Earth Science &
Climatic Change
Esmail J Earth Sci Climat Change 2011, 1:1
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000103
Research Article
Open Access
Period is Going to be Faster When the Earth-Moon Distance Increased
According to IERS Actual Data
Sami Esmail
Abstract
If a small body of mass (m) orbits a large body of mass (M) then, the sidereal rotation period of the large body
(M) may be calculated by the rotational equation.The earth rotation period is going to be faster when the earth-moon
distance increased according to IERS actual data.
Earthquakes of the upper range are distinctly related to rotational parameters of the Earth lunar declination.The
earthquakes increased when the lunar declination is moving toward the earth equator (when the earth rotation are
going to be faster).A perfect correlation between lunar declination and the changes of leap seconds.(UT1-UTC)-(UT1UTC).A very good correlation between earthquakes and the changes of leap seconds.(UT1-UTC)-(UT1-UTC).The Earth
rotation acceleration of 29 degree declination is more that of 18.6 declination, this lead to more earthquakes in 29
degree lunar declination.
Introduction
satellites that orbit large body (meter)
The moons are “driving” the rotation of their parent planet in the
same way, as sun’s rotation is being controlled by the planets.Paul D.
Jose calculated and analyzed sun’s motion around the center of mass of
the solar system for the period from 1843 to 2013 [8]. He compared his
research results with the then available sunspot curves. He concluded
that “Certain forces exerted upon the Sun by the planets are the cause
of the sunspot cycle”.There is considerable uncertainty about the even
most basic properties of mass, radii and density of Pluto and Charon
The earthquakes may be effected by the Earth rotation, and lunar
declination. Weems and perry Jr.(1989) found strong correlation
between major earthquakes and lunar declination The degree of Lunar
Declination varies yearly though an 18.5 year “Saros Cycle” which
governs how the Moon’s orbit intersects the Earth’s.The Declination
is the measure of how “tilted” the Moon’s Orbit has become, which
ranges from 18.7 to 29 degrees.Extreme lunar declination years tend
to have extreme storms and seismic activity. Think Hurricane Katrina,
the December 2004 Sumatran earthquake and monster tsunami:
these natural disasters accompanied the most recent peak in the lunar
declination cycle.
Re was calculated as the equatorial radius of the large body (meter)
as the changes has a little effect.
T 6 P 2
(3.4)6 rP12
M r
)( ) = 4 4
( )9 ( e )27
2π 2π
G m (M+m)K 18 m R e
The equation results
The rotation period (T) results from equation (1)
Determination of Earth rotation period
M=5.9736E+24 (kg)
Re= 6.3781E+6 (meter)
The Earth has one satellite (the Moon)
P=27.3 days
m=7.35E+22 (kg)
re =1738100 (meter)
rp =1736000 (meter)
From equation 1, (T) of Earth is 23.96
Determination of Sidereal rotational period
(
G=gravitational constant = 6.67300 × 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2.
Equation 1
Where:
T=Sidereal rotation period of the large body (sec)
P=The orbital period of the mass center of all satellites that orbit
large body (sec)
Determination of Mars rotation period
M=6.4185E+23 (kg)
Re= 3397000 (meter)
There are two satellites orbit Mars
m= Total mass of all satellites that orbit the large body Mars (kg)
K=Moment of inertia factor of the large body.
M=Large body mass (kg)
m=Total mass of all satellites that orbit the large body (kg)
a=Semi major axis of the mass center of all satellites that orbit large
body (meter) (in table 3)
re =Equatorial radius of all satellites that orbit large body (meter)
rp =Polar radius of all satellites that orbit large body (meter)
Re= Radius for the large body which in the same orbital plane of all
J Earth Sci Climat Change
ISSN:2157-7617 JESCC, an open access journal
*Corresponding author: Sami Esmail
Received September 27, 2010; Accepted December 18, 2010; Published
December 20, 2010
Citation: Esmail S (2010) Variations in Mixing Ratios of Ambient Ammonia, Nitric
Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in Different Environments of India. J Earth Sci Climat
Change 1:103. doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000103
Copyright: © 2010 Esmail S. This is an open-access article distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
source are credited.
Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000103
Citation: Esmail S (2010) Variations in Mixing Ratios of Ambient Ammonia, Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in Different Environments of India. J
Earth Sci Climat Change 1:103. doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000103
Page 2 of 3
= m1 (Phobos)+m2 (Deimos) =1.3E+16
a=Semi major axis of the center of mass of all satellites that orbit
Mars (meter), so we can calculate (P)
=(m1 a1 +m2 a2 )/(m1 +m2 )=1.1977E+7 (meter), so we can
calculate (P) for this mass
re= Equatorial radius of the total satellites (meter)
re=[(r1)^3+(r2)^3]^(1/3)=[(13400)^3+(7500)^3)]^(1/3)=14128
(meter)
rp= Polar radius of the total satellites (meter)
rp=[(r1)^3+(r2)^3]^(1/3)=[(9200)^3+(5200)^3)]^(1/3)=9714
(meter)
From equation 1, (T) of Mars is 24.36
Determination of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto,
Haumea and sun rotation periods
By the same way, we can calculate the rotation period (T) from
equation 1 as shown in Table (3)
All moons of small masses are negligible according to the equation
results.
The earth rotation period is going to be faster when the earthmoon distance increased according to IERS actual data.
(UT1-UTC)- (UT1-UTC)
The value (UT1-UTC)-(UT1-UTC) is to indicate the earth rotation
period difference for any two successive days If (UT1-UTC) for today is
less than that (UT1-UTC) of yesterday, then the earth rotation period
time of today is less than that of yesterday. In other words, the earth
speed is going to be faster for today than yesterday.
From Figure(3) and (4)(included as supplementary data), it is very
clear that, when the earth-moon distance increased, the earth rotation
period is going to be faster according to IERS data in (Figure 3 (included
as supplementary data)).
From Figure (3) and Figure(4) (included as supplementary data),
when the earth-moon distance decreased, the earth rotation period is
going to be slower.
From Figure(3) and Figure(5) (included as supplementary data),
when the earth rotation period (T) decreased from equation (1), the
earth rotation period is going to be faster according to IERS data in
(Figure 3 (included as supplementary data)).
The relationship between Earth rotation rate (UT1-UTC)-(UT1UTC) and Earthquakes (more than or equal to 5.4)
From Figure (6 (included as supplementary data)), 85% of the
earthquakes appears after the peak points when the earth rotation rate
(UT1-UTC)-(UT1-UTC) decreased (The earth rotation acceleration is
positive)
From Figure (7 (included as supplementary data)), 60% of the
earthquakes appears after the peak points when the earth rotation rate
(UT1-UTC)-(UT1-UTC) decreased (The earth rotation acceleration is
positive)
From Figure (8 (included as supplementary data)), 82% of the
earthquakes appears after the peak points when the earth rotation rate
(UT1-UTC)-(UT1-UTC) decreased (The earth rotation acceleration is
positive)
J Earth Sci Climat Change
ISSN:2157-7617 JESCC, an open access journal
The relationship between Earth rotation rate, lunar
declination and Earthquakes
The period is from 10/Jul/2006 to 23/Nov./2006 (lunar
declination is 29 degree)
The Lower points in Figure (9 (included as supplementary data))
represent the highest speed of the earth rotation. (close to the earth
equator)
The Lower points in Figure (10 (included as supplementary data))
represent the Min. Lunar declination.
The Peak points in Figure (11 (included as supplementary data))
represents the Max.earth radius in the lunar orbital plane. (the equator
radius)
The Earth rotation rate reaches to its Max. When lunar declination
is zero. (The highest Earth diameter)
There is a perfect correlation in the three curves.
From Figure (9), Figure (10) and Figure (11) (included as
supplementary data), the Earth speed increased when the lunar
declination decreased.
The Earth rotation acceleration of 29 degree declination is more
that of 18 declination, this lead to more earthquakes in 29 degree lunar
declination.
The period is from 9/Oct/1997 to 22/Feb./1998 (moon
declination is 18 degree)
The Lower points in Figure (12 (included as supplementary data))
represents the highest speed of the earth rotation.(close to the earth
equator)
The Lower points in Figure (13 (included as supplementary data))
represent the Min. Lunar declination.
The Peak points in Figure (14 (included as supplementary data))
represent the Max.earth radius in the lunar orbital plane.
The Earth rotation rate reaches to it’s Max. when lunar declination
is zero. (the highest Earth diameter)
There is a perfect correlation in the three curves.
From Figure (12), Figure (13) and Figure (14) (included as
supplementary data), the Earth rotation speed increased when the
lunar declination decreased.
The Earth rotation acceleration of 18.7 declination is less that of 29
declination, this is the main reason of decreasing earthquakes in 18.7
degree lunar declination.
Conclusion
If a small body of mass (m) orbits a large body of mass (M) then,
may be we can calculate the sidereal rotation period of the large
body (M).The Earth rotation period is going to be faster as a result
of increasing Earth- Moon distance.From the rotation equation, the
Earth is fastening it’s rotation period by -0.43 milliseconds/century. The
Moment of inertia factor of Haumea may be expected to be 0.37 from
equation (1).The Earth rotation acceleration of 29 degree declination is
more that of 18 declination, this lead to more earthquakes in 29 degree
lunar declination. The positive earth rotation acceleration is the main
reason of the seismic activity.
Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000103
Citation: Esmail S (2010) Variations in Mixing Ratios of Ambient Ammonia, Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in Different Environments of India. J
Earth Sci Climat Change 1:103. doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000103
Page 3 of 3
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Eng. Franz J. Heeke; (Germany) for his useful internet web.
Thanks to Dr. Jerald Lee ; (USA) for his useful internet discussion and advice.
References
1. Charles F Yoder “Astrometric and Geodetic Properties of Earth and the Solar
System”.
2. Richard Schmude Jr (2008). “Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and How to Observe
Them”.
9. Hussmann H, Sohl F, Spohn T (2006) Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of
medium-sized outer planet satellites and large trans-Neptunian objects. Icarus
185: 258–273.
10.Bertka CM, Fei Y Implications for Geochemical Models of the Martian Interior.
Lunar and Planetary Science XXVIII.
11.Cole GHA, Woolfson MM Planetary science. 340.
12.Paul R. Weissman (1991).”The angular momentum of the Oort cloud “. ICARUS
89: 190-193.
13.Fundamentals of Geophysics: III : Bib - Google Books Result.
3. Mulholland JD (1980) “On the polar moment of inertia of a Compressible Body”.
Celest Mech 22: 57-60.
14.Kuiper Gerard P(1954) The Earth as a Planet. The Solar System, Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
4. Stevenson DJ (1982) “Interiors of the giant planets”. Annual Review of Earth
and Planetary Sciences 10: 257-295.
15.Eliot F. Young, Binzel RP (1994) A New Determination of Radii and Limb
Parameters for Pluto and Charon from Mutual Event Light curves . ICARUS
108: 219-224.
5. The Planets
6. Sohl F, Schubert G, Spohn T (2006) The Moment-of-Inertia of Mars and
Implications for the Planet’s Interior Structure. Asia Oceania Geosciences
Society, Singapore.
7. Heeke FJ (2007) Shaker Effects in Celestial Mechanics.
8. Paul D Jose (1965) Sun’s Motion and Sunspots. The Astronomical Journal 70:
193-200.
J Earth Sci Climat Change
ISSN:2157-7617 JESCC, an open access journal
16.Ragozzine D, Brown ME (2009) Orbits and Masses of the Satellites of Dwarf
Planet Haumea (2003 EL61). Astronomical Journal 137: 4766-4776.
17.INTERNATIONAL
SERVICE.
EARTH
ROTATION
AND
REFERENCE
SYSTEMS
18.Santosh Kumar Guha (2000) Induced earthquakes. 27.
Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000103