besides the presidential carriage were other carriages bear17 G. I
(. Steele, to Jno. G. Nicolay, February 6, 1861, Robert Todd
Lincoln Collection, 7205-7207.
18 February 13, 1861, quoting an Indianapolis dispatch of February
11, 1861.
1@ The editor of the Centreville, Indiana True Republican, who wrote
an eyewitness account (February 14, 1861) said that the barouche
contained “Gov. Morton, Hon. Wm. Cumback, and two others,” but the
eyes of this eye-witness must have deceived him.
20For the text of this speech, see George S. Cottman, “Lincoln in
Indianapolis,” Indiana Magazine of History (Bloomington, 1905),
XXIV (1928), 6.
M r . Lincoln Goes to Washington
327
ing members of the Indiana Senate and House of Representatives, Indiana Supreme Court judges, city officials, and miscellaneous committees ; military units-City
Greys, Indianapolis National Guard, Independent Zouaves ; Indianapolis
City Firemen, several bands, and “Citizens of the State
generally.” Lincoln “stood erect in the carriage
and
courteously acknowledged the welcome received from the
fair and brave of the vast concoure [sic] which encompassed
the entire route.”21
Meanwhile, the committee on arrangements having failed
to provide enough carriages, non-parading members of the
presidential party lugged their carpet bags to the Bates
House on foot. At the hotel, also, arrangements were bungled. “The Bates House is like a bee-hive,” wrote Henry
Villard, “and standing room can hardly be got anywhere.
Only five rooms were provided for the Presidential cort6ge
and they had to submit to doubling up and sleeping three and
four in one room.”22 Such a disorderly rabble stampeded
into the supper room that the neglected Lincoln waited a
half hour before anybody remembered to serve him.
An Indianapolis citizen named John H. Bradley neatly
understated the rackety commotion when, having invited
Lincoln and family to stay at the Bradley home, he innocently wrote that “some of us will be at the Train when you
come, to show you the way & take charge of Mrs. L, should
the Public lay hold of
That “should” is powerful in
its naivete. The public laid hold so violently that Lincoln
suffered an almost continuous eighteen-hour ordeal of official receptions, speeches made and heard, interminable
handshaking-some three thousand lined u p for the privilege
Monday night-and
all the sweaty buffeting that harassed
a President on display. Although it was reported that he
and his suite were to appear at the theater Monday evening,
no evidence shows that he escaped the besieging mob long
enough to get there.24
...
2 1 Lafayette, Indiana, Daily Courier, February 12, 1861.
22Villard and Villard, Lincoln on the Eve of ’61, pp. 77-78.
23 John H.Bradley to Lincoln, January 27, 1861, Robert Todd Lincoln
Collection, 6782.
24 See Indianapolis, Indiana, Daily State Sentinel, February 11, 1861.
The only advertised performance on that day was of the Naid Queen,
or The Nymphs of the Rhine.
328
Indiana Magazine of History
For two days a turgid human stream flowed through
Washington Street, surged against the Bates House, and
flooded the lobby-amiable gawkers, nagging office seekers,
officious committeemen, party functionaries from governor
to city councilman. “There did not seem to be any object
or aim in the crowd,” sniffed the Sentinel, “further than to
gratify their curiosity-and there was certainly a total absence of e n t h ~ s i a s m . ” ~
Pickpockets
~
did a lucrative business,
lifting a rich harvest of wallets from bemused legislators
and others ; arrests for drunkenness, however, as the Journal
complacently noted, were fewer than usual.
So relentless were the demands upon the guest of honor
that even the hostile Democratic paper extended its sympathy: “Mr. Lincoln, we hope, slept well after the labors
of his reception. To be pushed and crowded around as he
was, beset by red hot politicians steaming with patriotism
and whisky, and to have his hand shaken a t the rate it was
and for so long a period must certainly have tried his powers
of endurance. What time he went to bed on Monday night,
or how he slept, or at what hour he arose on yesterday morning, the court chronicler has not informed us
.”26
That
Lincoln himself felt ‘the strain of the intense pressure is
apparent in a squib reporting that “Since he has witnessed
the savage interest taken in Bob and himself, Mr. Lincoln
is calling for facts, and is in close consultation with Major
Fifer, of Lafayette, on the momentous question-‘Which is
the most savage Injuns-the hostile ones or them that go
on foot,.”2’ Lincoln was also reported to have said “that
the shaking hands and fatigue of his reception was harder
work than mauling
In his principal Indianapolis speech, delivered from the
balcony of the Bates House at the conclusion of the parade
on Monday, he asked questions about possible definitions of
the loosely used words, “coercion” and “invasion,” stated
his belief that federal action to retake national forts and to
collect duties did not constitute either coercion or invasion,
...
25 February 12, 1861. Offsetting this belittling remark is the Lafayette Daily COU&T’~“deafening shouts of the thousands
from
every part of the State,” February 12, 1861.
28 Indianapolis, Indiana, Daily State Sentinel, February 13, 1861.
27Zbid., February 18, 1861.
28 Centreville, Indiana True Republican, February 14, 1861.
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M r . Lincoln Goes to Washington
329
and implied that national government was above that of any
state. “On what principle of original right is it that onefiftieth or one-ninetieth of a great nation, by calling themselves a State, have a right to break up the nation.”28 As
the first important statement of the inaugural journey, this
speech was subjected to searching editorial scrutiny, generally favorable from Republican editors, unfavorable from
Democratic. The Lafayette Argus snarled that if the speech
were a declaration of intentions, “Mr. Lincoln is guilty of a
striking lack of dignity as well as of prudence and of justice,” but that if it were merely a n attempt to sound out
public feeling, “his conduct is more befitting a village pettifogger than the President of a dissolving Republic. In
either case Mr. Lincoln’s remarks are a gross outrage, not
only on good taste but the sacred proprieties of his positi~n.”~O
The New Albany Weekly Ledger roundly condemned:
“Lincoln makes a speech-not as a President elect, responding to an invitation extended by citizens of all palJties, but
as a Black Republican partizan ; not straightforward and
manly . . but in the shape of questions and innuendoes . . .
We expressed the hope, a few days ago, that no Democrat
would so f a r forget himself as to join in this hollow ceremony of ‘respect‘ to a man whom they all despise as a narrow
minded bigot . . .”31 The temperate New York Times succinctly summed up: “It is very evident from his speech at
Indianapolis, that Mr. Lincoln has no sympathy with that
theory of our Government which regards it as a voluntary
league of sovereign States-from
which any one of ‘them
may secede at pleasure.”sz
The Times hit the nail squarely. Lincoln’s method of
asking, without answering, a series of questions, puzzled
and irritated some commentators, yet the drift of those questions was so plain that to the perceptive the speech was perfectly clear. I t imported a resolute purpose as positive as
that in Lincoln’s famous letters to Horace Greeley of August
22, 1862, and to the Workingmen of Manchester, England,
.
.
.
2~Lafayette, Indiana, Daily Courier, February 12, 1861. For the
text of this speech, see Cottman, “Lincoln in Indianapolis,” Indiana
Magazine o f History, XXIV, 8-9.
30 February 21, 1861.
81 February 13, 1861.
32 February 13, 1861.
Indiana Magazine o f History
330
of January 19, 1863. That purpose was to save the Union.
He seemed to his opponents “a narrow minded bigot” because he firmly rejected “peaceable separation”-likewise
compromise on the extension of slavery.
Between the two parties, each professing Union sentiments, was a deep, unbridgeable
Militant partisanship extended to minutiae. Illustrative are the contradictory
stories of a minor Indianapolis incident involving the Reverend J. W. T. McMullen, who spoke impromptu from the
Bates House balcony Tuesday morning. Said the Demo. a ranting orator
cratic Sentinel: “a fanatical Methodist
who preaches impulsive sermons composed of eloquent
thoughts thrown together without
connection-glittering
from the broken thread of a brilliant fancy that
pearls
never had a balance pole ‘to sustain it. . . . what he said
was distasteful to a portion of the crowd who hissed their
. .”34 Said the Republican Journal: “Rev.
disapprobation
J. W. T. McMuYlen.
entertained the vast concourse . .
with some very sensible remarks which were eloquently
uttered and well received.”35
Preceding departure for Cincinnati a t eleven A.M. February 12, Lincoln breakfasted with the governor at the gubernatorial mansion, by-passed the scheduled visit to the Indiana legislature, and weathered a resumption of Monday’s
hubbub. Delegations from the Ohio legislature and from
the city of Cincinnati were on hand to take over the escorting detail. People started hanging around the Bates House
at daybreak, assembling in such numbers that Lincoln was
once again introduced from the balcony. When he finally
struggled to his carriage, so determined a horde of handshakers swarmed around that the driver had great difficulty
getting down Meridian Street to the railroad station, where
a jostling jam waited “to see as much as possible of the
lion of the day.” The presidential coach was handsomely
decorated with flags and a gilt image of the American eagle:
the boiler of the locomotive, named the “Samuel Wiggins,”
festooned with evergreens, ribbons, and miniature flags ; the
headlight adorned with lithographs of the presidents ; the
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33 For an illuminating survey of that gulf, see Allan Nevins, The
Ewrgence of Lincoln (2 vols., New York, 1950).
34 February 13, 1861.
35 February 13, 1861.
M r . Lincoln Goes to Washington
331
smokestack encircled by thirty-four white stars on a blue
field.
The line to Cincinnati was well guarded by a watchman
every half mile, each man equipped with an American flag
that he waved as a signal that the track was clear and safe.
Two-minute stops a t Shelbyville and Greensburg allowed
time only for Lincoln’s appearance on the rear platform, a
bow to the people, and a word of thanks. If the presidential
suite were somewhat jaded after the rugged experience in
Indianapolis, animation was supplied by the vivacious conversation of Mrs. Lincoln, who had come aboard there with
sons Willie and Tad. One of the boys “amused himself by
asking outsiders, ‘Do you want to see “Old Abe”,’ and then
pointing to somebody
From Morris, a small town in Ripley County, the train
was reported as arriving “without detenti~n.”~’
At Lawrenceburg, the last stop in Indiana, flags and banners hung over
the rails, and Lincoln made a short speech to the “enthusiastic multitude.” He hoped they were all Union men, promised to protect the rights of citizens on both sides of the
Ohio River, and once again urged the people to assert their
power in choosing public officers. “If the people remain
right, your public men can never betray you,’’ he said: “If,
in my brief term of public office, I shall be wicked or foolish,
if you remain right, and true, and honest, you cannot be
betrayed. My power is temporary and fleeting-yours
is
as eternal as the principle of liberty. Cultivate and protect
that sentiment, and your ambitious leaders will be reduced
to the position of servants instead of masters.”38
One Lawrenceburg incident gave the Indianapolis Sentinel another hilarious opportunity. When Lincoln retired
after his short speech, the crowd shouted, “Come back, come
back !” That-as
the paper told the story-was
misinterpreted as a curtain call by Will Cumback, elector at large
for Indiana, who “felt that he, among all the distinguished
33 William E. Baringer, A House Dividing (Springfield, Illinois,
1945), 272.
87 Lincoln Lore (Fort Wayne, Indiana, April 15, 1929), No. 272
(June 25, 1934), says: “It is evident that the residential train stopped
at Morris,” but the evidence is-not apparent. lfossibly the telegraph operator there was merely reporting safe passage.
3s For the text of the body of this speech, see William T. Coggeshall, The J o u m y s of Abruhum Lincoln (Columbus, Ohio, 1865), 30.
332
Indiana Magazine of History
men who were present, if not first was at least second in
He . took the place
the hearts of his countrymen
which had been occupied by the new President, uncovered
his Websterian forehead, smiled and bowed . . . to what he
thought was an admiring . assembly
. But alas! how
. one universal shout went up . .
fickle is popular favor
‘get out of the way, Will Cumback, we want to see Old Abe.’
And Mr. Cumback subsided. His light was suddenly exHe thought Presitinguished. He was snuffed out
dential parties did not amount to any particular sum in good
funds.”sQ
The train moved away from Lawrenceburg “amid salutes, music, and tremendous cheering,” and shortly thereafter entered Ohio, where Cincinnatians labored to outdo
Indianapolis in nonstop handshaking and general exhaustion.
After something over twenty-four tumultuous hours in Indiana, Lincoln left the state, not to return until his funeral
train brought him back over the same route in 1865.
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*BFebruary 21, 1861. This sort of harmless raillery eventually
hardened into subversive opposition. Sixteen months later Governor
Morton cited the Sentinel aa one of several papers “doing incalculable
by frsidious, malignant and vituperainjury to the Union cauae
tive attacks upon Union men
. See 0. P. Morton to Secretary
Stanton, June 26, 1862, Robert Todd Lincoln Collection, 16630-16639.
. ... . .