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W HY?
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
V E TE RINARY S CIE NCE P ROG RAM
 RECOGNIZE AND UNDERSTAND BASIC DIRECTIONAL AND
ANATOMICAL TERMS
 UNDERSTAND AND SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
 EXPECTED TO BE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE INTELLIGENTLY
AND PRECISELY
OBJECTIVES
 STUDENTS WILL DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF
ANIMAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.



STUDENTS WILL DISSECT PRESERVED CATS, OR OTHER
APPROPRIATE ANIMALS, IN ORDER TO GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF
ANIMAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.
STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO CORRECTLY IDENTIFY SUPERFICIAL
MUSCLES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE MOVEMENT OF AN ANIMAL.
STUDENTS WILL LEARN THE BONES IN THE BODY AND BE ABLE TO
IDENTIFY THEM ON SKELETAL MODELS.
ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS
 ACCURATELY AND CONCISELY DESCRIBE BODY
LOCATIONS
 RELATIONSHIP OF ONE BODY STRUCTURE TO ANOTHER
 FOUR BASIC PLANES




OBJECTIVES
DORSAL
MEDIAN
SAGITTAL
TRANSVERSE
DORSAL PLANE
 STUDENTS WILL DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF
ANIMAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.



STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY VARIOUS BODY PARTS AND
ORGANS.
STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO COMPARE THE ANATOMY OF
DIFFERENT SPECIES OF ANIMALS, TO INCLUDE SMALL ANIMALS,
LARGE ANIMALS, LABORATORY ANIMALS, AND EXOTIC ANIMALS.
STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE THE BASIC PHYSIOLOGY
INVOLVED IN THE FUNCTIONING OF EACH BODY SYSTEM.
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MEDIAN PLANE
CRANIAL VS. CAUDAL
SAGITTAL PLANE
MEDIAL VS. LATERAL
TRANSVERSE PLANE
DORSAL VS. VENTRAL
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PROXIMAL VS. DISTAL
ROSTRAL
PALMAR VS. PLANTAR
W HY STUDY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY?
 NORMAL VS. DISEASE
 PATHOLOGY
 TREATMENT
INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
 ANATOMY


FORM AND FUNCTION
W HAT THINGS LOOK LIKE AND WHERE ARE THEY LOCATED
 PHYSIOLOGY


FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY AND ITS PARTS
HOW THINGS WORK AND WHAT THEY DO
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HOW DO WE STUDY ANATOMY?
TERMINOLOGY
 MICROSCOPIC VS.
 DIRECTIONAL TERMS
 LEFT VS. RIGHT
 CRANIAL VS. CAUDAL
 ROSTRAL
 DORSAL VS. VENTRAL
 MEDIAL VS. LATERAL
 DEEP VS. SUPERFICIAL
 PROXIMAL VS. DISTAL
MACROSCOPIC (GROSS)
 REGIONAL VS.
SYSTEMATIC
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
MAIN BODY SYSTEMS
SYSTEM
MAIN COMPONENTS
 ATOMS
SKELETAL
BONES AND JOINTS
 MOLECULES
INTEGUMENTARY
SKIN, HAIR, NAILS OR HOOVES
 CELLS
NERVOUS
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND PERIPHERAL NERVES
CARDIOVASCULAR
HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
 TISSUES
RESPIRATORY
LUNGS AND AIR PASSAGES
DIGESTIVE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AND DIGESTIVE ORGANS
MUSCULAR
MUSCLES AND TENDONS
SENSORY
ORGANS OF GENERAL AND SPECIAL SENSE
ENDOCRINE
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
URINARY
KIDNEYS, URETERS, URINARY BLADDER, URETHRA
REPRODUCTIVE
MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
 SYSTEMS
 W HOLE INDIVIDUALS
TERMINOLOGY
 PLANES OF REFERENCE
 SAGITTAL PLANE
 MEDIAN PLANE
 TRANSVERSE PLANE
 DORSAL PLAN
THE CELL
 THE CELL MEMBRANE
 THE CYTOPLASM
 THE NUCLEUS
 ORGANELLES
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TISSUES
 CELLS OF SIMILAR TYPE
AND FUNCTION,
 FOUR PRIMARY GROUPS:

CLUSTERED INTO LAYERS,
SHEETS OR GROUPS
BONE CELLS
EPITHELIAL – COVERS AND
 OSTEOCLAST
 MACROPHAGE LIKE CELL
FROM BLOODSTREAM
LINES

CONNECTIVE – PROVIDES
SUPPORT

MUSCLE – ENABLES
MOVEMENT

NERVOUS – CONTROLS
WORK

“DIGEST” BONE
 OSTEOBLAST
 FORMS NEW BONE
 LAYER OF PERIOSTEUM AND
ENDOSTEUM
 OSTEOCYTE
 LIVES IN
LACUNAE…RETIRED
OSTEOBLASTS
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 TERMINOLOGY


OS – OS PENIS
OSTEO - BONE
 FUNCTION



 SECOND HARDEST

SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY
SUPPORT
PROTECTION
LEVERAGE
STORAGE


CALCIUM
BLOOD CELL FORMATION
IMPORTANT TERMS.
 JOINTS

POINTS WHERE TWO OR
MORE BONES MEET
 LIGAMENT

TOUGH BAND OF
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CONNECTING ONE BONE TO
ANOTHER
W HAT IS BONE MADE OF?
 BONE IS COMPRISED OF:
 26% MINERALS (MOSTLY
IMPORTANT TERMS
 TENDON

THICK BAND OF
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE AND
CALCIUM CARBONATE)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT
BONE.

50% IS WATER
4% IS FAT
20% IS PROTEIN

BONE REQUIRES ADEQUATE


ATTACHES MUSCLE TO
AMOUNTS OF VITAMINS AND
MINERALS IN THE RATION.
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IMPORTANT TERMS
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 COMPACT BONE

LAYER OF PROTECTIVE
HARD BONE TISSUE
SURROUNDING EVERY BONE
IMPORTANT TERMS
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 SPONGY BONE

 BLOOD SUPPLY
 VOLKMANN’S CANALS
 NUTRIENT FORAMINA
SOFT BONE FILLED WITH
MANY HOLES AND SPACES
SURROUNDED BY HARD
BONE.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 BONE FORMATION

ENDOCHONDRAL

CARTILAGE TEMPLATE
REPLACED BY BONE
 INTERMEMBRANOUS


FIBROUS TISSUE
SKULL
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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 BONE SHAPES

 BONE SHAPES
LONG BONES


LONG BONES CONSIST OF A
SHAFT, TWO ENDS, AND A
SKULL BONES
SCAPULAS
 PELVIC BONES


MARROW CAVITY

FLAT BONES
EXAMPLES OF LONG BONES:
 FEMUR
 HUMERUS
 TIBIA
 RADIUS
LONG BONE TERMS
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 BONE WORD PARTS
 EPI- = ABOVE
 PHYSIS = GROWTH
 DIA- = BETWEEN
 PERI- = SURROUNDING
 -UM = STRUCTURE
 ENDO- = WITHIN OR
 BONE SHAPES
 IRREGULAR BONES


SESAMOID BONES
PATELLA
INNER
 META-
= BEYOND
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 BONE SHAPES

SHORT BONES

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 BONE MARROW

CARPAL AND TARSAL BONES
RED BONE MARROW



HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE
FORMS BLOOD CELLS
YELLOW BONE MARROW


ADIPOSE TISSUE
CAN REVERT TO RED
MARROW IF NEEDED
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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 BONE FEATURES

 ARTICULAR SURFACES
ARTICULAR SURFACES

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

FACET
W HERE TWO BONES COME
TOGETHER

COVERED BY ARTICULAR
CARTILAGE
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 ARTICULAR SURFACES

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 PROCESSES
 LUMPS, BUMPS, OTHER
CONDYLE
PROJECTIONS
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 ARTICULAR SURFACES
 HEAD
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 HOLES AND DEPRESSED
AREAS

FORAMEN


A HOLE IN A BONE
NERVE OR BLOOD VESSEL
PASSES THROUGH


FORAMINA
FOSSA

A DEPRESSED OR SUNKEN
AREA

AREA OF ATTACHMENT OF
MUSCLES AND TENDONS
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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 JOINTS


THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 SYNOVIAL JOINT
ARTHRO- AND ARTICULAR
TYPES OF JOINTS

FIBROUS

CARTILAGINOUS

SYNOVIAL
 SYNARTHROSES
 AMPHIARTHROSES
 DIARTHROSES
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 FIBROUS (SYNARTHROSES)
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 SYNOVIAL JOINT
MOVEMENTS






FLEXION
EXTENSION
ADDUCTION
ABDUCTION
ROTATION
CIRCUMDUCTION
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 CARTILAGINOUS
(AMPHIARTHROSES)
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 TYPES OF SYNOVIAL
JOINTS






HINGE JOINTS
GLIDING JOINTS
SADDLE JOINTS
PIVOT JOINTS
BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS
ELLIPSOID JOINTS
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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 HINGE JOINTS
 BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
CANINE
 GLIDING JOINTS
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
FELINE
 PIVOT JOINTS
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EQUINE
THE AXIAL SKELETON
 THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
SUPPORTS THE HEAD AND BODY
AND PROVIDES PROTECTION FOR
THE SPINAL CORD
 THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IS
COMPRISED OF INDIVIDUAL BONES
CALLED VERTEBRA
DIVISIONS
 AXIAL SKELETON
 THESE BONES ARE ON OR

THE COMBINING FORMS FOR
VERTEBRA ARE SPONDYL/O AND
VERTEBR/O

VERTEBRAE IS THE PLURAL FORM
PARTS OF A VERTEBRA
 VERTEBRAE ARE DIVIDED
INTO PARTS:
CLOSE TO THE MIDLINE AXIS
OF THE BODY AND INCLUDE
THE SKULL, VERTEBRAE AND
RIBS
 BODY
 ARCH
 LAMINA
 APPENDICULAR SKELETON
 THESE BONES PROJECT
 VERTEBRAL FORAMEN
 PROCESSES
FROM THE BODY IN THE
PECTORAL (FRONT) AND
PELVIC (HIND) LIMBS, AND
ARE CONNECTED TO THE
BODY THROUGH THE BONES
OF THE GIRDLES
 SPINOUS PROCESS
 TRANSVERSE PROCESS
 ARTICULAR PROCESS
THE AXIAL SKELETON
 THE CRANIUM IS THE
PORTION OF THE SKULL
THAT ENCLOSES THE BRAIN
 THE COMBINING FORM FOR
SKULL IS CRANI/O
 THE SKULL ALSO HAS AIROR FLUID-FILLED SPACES
CALLED SINUSES
OTHER AXIAL SKELETON PARTS
 RIBS
 COMBINING FORM IS
COST/O
 STERNUM
 MANUBRIUM
 BODY
 XIPHOID PROCESS
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THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
PELVIC BONES
 FRONT LIMB
 THE BONES OF THE
 SCAPULA
PELVIS INCLUDE
 CLAVICLE
 ILIUM
 HUMERUS
 ISCHIUM
 RADIUS
 PUBIS
 ULNA

 CARPAL BONES
ACETABULUM
 THE BONY PART
 METACARPAL BONES
OF THE SOCKET
JOINT
 CANNON BONE IN LIVESTOCK
 PHALANGES
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
 PHALANX NAMES:
 P1 = LONG PASTERN BONE IN
LIVESTOCK

P2 = SHORT PASTERN BONE IN
LIVESTOCK


P3 = COFFIN BONE IN
LIVESTOCK
P3 IN SMALL ANIMALS MAY BE
CALLED THE CLAW OR NAIL

RADIOGRAPHY
 USE X-RAYS TO TAKE A RADIOGRAPH.
 RADIOGRAPHS CAN SHOW FRACTURED BONES.
 DENSE STRUCTURES ARE RADIOPAQUE.

THINGS LIKE BONES AND TEETH SHOW AS LIGHT.
 LESS DENSE STRUCTURES ARE RADIOLUCENT.

THINGS LIKE MUSCLE SHOW AS DARK.
COMBINING FORM
FOR CLAW OR NAIL
IS ONYCH/O
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
RADIOGRAPHS (X-RAYS)
THE TOOL USED TO EXAMINE BONES
 HIND LIMB
 PELVIS
 FEMUR
 PATELLA
 TIBIA
 FIBULA
 TARSAL BONES
 METATARSAL BONES
 CANNON BONE IN LIVESTOCK
 PHALANGES
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KINDS OF FRACTURES...
 SIMPLE FRACTURE - A
CLEAN BREAK
 COMMINUTED FRACTURE SEVERAL FRAGMENTS
 COMPOUND OR OPEN
FRACTURE
- BONE
PUNCTURES SKIN

HIGHER RISK OF BONE
INFECTION
REPAIRING A FRACTURE
 CAST VS. SPLINT

MUST HOLD WEIGHT OF THE
 SURGERY

ANIMAL

BONE MUST BE USABLE

WHEN IT HEALS

HARD TO KEEP CAST IN
PLACE, CLEAN AND DRY
STAINLESS STEEL PLATE
SUPPORTS THE BONE
VERY STABLE METHOD OF
CORRECTION

STEEL PLATES MUST FIT
PROPERLY
REPAIRING A FRACTURE
 INTRAMEDULLARY PIN


STEEL PIN IS DRIVEN IN
CERCLAGE WIRES ARE
WRAPPED AROUND
FRAGMENTS

RADIOGRAPH IS NEEDED TO
ENSURE PROPER
PLACEMENT

SURGERY IS COMPLETED
Photo by Dr. James Lawhead
is used by permission.
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