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Just– Jamestown,1607
Made– MayflowerCompact,1620
Drake– DeclarationofIndependence,1776
Cry– Constitutionsigned,1787
Likea– LouisianaPurchase,1803
CapturedWhale– CivilWar,1861-1865
Readiness Knowledge and Skills
Social Studies 8 --- STAAR Review
SlaveryEstablished/TriangularTradeRoutes
Theneedforcheaplaborerstogrowcashcropsencouraged
whitesettlerstouseAfricanslaves.
•Trans-AtlanticSlaveTrade– goods(includingslaves)were
exchangedbetweenAfrica,England/Europe,andtheWest
Indies&ColoniesinNorthAmerica
Exploration
ReasonsforExploration:
•Religion(God) •FastertraderoutetoAsia
•Wealth(Gold)
•FameandInternationalrecognition(Glory)
EarlyFormsofGovernment
MagnaCarta – limitedthepoweroftheKing,guaranteedthe
rightoftrialbyjury
MayflowerCompact– signedbymanyPilgrims,helped
establishtheideaofself-government
VirginiaHouseofBurgesses– 1st representativeassembly in
NorthAmerica
FundamentalOrdersofConnecticut– outlineofselfgovernmentinfluencedbyThomasHooker,oftencalledthe
“FirstwrittenConstitution”
EstablishingColonies
•ReligiousandPoliticalFreedom
•EconomicOpportunity(mercantilismandlandownership)
SettlementoftheAmericanColonies
•NewEngland(CT,NH,MA,RI):settledbyPilgrimsin1620
andPuritansinthe1630’stoescapereligiouspersecutionin
England.Poorrockysoil,coldclimate,andabundantforest
ledtoaneconomybasedonfishing,ship-building,lumber,
whaling,andtrading(merchants)
FrenchandIndianWar
•BritishcolonistswantedtotakeoverFrenchlandinNorth
America
•BritishsoldiersfoughtagainstFrenchandNative
Americans
TreatyofParis(1763)– endedtheFrenchandIndianWar
•Asaresultofthewar,theBritishbegantaxingthecolonists
topayoffthewardebt andtheProclamationLineof1763
wasestablishedtokeepcolonistsfromsettlingwestofthe
AppalachianMountains
IncreasingTensionwithBritain
British
Policy
Definition
AmericanReaction
SugarAct
Taxonsugar,
molasses, etc.
Taxationwithout
representation
•SouthernColonies(VA,MD,NC,SC,GA):Marylandfounded
byLordBaltimoreforCatholicsfeelingreligiouspersecution,
Georgiawascreatedfordebtors/indenturedservants.Hot
climateandperfectsoilledtoaneconomybasedoncash
crops(cotton,tobacco,rice,indigo,sugarcane)
StampAct
Taxon alllegal
documents,playing
cards,etc.
Protests,Sonsof
Libertyform
Townshend
Acts
Taxonimported
goods,suchaslead,
glass & paint
BoycottBritish
TheGreatAwakening
•Periodofgreatrevivalthatspreadthroughthecoloniesin
the1730’sand1740’sthatpromotedquestioningthechurch
andgovernment
•AnneHutchinsonwasbanishedfromMassachusettscolony
forpreachingagainsttheestablishedchurchleaders
TeaAct
Taxontea
BostonTeaParty
Intolerable
Acts
CloseddownPortof
Boston,etc.;
England’sreactionto
BostonTeaParty
FormedFirst
Continental
Congress
•MiddleColonies(NY,NJ,PA,DE):importanttradingarea,
WilliamPennfoundedPAasQuakersafehaven.Mildclimate
andgoodsoilledtoaneconomybasedonfarming,calledthe
“BreadBasket”andsmall-scalebusiness(cottageindustry)
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RevolutionaryWar
DeclarationofIndependence – Documentwrittenby
ThomasJeffersonclaimingindependencefromGreatBritain,
listedgrievances,suchas“taxationwithoutrepresentation”
Lexington&Concord– FirstbattlesoftheRevolution
•BritishplannedtoarrestAmericanleadersandseizeguns
•PaulReveremadefamousridetowarnaboutBritishattack
Saratoga – turningpointofthewar
•Importantvictorybecauseitinfluencedforeignnationsto
supportAmericainitswaragainstEngland
•France useditsNavyintheAmericaneffortforvictory
Yorktown – lastmajorbattleofthewar
•FrenchshipspreventedBritishsuppliestoreachYorktown
•Britishsurrenderbecausetheyaresurroundedandlack
suppliestomaintainwareffort
•GeneralCornwallisandtheBritishsurrenderedtoGeorge
Washington andbeginnegotiatingtheTreatyofParis1783
TreatyofParis1783– endedtheAmericanRevolution
•The13ColoniesbecameindependentfromEngland
•TheboundariesofthenewnationweretheMississippi
Riverinthewest,Canadatothenorth,andSpanishFloridato
thesouth
LeadersoftheAmericanRevolution
•GeorgeWashington– CommanderoftheContinental
Army,PresidentoftheConstitutionalConvention,First
PresidentoftheU.S.,setmanyprecedents
•BenjaminFranklin– inventoranddiplomat
•AlexanderHamilton– SecretaryoftheTreasury,Founderof
theFederalistParty,supportedaNationalBank
•JohnAdams– MemberoftheContinentalCongress,Second
President,XYZAffair,AlienandSeditionActs
•AbigailAdams– Memberof“DaughtersofLiberty,”known
forherstanceonwomen’srights,“remembertheladies”
•JamesMadison– FatheroftheConstitution(1787),Fourth
PresidentduringtheWarof1812
•ThomasJefferson– AuthoroftheDeclarationof
Independence,founderoftheDemocratic-RepublicanParty,
ThirdPresident(EmbargoAct),purchasedLouisianaTerritory
in1803
•MercyOtisWarren– Patriotwriterthatsupported
independence
•Crispus Attucks– Americanheroandfirstpersonshotat
BostonMassacre
•Haym Salomon– Polish-JewwhospiedforAmericansand
washeldasatranslatorfortheGermansbytheBritish
•JohnPaulJones– FounderoftheU.S.Navy,famousfor
yelling“Ihavenotyetbeguntofight”
•PatrickHenry– “Givemelibertyorgivemedeath”
Readiness Knowledge and Skills
Social Studies 8 --- STAAR Review
ColoniesgovernmentduringtheRevolution
ArticlesofConfederation – thefirstattemptatanational
governmentbytheAmericancolonies.
Weaknesses
•Statesnotworkingtogether•Noexecutivebranch(no
President)•Norespectfromforeignnations•Nopowerto
tax•Weakcentralgovernment•Nohighcourtsystem
Strengths
•Coulddeclarewar•Couldmaketreaties(peace)•Could
coinmoney•Creationofpostalsystem
•Shay’sRebellionfinallyconvincesAmericanstorevisitthe
effectivenessoftheArticlesofConfederation
PhiladelphiaConvention(1787)
AlsocalledtheConstitutionalConvention– Delegatesmet
inPhiladelphia,PAtorevisetheArticlesofConfederation;
instead,theywroteanentirelynewconstitutionand
formedanewgovernment. Hadtoresolveseveralissues
includingrepresentation,slavery,andtrade.
•GreatCompromise– settlementreachedbetweenthose
supportingtheVirginiaPlan(largestates-population)and
theNewJerseyPlan(smallstates-equalrepresentation),
formeda2-chamberlegislativebranchconsistingofthe
HouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate
•3/5Compromise– settlementreachedbetweentheNorth
(taxation)andtheSouth(representation)thatsaid3/5ofa
slavewouldbecountedtowardboth taxationand
representation
•Federalist –supportratificationoftheConstitution
•Anti-Federalist–opposeratificationoftheConstitution
•ConstitutionSigned(1787)– becomesblueprintfor
AmericanGovernment,approvedonlyafterFederalists
agreetoaddBillofRights(1788)->demandedbyAntiFederalists;Constitutionactuallytakeseffectin1789
•AmendingtheConstitution– requires2/3 ofbothHouses
ofCongresstopropose,then3/4 ofStatestoapprove
BillofRights
1st Amendment– freedomofSpeech,Press,Religion,
Petition,andAssembly(RAPPS)
2nd Amendment– righttobearArms
3rd Amendment– protectionfromquarteringtroops
4th Amendment– protectionfromunreasonablesearchand
seizure
5th Amendment– grandjury,protectionfromselfincrimination
6th Amendment– righttojuryforcriminaltrial,speedytrial
7th Amendment– righttojuryinciviltrial
8th Amendment– nocruelandunusualpunishment,
excessivebail
9th Amendment– protectionofrightsnotstatedinthe
Constitution
10Amendment– powersnotlistedgotothestates/people
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CreatingaNewGovernment– Constitution
7PrinciplesoftheConstitution
Federalism– divisionofpowerbetweenthestatesand
nationalgovernment
LimitedGovernment– governmentpowerisrestrictedin
ordertoprotectthepeople
IndividualRights– thefirst10amendmentsofthe
Constitution;protectindividualrightsagainstthepowerof
thegovernment
PopularSovereignty– thegovernmentiscreatedbyand
subjecttothewillofthepeople
Republicanism– governmentinwhichthedesiresofthe
peoplearerepresentedingovernmentbyelectedofficials
ChecksandBalances– eachbranchmakessuretheothers
areworkingthewaytheyaresupposedto
SeparationofPowers– splittingthepowerofthe
governmentinto3branches(executive,legislative,and
judicial)
DevelopmentofPoliticalParties
•Thefirsttwopoliticalpartieswerecreatedinsupportor
oppositiontoissuesconcerninghowstrongthecentral
(federal)governmentshouldbe
Federalists
DemocraticRepublicans
JohnAdams
AlexanderHamilton
ThomasJefferson
James Madison
Government
StrongNational
Government
StrongState
Governments
Constitution
Loose
interpretation
Strict
interpretation
Economy
Basedonindustry
Basedon
agriculture
Democracy
Fearofmobrule
Fearofrulebyone
orafew
Foreign
Affairs
SupportsEngland
SupportsFrance
Important
Leaders
Issues
GeorgeWashington’sFarewellAddress
•Urgednationtobeneutral andsteerclearofpermanent
alliances withanyportionoftheforeignworld
•Recognizedthedangersofpoliticalparties andwarned
thatattacksbypoliticalpartiescouldweakenthenation
•HisadviceguidesU.S.foreignpolicyeventotoday
PresidentialForeignPolicies
JohnAdams
•XYZAffair– theFrenchwereseizingAmericanshipsto
preventAmericansfromtradingwiththeBritish.
ThomasJefferson
•EmbargoAct(1807)– prohibitedAmericansfromtrading
withforeignnations.ItfailedandhurttheAmerican
economy
SupremeCourtCases
JohnMarshall– OneofthemostinfluentialSupremeCourt
Justices,helpedestablishideaofJudicialReview
•Marburyv.Madison(1803)– establishedtheideaof
JudicialReview
•McCullochv.Maryland(1819)– statescouldnottaxa
nationalbank,increasedpowerofnationalgovernment
•Gibbonsv.Ogden(1824)– federalgovernmentcould
regulateinterstate trade
•Worcesterv.Georgia(1832)- JohnMarshalldeclaresit
illegaltoremoveIndians fromtheirland
•DredScottv.Sanford(1857)– slaves areNOTcitizens,
insteadareconsideredproperty;MissouriCompromise
declaredunconstitutional
Warof1812
Significance – Americadefendeditsfirst"invasion,"proving
itwasapowerfulforce.Noterritorywasgainedorlostand
therewasnoclearwinner.
Causes/Issues
•ImpressmentofU.S.sailors•Shippinginterference
•BritishsupportedAmericanIndianresistanceagainst
Americans•WarHawks– persuadedCongresstosupporta
declarationofwaragainstBritain
Events
•AttackonWashington,D.C.– in1814,theBritishoccupied
DCandsetfiretomanypublicbuildings(WhiteHouse)
•FortMcHenry– FrancisScottKeywrotethepoem
“Defence ofFortMcHenry,"fromwhichthe“Star-Spangled
Banner”waswritten
•BattleofNewOrleans–GeneralAndrewJacksondefeated
theBritish,whowereintentonseizingNewOrleansandthe
landAmericahadacquiredwiththeLouisianaPurchase.The
victorymadeJacksonanationalhero.
•TreatyofGhent– peacetreatythatendedtheWarof1812
andrestoredrelationsbetweentheU.S.andBritaintoprewarstatus.
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JamesMonroe
•InhisStateoftheUnionaddressMonroedeclaredthatthe
Americancontinentswereforeverfreeandindependent
fromEuropeanPowers.
•MonroeDoctrine– proclaimedthatEuropeanpowers
shouldnolongercolonizeorinterferewiththeaffairsofthe
nationsoftheAmericas.U.S.sawitselfasaworldpower.
AndrewJackson’sPresidency
Jacksonian Impact
•AndrewJackson'selectionsignaledashiftofpowertothe
“commonman” (eliminatedpropertyownershipforvoting,
riseofthecommonmanduetoexpandedsuffragerights)
•HisviewsleftalegacytothemodernDemocraticParty
•Democracyinsocial,economicandpoliticallife
•Governmentbythepeople
NativeAmericans
•Whitesettlerswantedlandtoraisecotton
•IndianRemovalActof1830ispassedallowingthe
presidenttonegotiateremovaltreaties
•GeorgiatriestousetheIndianRemovalActtoforcibly
removeCherokeeIndians
•CherokeeIndianstakethestateofGeorgiatotheSupreme
CourtinWorcesterv.GeorgiawhereJohnMarshalldeclares
itillegaltoremoveIndiansfromtheirland
•AndrewJacksonignoresthisrulinganddoesnotstop
Georgiafromremoving15,000CherokeeIndiansandforcing
themtomigratetopresentdayOklahoma
•4,000Indiansdiefromcold,hunger,andexhaustionon
whatbecomesknownasthe“TrailofTears”
NullificationCrisis
•ProtectivetariffsarepassedtoprotectU.S.manufacturing
•Thesehightariffsmadesouthernstatesangryincluding
SouthCarolina(JohnC.Calhoun),whichpassedthe
NullificationOrdinancemeanttonullifythefederaltariff
•SouthCarolinathreatenstosecedefromtheU.S.unlessthe
tariffislowered
•AndrewJacksonsendsinfederaltroopstoSouthCarolina
•HenryClaywritesTheCompromiseTariffof1833,which
lowersthetariffandresolvesthesituation
•SouthCarolina’sactionsprovethatasinglestatecan
imposeitswilloncongress
U.S.Economics
Capitalism– aneconomicsysteminwhichresourcesand
meansofproductionareprivatelyownedandprices,
production,andthedistributionofgoodsaredetermined
mainlybycompetitioninafreemarket
FreeEnterpriseSystem- freedomofprivatebusinessto
organizeandoperateforprofitinacompetitivesystem
withoutinterferencebygovernmentbeyondregulation
necessarytoprotectpublicinterest
Readiness Knowledge and Skills
Social Studies 8 --- STAAR Review
ComponentsofFreeEnterprise
PrivateEnterprise– peoplerisktheirownmoney
Competition– lowerprices/betterproductsforconsumers
PrivateProperty– ownershipofpropertybyindividuals
ProfitMotive– gainafterexpensesaretakenfromrevenue
ConsumerSovereignty– powerthatbuyershaveover
companies(determinetypes,quality,andquantity)
IndustrialRevolution&Urbanization
Rural– countryliving;agriculture
Urban– cityliving;factoryjobs
Urbanization
•themigrationofpeoplefromruraltourbanareas
•Needforcheaplaborresultedinfactoryjobsandcaused
manyimmigrantstomigratetocities
Positive
Negative
Morejobs(factories)
Pollution
Bettertransportation
Overcrowding/Sanitation
Morehousing
Illness/Disease
ReasonsforIndustrialization
PlentifulNaturalResources
•Warof1812- largeamountsofsoutherncottonaresentto
thenorthtobemanufactured,insteadofGreatBritain
•LeadstothecreationofthetextileindustryintheNorth
•ManyfactoriesintheNorthwerelocatedalongfastflowing
rivers,sothattheycouldusewater-poweredmachines
ImprovedTransportation
•Railroad
•Suppliedcitiesandtownswithfood,fuel,building
materials,andaccesstomarkets(+)
•IncreasedcommunicationbetweentheEastand
West(+)
•Ledtoincreasedairpollution(-)
•Destroyedthenaturalenvironment(-)
•Canals
•Artificialwaterwaythatimprovedtrade
•ErieCanal,connectedNewYorkCitytoGreatLakes
GrowingPopulations
•ImmigrantsfromEurope
NewInventions
•Factorysystem/Interchangeableparts– introducedmass
productiontechniques;increasedefficiency(EliWhitney)
•Steamboat – madeshippinggoodsandtransportingpeople
faster&cheaper;couldnowtravelagainsttherivercurrent;
citiesbegangrowingalongrivertraderoutes(RobertFulton)
•CottonGin– increasedneedforslavelabor(EliWhitney)
•MechanicalReaper/Steel-tippedplow– cropproduction
wasincreased(McCormick/Deere)
InvestmentCapital
•Foreigninvestorssawopportunityforprofit
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WestwardExpansion
•ManifestDestiny– beliefthatU.S.isDivinelygiventerritory
fromtheAtlantictoPacificOcean
NeverLookForThatBrokeOldMan’sGold
Territory
Year
FromWho?
How?
N.W.
Ordinance
1787
England
Treatyof
Paris,1783
Louisiana
Purchase
1803
France
Purchased
for$15M
Florida
1819
Spain
Negotiation
Texas
1845
Republicof
Texas
Annexation
British
Cessions
1818&
1842
England
Negotiation
Oregon
Country
1846
England
Negotiation
Mexican
Cession
1848
Mexico
Treatyof
GuadalupeHidalgo
Gadsden
Purchase
1853
Mexico
Purchased
for$10M
Economicreasons - newlandforfarmers,newtraderoutes
andmarketsformanufacturedgoods
Socialreasons- refugefromreligiouspersecution
(Mormons);removalofNativeAmericans
Politicalreasons- extendingnation’sboundaries,claiming
territory,andexpansionofslavery
Mexican-AmericanWar
Causes
•Annexation ofTexas•PresidentPolk’spushforwestward
expansion(ManifestDestiny)•Borderdisputeinvolvingthe
southernboundaryofTexas(RioGrandeandNuecesRivers)
Effects/Impact
•U.S.winsthewareasily•TreatyofGuadalupe-Hidalgoends
thewarandsecurestheMexicanCession,whichincludesthe
currentsouthwesternUnitedStates•conflictofexpansion
ofslaverygrowsinCongress
ImmigrantsandManifestDestiny
CaliforniaGoldRush- floodofsettlerstoCaliforniain1848;
populationquicklyrisesandstatehoodisacceptedin1850;
Chineseimmigrantsarepulledtoareaafterrumorsofgold
Trans-ContinentalRailroad– Chinese,Irish,andGerman
immigrantsallcontributegreatlytothecompletionofthis
project,connectingEastandWest;encouragedwestward
migrationofimmigrants,aswellasnewbusiness
opportunitiesfortrade;metatPromontoryPoint,Utah
NativeAmericans– setupthetreatysystemandreservation
systemsecuredplacesforthemtolive
ReformMovements
SecondGreatAwakening– religiousrevivalsintheearly
1800’s;consideredthe“root”ofmanysocialreformcauses
Temperance– calledforanendtotheconsumptionandsell
ofalcohol;ledbyLymanBeecher
Education– allowedforthewidespreadacceptanceofpublic
schools,betterteacherpay/training,andcollegesforwomen
andAfrican-Americans;ledbyHoraceMann
Prison/Mentally-Ill– pushedforseparatejailsforadults
andchildren;rehabilitationabovepunishment;desirednew
andseparatefacilitiesforthementally-ill;ledbyDorothea
Dix
Labor– setouttoimprovetheworkingconditionsin
factories,aswellasprovidechild-laborlaws
Abolition– soughttoendslavery;Quakers firsttoholdsuch
beliefs;ledbyFrederickDouglass(NorthStar),WilliamLloyd
Garrison(TheLiberator), SojournerTruth,andHarriet
Tubman
Women’sRights – soughtbetterworkingconditionsfor
women,aswellassuffragerights;SenecaFallsConvention,
meetingofwomen’srightsactivistsinNewYork
“DeclarationofSentiments”;ledbyElizabethCadyStanton
andSusanB.Anthony
Transcendentalism– emphasizednatureandtheconscience
(inner-voice);soughttocreateauniqueAmericancreative
artculture;includedtheworksofEmilyDickinson(poet),
WaltWhitman,RalphWaldoEmerson,JamesAudubon
(birdpaintings),HudsonRiverSchool(naturelandscape
paintings),andHenryDavidThoreau(civildisobedience)
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Sectionalism
Causes/Issues
•Tariffs
•North:hightariffsprotectedindustrialNorthbyraising
pricesofforeignimports;NorthernerslikedprotectivetariffsbecausetheyencouragedpeopletobuyAmericanmadeproducts
•South:havingfewfactories,theSouthimportedmost
non-agriculturalproducts;hightariffsmeantthattheir
exportshadtobesoldforlesstotheirEuropeantrade
partners,aswellashavingtopayhigherpricesfor
manufacturedgoods;NullificationCrisisinSouthCarolina
was1st instancewhereasouthernstatechallengeda
federaltariffsuccessfully
•West:manygovernmentspendingprojects,suchas
roads,canals,etc.werefinancedbytariffs
•Slavery
•North:adamantlyagainstslavery,madeillegalsincethe
Revolution;organizedabolitionistssocieties,newspapers,
etc.
•South:basisofSoutherneconomy;viewedprimarilyasa
states’right
•West:primarygoalwastobalancenumberofslaveand
freestates;argumentwaswhetherornottoextend
slaveryintothesenewterritories
•States’Rights
•North:allowedthefederalgovernmenttoplayamore
dominantroleingovernment,sostates’rightswerenot
viewedasessential
•South:hadalonghistoryofthisbeliefbacktothe
ConstitutionalConvention(Anti-Federalists);believed
thatthestatesshouldbeabletomakedecisionsthat
servedtheirindividualinterests,10th Amendment
Compromises
MissouriCompromiseof1820 - 1)Missourientersasa
slavestate,2)Maineentersasafreestate,and3)lineis
drawnat36°30’(northofthisline,free/southofthisline,
slave)
Compromiseof1850- 1)Californiaentersasafreestate,
2)slavetradeinD.C.ended,3)FugitiveSlaveAct,4)New
MexicoandUtahterritoriesestablished,and5)Texas/New
Mexicoborderdisputesettled
Kansas-NebraskaActof1854 - 1)NebraskaTerritoryis
dividedintoKansasandNebraska,2)bothterritoriesare
allowedtoorganizethroughpopularsovereignty,deciding
whetherornottoallowslavery,and3)pro-slaveryandantislaverysidesclashinKansasinaseriesofviolentactscalled
“BleedingKansas”
America’sdesiretocompromisewouldeventuallybeproven
futile,withthedecisionofDredScottv.Sanfordandthe
South’srelentlesspushforseparation.
Readiness Knowledge and Skills
Social Studies 8 --- STAAR Review
EventsLeadingDirectlytoCivilWar
DredScottv.Sanford– SupremeCourtcasewhereChief
JusticeRogerTaneyandtheotherJusticesruledthatDred
Scott(andallotherslaves)werenotconsideredcitizens,but
insteadwereconsideredproperty
Electionof1860– Presidentialelectionthatshowedthe
sharpdivisioninthenation,withAbrahamLincoln
(Republican)beatingJohnBreckenridge(SouthernDemocrat)
withoutthesupportofasingleSouthernstate;signaledto
theSouththatitwastimetosecede,whichSouthCarolina
didjustamonthlaterinDecember1860
ImportantPeopleoftheCivilWar
AbrahamLincoln- PresidentoftheUnitedStates
JeffersonDavis- PresidentoftheConfederacy
UlyssesS.Grant- CommanderofUnionForces(1864)
RobertE.Lee- CommanderoftheArmyofNorthernVirginia
WilliamT.Sherman - UnionGeneral,“MarchtotheSea”
Thomas“Stonewall”Jackson - ConfederateGeneral
WilliamCarney- 54th MassachusettsColoredRegiment,
MedalofHonorrecipient
PhilipBazaar - borninChile,SouthAmerica,MedalofHonor
recipient
ImportantBattles/EventsoftheCivilWar
FortSumter- Rebelforcesfireuponthisfederalfortin
Charleston,S.C.,eventuallyforcingasurrenderandstartthe
CivilWar(April,1861)
BattleofAntietam- bloodiestsingledayinAmerican
militaryhistorywith23kcasualties (September,1862);
promptsLincolntoissueEmancipationProclamation
BattleofGettysburg- turningpointoftheCivilWar
(July1-3,1863)
SiegeofVicksburg- Uniongainedcontrolofthisfortin
Mississippi,thusestablishingcontroloftheMississippiRiver
anddividingtheSouthintwo(surrenderedJuly4,1863)
AppomattoxCourthouse - LeesurrenderstoGrant,ending
theCivilWar(April,1865)
AssassinationofLincoln – shotinthebackoftheheadby
Southernsupporter,JohnWilkesBooth,insideFordTheater,
Washington,D.C.(April,1865)
Lincoln’sSpeeches/Writings
FirstInauguralAddress - goalwastopreservetheUnionand
clearlystateLincoln’santi-secessionbeliefs
EmancipationProclamation- freedtheslavesintheRebel
States(Confederacy),butnottheBorderStates(Union)
GettysburgAddress - meanttohonorthedeadandremind
thecountrywhytheywerefighting(“halftimespeech”),only
2minuteslonganddeliveredontheBattlefieldatGettysburg
SecondInauguralAddress – hopedthatthenationcould
healitswoundsandmoveonpeacefullyfromthisterrible
conflict
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Reconstruction
13th
15th
Amendments
Freed
•13th Amendment
Vote
14th
•abolishedslavery
Citizens
•14th Amendment
•grantedcitizenshiptofreedmen(equalprotectionclause
anddueprocessclause)
•15th Amendment
•gavealladultmalecitizenstherighttovote
ApproachestoReconstruction
•Presidential- PresidentAndrewJohnsonislenientonhow
hechoosestoletSouthernStatesbackintotheUnion,
eventuallyallowingSouthernDemocratstotakecontrolof
theirrespectivegovernmentsandestablishlawscalled“Black
Codes”thatseverelylimitedthenewfreedomsoffreedmen;
Johnson’spopularitygrowsweakandheeventuallyonly
servesoneterm
•Congressional- RadicalRepublicans,ledbyThaddeus
StevensandCharlesSumner,makemanychangesduring
Reconstruction,includingtheintroductionoftheFreedmen’s
Bureauandthedividingupof10southernStatesinto
militarydistricts(ReconstructionActof1867)toensurethat
theyadheretonewlawsguaranteeingnewfreedomsfor
formerslaves(freedmen)
Freedmen’sBureau - assistedinthedistributionoffood,
medicine,clothes,andothernecessitiestoallfreedmenafter
theCivilWar;itsmainpurposewastoguaranteethatall
reliefandeducationprogramswereproperlyrecognizedby
formerConfederateStates;theBureaualsocontrolledall
confiscatedlandsinformerConfederateStates,border
states,D.C.,andIndianTerritory
JimCrowLaws - statelawsintheSouththatweremeantto
bypasslawscreatedbyRadicalRepublicansandanyother
federallawtheydisagreedwith;“SeparateButEqual”
KuKluxKlan – secretsocietywhoseinitialgoalwastodisrupt
RepublicaninfluenceintheSouth,althoughthegroup’s
tacticsandmessagequicklybecameviolentagainstallthose
whosupportedAfrican-Americans
ImportantPeopleandGroups
HiramRhodesRevels - electedfirstAfrican-American
Senator;chosenbytheMississippistatelegislaturetofillthe
Senateseatwhichhadbeenvacantsincethebeginningof
theCivilWar;onlyservedabriefterm,butsetasignificant
precedentpavingthewayfor22African-Americanmentobe
electedtotheU.S.Congressbytheturnofthe20th Century
Carpetbaggers - peoplewhotraveledfromtheNorthintothe
Southinordertoinfluencethenewstatepoliticsandalso
makeafinancialgainoffofmanySoutherner’ssituations
Scalawags - SouthernerswhoactuallysupportedtheUnion
duringtheCivilWarandwhoalsoworkedwithNorthern
RepublicansduringReconstruction;wereseenastraitorsby
thoseintheSouth
Readiness Knowledge and Skills
Social Studies 8 --- STAAR Review
ReconstructionActs
HomesteadAct(1862)- gaveadultheadsofhouseholds160
acresofpubliclandinexchangeforstayingthere5yearsand
improvingthepropertybybuildingadwellingandcultivating
it;onlyasmallregistrationfeewasrequiredtobepaidatthe
endofthe5years;greatlyincreasedthesettlementofthe
GreatPlains (westernterritory)
MorrillAct(1862)- establishedcollegesinwesternstates
withfederallandgrants;theseschoolswerespecificallybuilt
tohouseagricultural,mechanical,andmilitaryprograms;
sixteenoftheseuniversitieswerebuiltespeciallyforthe
educationofAfrican-Americans;forthefirsttime,higher
educationwasbroughtclosertomillionsofstudentsand
wouldeventuallyenhancethesocialandeconomicfabricof
America
DawesAct(1887)– allowedthegovernmenttotake
reservationlandanddivideitintosmallerplotsfor
distributiontoindividualmembersofaNativeAmerican
tribe;wasmeanttoprotectIndianpropertyrights,but
resultswereoftendifferentwitheitherIndiansnot
assimilatingwellintofarmingcultureorthelandwassimply
notsuitedforfarming
TestingStrategies
ConfidenceCoding - asyoumakeyourwaythroughthetest,
placea (+)nexttoquestionsyouare100%sureyouhave
correct,a (?)nexttoquestionsyouarenotcompletelysure
about,anda (-)nexttoquestionsyouhavenoideaabout
CoverUptheAnswers - insteadofgoingdirectlytothe
answersandtryingtosortthroughwhattheyprovidetoyou,
simplyuseascratchsheetofpaperandcoverupthe
answersandproperlyunderstandthequestion
KeyWordAssociation - thisstrategydirectlyrelatestothe
“CoverUpYourAnswers”foundabove;whetherit’saquote,
graph,chart,picture,politicalcartoon,oraregularquestion,
writedowneverywordthatcomestomindasyoumake
yourwaythroughthequestionandstimulus(visual,quote,
graph,etc.)
“LazyReader” - notthatIwouldrecommendthisasafirst
strategy,butifyoufindyourselfdiscouragedbyalongquote
orexcerpt,gotothebottom/endofthequoteandread
whowroteit,whattheexcerptisfrom,andwhenitwas
written;usethisinformationtowritedownasmanykey
wordassociationsasyoucanandthenseeifthatsparksa
memoryofwhatthequoteshouldbeabout
Takeyourtime!
Showstrategies!
Haveconfidence!
Giveityourbest!