MSUMUN XVI
March 18th - March 20th
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
Chair: Emily Weiner
Karan Dhillon, Emmett McConnell, Michael Alexander Sandoval
Michigan State University Model United Nations XVI
Delegates,
Welcome to the Paris Peace Conference 1919 at MSUMUN XVI!
The dais is incredibly excited to meet each and every one of you. The Paris Peace
Conference of 1919 occurred after World War I and, arguably, led to World War II.
Delegates in this committee will have the opportunity to change the past in the hopes of
creating a better future, while continuing to represent the priorities of their
representative's nation. American public schools tend to have an American-centric focus to
their curriculum; I am excited to see delegates push themselves to see these issues from the
perspective of other counties. We must learn from our past, to ensure ourselves a brighter
future. Before we discuss the intricacies of the Paris Peace Conference, meet the fearless
dais that will guide you through MSUMUN XVI!
Emily Weiner - Chair
I am a junior here at Michigan State and I am majoring in Elementary Education with a
subject major in Language Arts. I am also a member of the Global Educators Cohort
Program. I am so excited to see this committee that has existed in my head for three years
finally come to life! This is my third year in MSUMUN; two years ago I was the page in
DISEC, and last year I was an assistant chair in the International Education in South Asia
and Africa committee. I have also been a member of the MSU International Relations
Organization, MSU’s competitive Model UN team, for three years, and am currently serving
as the Vice President in charge of Membership. Being a delegate is a wonderful experience
that helps you grow in your learning and also as an active citizen of our increasingly
globalized world. I also enjoy binge watching Friends on Netflix and I have a penchant for
puns. I am very excited to participate in making MSUMUN XVI a great experience for you!
Karan Dhillon - Assistant Chair
Hey everyone, my name’s Karan Dhillon and I’m a freshman here at Michigan State
University, double majoring in International Relations and Supply Chain Management. I
love Model UN, and I’ve been doing it since my sophomore year of high school. Currently
along with MSUMUN, I am also a part of MSU’s competitive Model UN team. Every year I do
Model UN, I learn to love it even more than I did before. I think a big part of this comes from
the fact that I feel that I’m always learning so much, while having just as much fun. Other
than Model UN, I am also a member of Delta Phi Epsilon Professional Foreign Service
Fraternity here on campus, and I like to obsess over various sports leagues, play games like
Civilization V, and eat good food. Lastly, I hope that this weekend will be an enjoyable
experience for everyone, welcome to MSUMUN XVI!
Emmett McConnell - Assistant Chair
I’m a sophomore; I’m majoring in earth sciences, studying meteorology specifically. I fenced
for six years, one at MSU, I stopped last year. I was on stage crew for three and a half years
in high school and I love musical theater. I’m also a huge fan of walking, running, cycling,
and otherwise being outside. I’d never been in model UN before this year. I also knew very
little about World War I going into this committee. Since joining this committee, I’ve
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Michigan State University Model United Nations XVI
learned a lot about both things and I am very excited to be on this committee. I hope you
enjoy what we’ve put together.
Michael Sandoval - Assistant Chair
Hello Delegates! I am a Freshman here at Michigan State University double majoring in
Political Science - World Politics and Economic Geography. This is my first year doing
MSUMUN (in case you didn’t catch that) and I’m loving it! Being able to put together a
fantastic simulation that involves history and shaping the future are a few of the many
passions I have. Along with being an Assistant Chair, I am the Vice-President and Deputy
Campaign Manager of Operations for MSU’s Spartans for Hillary Organization, a Brother in
the Delta Phi Epsilon Professional Foreign Service Fraternity, and a Member of the MSU
International Relations Organization--the sister organization to MSUMUN. I hope you all
enjoy this wonderful experience we’ve put together for you, because if you don’t… Then off
with your heads!
Unique Committee Rules:
Delegates will represent characters, all of whom attended the Paris Peace Conference.
Some nations have more than one representative, for example Woodrow Wilson and
Robert Lansing will both be represented. At the end of the conference, all passed
resolutions will be combined into one treaty. While all delegates will have the opportunity
vote on all resolutions, delegates will have to decide with other representative of their
country if they will sign the treaty, as each country will only get one signature.
Furthermore, all members of the British Empire (i.e. the United Kingdom, Canada,
Australia, South Africa, New Zealand and Newfoundland) will sign, or not sign, the treaty as
one. Additionally, if the committee chooses to create an international organization for
peace, countries will also have the choice of whether or not to join the organization. If a
nation chooses not to sign the treaty, they will not be able to join the organization. In
respect to the unrecognized delegates, they will have the ability to vote on resolutions, but
whether or not they will be able to sign the treaty will be up to a majority vote of the
recognized nations.
If you have any questions about research, your character, the topics, the unique rules of this
committee, or MSUMUN, please feel free to contact me at [email protected].
I look forward to meeting each of you in March!
Sincerely,
Emily Weiner
Chair
Paris Peace Conference 1919
[email protected]
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Topic 1: Reparations
Introduction:
With fighting at an end it is time to reconcile the ravages of war. There are many
soldiers and civilians dead but the destruction does not end there. Homes and swathes of
farmland have been laid to ruin, factories pockmarked and made unusable. Production
capacities in many industries have been gouged. The death and destruction of this war has
left many, especially those in Europe, in need. The war has left millions in Europe without
homes, food, or employment. These problems must be dealt with in the short term and
infrastructure must be repaired so refugees can find permanent homes and jobs.
Background:
Current Issues - Refugees
Before the end of August 1914, the Russian offensive into Germany had displaced
one million German citizens. Germany’s early invasion of Belgium would produce more
than a million refugees, 400,000 in the first three months alone. This war has been unlike
any Europe has seen since Napoleon. With so many nations fighting on so many fronts,
civilians were caught in the fighting at every turn. Civilians and soldiers of all creeds and
ethnicities fled their homes and livelihoods sometimes to elsewhere in their nations,
sometimes across national borders. Neither national nor local governments were prepared
for a refugee crisis of this magnitude. In one day at the beginning of the war 16,000 Belgian
refugees arrived at a port in the UK. Data suggests that as a result of the war “at least 10
million people were displaced either internally or as a result of fleeing across an
international frontier.” An estimated 1.85 million are French, upwards of 600,000 are
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Belgian. Russian cities reached 10-30% refugee populations.3 Across European refugees
were taken in wherever there was space and in many places where there was not.
Refugees fled their homes with, for the most part, nothing. Some moved along roads
and railways while some, like Serbian refugees who were forced to flee in the hundreds of
thousands through mountains into Albania, or Armenians forced to flee into and across the
desert to the south. In many countries there was nowhere to house these refugees who so
desperately needed it and local governments struggled to feed and house them even with
the support of national governments. In Holland, Belgian refugees found housing in
greenhouses and on barges; refugees in Russia were given accommodations in empty
factories, breweries, and prisons. The United Kingdom was better able to deal with the
Belgian refugees who arrived on their shores. In all four nations of the UK, Belgian refugees
found safety in households, cities, and villages. In some cases, villages were erected for the
refugees. Those villages were considered Belgian territory and even used Belgian currency.
In the British city of Wolverhampton for example, accommodations for refugees were
available by September 21st, 1914. Local favor for the refugees was strong at the beginning
of the war as the Belgians were victims of German aggression, which was the major reason
Britain had joined the war.7 One cause of friction between refugees and government
officials on the continent was the fact that for the most part, refugees wanted
accommodations as close as possible to the place they fled from in hopes that they could
return to their homes soon after. Local and National government officials did their best to
disperse refugees within their countries. National officials were trying to spread out the
burden of refugees across their countries and even out the distribution of national
government relief. The stresses on communities where people were displaced to were
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several fold. Displaced people overwhelmed the logistical and economic abilities of local
governments to acquire and distribute aid. The presence of foreigners also created conflicts
when social and religious practices interfered with locals. Economic and logistical
limitations were overcome in part by private organizations, which stepped in or were
created when it became apparent that governments lacked the capacity or competency to
assist refugees. Some of these organizations were secular, like the Red Cross, and some
were religious, like the many charities that were established by and for Jewish refugees. In
the case of Jewish refugees, aid organizations faced an especially uphill battle in places like
Austria-Hungary where the presence of Jewish refugees “inflamed existing anti-Semitic
sentiment among the non-Jewish townspeople, who all too easily fell into the habit of
berating the refugees for their bad manners and contribution to shortages.” Jewish
refugees weren’t the only ones that faced cultural discrimination though. Armenians
displaced from within the Ottoman Empire fled south into Syria. In Russia there were
mixed feelings about Armenian refugees; some Russians saw them as innocent, Christian
victims of war. Other
Russians regarded
Armenians with
something resembling
anti-Semitism. The
British government and
citizens too became
disillusioned with their Belgian guests. Serbian communities felt the pressure of refugees in
a different way; the populations of some communities were multiplied by ten when
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refugees arrived. That increase did not last long though as those communities too were
soon displaced by the advance of the Bulgarian military and collapse of the Serbian
military. Serbian civilians and military men alike fled, mostly to France where they faced
the same problems as France’s own refugees.
With the war at an end, millions are without permanent homes. Public opinion in
many countries and communities hosting refugees is turning away from those refugees.
Many displaced peoples have come through this war with stronger national identities, but
not all. Many refugees wish to return to their homelands, but not all do and a solution for
permanent settlement of all displaced peoples needs to be discussed.
Long Term Issues - Economic Damages
The human cost of the Great War was enormous, as was the economic cost and the
two were not separate. The cost of the war was different for all nations involved, but it was,
in all cases, massive. War spending provided a boom for the United States, but the cost to
the United States was also great. The economic benefit of the war for the United States was
the outlier; other countries in the war saw nothing but economic destruction. The direct
cost of the war has been totaled at $186 billion. The direct costs of the war are only the
beginning though. Massive damage to economically productive infrastructure, huge
numbers of civilian killed, and the deaths of several times that many workers who went off
to war, will stunt economic recovery.
Estimates place the direct costs of the war to the United States above $22 billion; the
total cost may be as high as $32 billion, or 52% of gross national product. War spending
has, however, created a boom for the US economy. The unemployment rate in the United
States dropped from 7.9% to 1.4% during the war, thanks to the needs of the military both
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on the field and in factories. The economic boom the war has provided the United States is
unique among all of the countries that fought in the Great War and it is separated further
by the damage not done to production facilities and the workforce in the United States.
The Great War has disrupted the economies of its European participants severely.
The direct cost of the war has been estimated around $180 billion, with another $150
billion of indirect costs. Direct costs represent the costs usually associated with war:
raising armies, building tanks, ships and planes, and maintaining the assembled armed
forces. Indirect costs represent the losses of capital, human and physical.
Direct Costs
This war was the first to major war to be fought with early planes, ships,
submarines, and tanks, and those machines of war were not free. The direct costs to the
major powers can be seen on the table below.
For perspective, below is the relative change in the GDPs of the major powers during the
war years.
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Indirect Costs
The Great War caused destruction across Europe, the likes of which have not been
seen for a generations, if ever. Infrastructure and property were left in ruins along the
fronts. Advanced artillery, flamethrowers, and other new weapons of war laid waste to
communities and land where fighting took place. Bridges destroyed to slow enemy
advances need to be rebuilt to reestablish road networks and mobility near where the
fronts were. Homes and communities need to be restored so that refugees can return to
their homes. Hospitals and other community necessities need to be repaired so that their
communities can keep themselves running. Factories need to be mended so that war
ravaged communities can be productive and begin to rebuild wealth and trade. These
rebuilding tasks will be substantial but are important to recovery from the Great War. The
military casualties of the War is estimated around 9,720,450, with an additional 19,769,102
soldiers wounded, and the civilian casualties numbered 8,865,650. The table below shows
a breakdown of the indirect costs. The military dead and wounded and many of the civilian
dead were workers or of working age; without them economic recovery will be difficult.
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As plans are made for recovery from this war it cannot be forgotten that the
economic costs of the Great War will be felt for years to come. Recovering the costs of the
militaries used will be an easy task compared to recovering the indirect costs of the war.
Refugees from the war will change the social and political climate wherever they settle.
Questions to Consider:
1. How and how quickly will refugees be returned to their homelands?
2. Where will refugees for whom the national government of their homeland no longer
exists go?
3. Will refugees be compensated?
4. Should damages in the amounts of direct costs of the war be sought?
5. Should damages in the amounts of the indirect costs of the war be sought?
6. If indirect damages should be sought, how will losses of lives and workforces be
recovered?
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What to Include in a Resolution:

Plan a strategy for resettling refugees whose homelands are not intact.

Consider compensations for refugees.

Discuss what kinds of damages will be sought.
o
Explain how those damages will be recovered.
Works Cited
http://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/refugees-europe-on-the-move
http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/interactive/2013/jul/25/what-happenedhistory-refugees#World War I
http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/refugees
http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/refugees
http://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/refugees-europe-on-the-move
http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24783235.html
http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/refugees
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28857769
http://www.wolverhamptonhistory.org.uk/people/migration/ww1
http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/refugees
http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24783235.html
http://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/refugees-europe-on-the-move
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28857769
https://www.academia.edu/8630777/Refugees_and_forced_migrants_during_the_First_Wo
rld_War
http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/refugees
https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/world-war-i/resources/global-effectworld-war-i
http://www.nber.org/digest/jan05/w10580.html
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/papers/ww1toronto2.p
df
https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/world-war-i/resources/global-effectworld-war-i
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/papers/ww1toronto2.p
df
http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/war/effects.aspx
http://www.flandersfieldsmusic.com/WWI-statistics.html
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Topic 2: The Establishment of an International
Organization for Peace
Introduction:
The Great War has been the worst conflict ever seen by mankind. The loss of life has
been immense, with an estimated 37,466,904 casualties overall. After having seen such a
bloody war, it is in the best interest of human beings of all nations to create an
international organization for peace; an organization that will prevent the disastrous
results brought upon us by The Great
War. How this organization should be
constructed is up to those gathered in
this
committee. Whether you follow the
ideas of United States President
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points,
or
follow a different path of ideas, this
committee is expected to find the best
solution to create a peaceful future for all.
The Problem with War:
War is something deeply ingrained in our societies, and something that has been
present as long as civilization has existed. However, it is important to note that the age we
live in now is not identical to the age in which war originated. War has evolved. It is more
complicated, more brutal, and more deadly than it has ever been before. The Great War
provided a much-needed wake up call to the human race. The loss of human life was unlike
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anything ever seen before. A mass total of 65,038,810 individuals were mobilized and 57.5
percent of the total mobilized forces were killed. This has been, by far the largest loss of life
that has been purposely caused by humans. The destruction of this war does not end with
the loss of human life as well. This war has caused an approximate $186 billion in direct
costs and another $151 billion in indirect costs. It has damaged lands ranging from Paris to
Jerusalem, and has caused destruction to various cities far beyond, and in between. Nations
have gotten into the habit of using war as the methods of solving conflict, but as these
statistics show, war has horrible consequences, not only for the losers, but also for the
victors. The weaponry we have available to us in this age makes this all possible, today we
have flamethrowers, grenades, machine guns, and tanks which not only make the killing of
another person quick, but also easy. Supplement this with the recent introduction of
chemical weapons, and one can kill another not only from gunshots, but corrode their
organs from the inside.
The Necessity for an International Organization for Peace:
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It is apparent today that war is in no one's best interests; the best way to prevent
war is to prevent political issues between nations from escalating to the point in which war
is deemed necessary. One of the greatest issues that causes foreign aggression is
misunderstanding between nations. One can look at various examples through history,
whether this be Otto von Bismarck’s manipulation of the Ems telegram to cause war
between France and Prussia, or even the misunderstanding between the governments of
Serbia and Austria caused by the extremist Gavrilo Princip’s assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand that caused The Great War we have just experienced.
The best way to combat misunderstanding is through communication between
nations. The optimal method to facilitate this communication is through an organization
where powers can meet to discuss issues, and hear the voice of all nations involved in
potential conflicts. This is why an international organization for peace is so necessary. If
delegations from Germany, France, and Prussia met and discussed the issue they faced
before declaring war, couldn’t that have prevented the Franco-Prussian war, forcing
diplomacy to take precedence over aggression? Couldn’t The Great War have also been
prevented through discussion between the governments of Serbia and Austria to confirm
that it was not the Serbian government that sent Princip to kill the Archduke? These
questions show us why an international body for peace is so important. It is time for
diplomacy to become the way we solve our conflicts. As Woodrow Wilson has stated: “I can
predict with absolute certainty that within another generation there will be another world
war if the nations of the world do not concert the method by which to prevent it.”
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Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the League of
Nations:
“XIV. A general association of nations must be
formed under specific covenants for the
purpose of affording mutual guarantees of
political independence and territorial
integrity to great and small states alike.”
- Woodrow Wilson
The above quote describes one of United States President Woodrow Wilson’s highly
publicized “Fourteen Points”, that deals with creating “The League of Nations”, Wilson’s self
titled name for an international organization for peace. Although the above quote shows
Wilson’s view on what should be included in such an organization, it is up to the committee
to decide what they find to be the key issues that the created organization should deal with,
and what the organization should stay out of.
On the Topic of National Sovereignty:
With these questions also comes the question of national sovereignty of nations, and
what control an international organization would have over individual states. Where shall
the line be drawn between a nation’s right to self determination and the interest of what is
the best case scenario for the rest of the world? The committee must also decide what
protections will be provided to established nations who find others intruding on their right
to their own land, if any protection at all is to be provided.
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Questions to Consider:
1. What powers should this organization have?
a. How will this organization go about carrying out these powers?
b. At what point do the powers of such an organization infringe on national
sovereignty?
c. What will the breakdown of such an organization look like?
2. Who should be able to attend meetings in the organization?
a. Who will have a say on the decisions of the organization?
b. How can nations go about joining this organization?
3. How will the final decisions of the organization be made?
a. Will topics be put to a vote or will they be decided on through different
means?
To Include in a Resolution:

Any methods that one feels are necessary in a resolution in order to maintain peace
and tranquility in the world

Aspects that prevent such an organization from collapsing

Ability of such an organization to adapt to change in the political atmosphere
through the future

Issues not mentioned in this guide but one feels are important to address in the
context of this conference
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Works Cited
https://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html
https://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html
https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/world-war-i/resources/global-effectworld-war-i
http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/
http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/05/17/chemical-warfare-ww1/
http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1819
http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/princip.htm
http://www.woodrowwilsonhouse.org/league-nations
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson14.asp
Topic 3: The Determination of New National
Boundaries
Introduction:
The Great War has come to an end, and with the failure of Germany, the AustroHungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to attain the power and glory they
were searching for, much of the world and it’s land is in disarray. With the fall of vast
empires, country lines have been trampled and the people who were under the rule of
imperial empires now have the chance to shape their own future. How these borders are to
be formed and how the world is to look now is up to those that reside in this committee.
Use your imagination to create either lasting peace and bring an end to imperial desires, or
use this newfound power to shape a different future. The choice--and the world--is yours.
The World at the End of the War:
With the empires that once ruled most of the land of the world fallen, many
questions have arisen about what to do with the millions of people that live within their
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disintegrated boundaries. With over 141,365,000 million people and over 1,167,000 sq.
miles left up for grabs, vast swaths of the world are open for the claiming or to be crafted
into new nation-states. Now the world and its leaders are left with millions of displaced
individuals who are searching for an end to their suffering. With over 65,000,000 people in
casualties, the world is ready for an end to continental wars. The Great War is one that
humans will surely witness again if the delegates of this Conference are not able to draw
new national boundaries that will allow for peace rather than hostility, destruction and
conflict.
The Boundaries of the World:
Deciding how nations are created has never proven to be an easy process. Of the
nations to be recognized, one of the main causes of this war was the Central Powers,
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Figure 1. Germany at the beginning of the Great War, a map that would stay relatively the
same until the end of the war.
mainly Germany, decided to infringe upon Belgium’s borders, a sovereign nation. This,
arguably, led to the beginning of the Great War. Their expanse did not stop there. Germany
went on to take most of Belgium and expand well beyond its eastern borders to engulf most
of Eastern Europe, ultimately meeting the border with the Russian Empire. The Russian
Empire was able to halt their eastern expanse.
Additionally, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a member of the Central Powers,
contained within its boundaries over 50,000,000 million people and a vast array of land.
Figure 2. The Austro-Hungarian Empire and its territories at the end of the Great War.
Figure 2. The Austro-Hungarian Empire and its territories at the end of the Great War.
The Ottoman Empire, perhaps the most vast of the Central Powers, also proved to buckle
under the weight of this multi-continental war. United for over 600 years by a vast array of
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cultures and ethnicities, languages and a common
religion, the Ottoman Empire and its territory is
also a part of the world whose territory must be
decided.
Other parts of the world that need to be
remembered are the territorial possessions held on
the continents of Africa and
Asia. These areas are very
important in that they play
major roles on the
international stage for many
countries, not just those who
have holdings within these
continents.
Figure 4. Colonial Possession of Africa after the end of the Great War.
Asia, which includes territory held by the Ottoman Empire, is not nearly as divided
as the vast continent of Africa, with over seven nations controlling nearly all the land. When
deciding what to do with the territory, keep in mind the diversity represented in this one
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continent [Africa] where over a thousand languages are spoken, and millions of people live.
Asia is also a vast expanse of land where millions of people have been subjected to decades
of servitude. Both continents deserve equal recognition when decisions related to national
boundaries are made.
Figure 5. The Colonial Possessions held in Asia in and around the beginning of the Great War.
Balancing the Rights of Cultures and Individuals:
When it comes to divvying up the world into separate nations, it is imperative to
remember that not all cultures are the same. Not everyone speaks the same language,
worships the same god or deity, or eats the same foods nor dresses the same way. It is
important to understand that people who practice different religions and have entirely
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separate cultures may not be able to coexist, and if forced together by the delegates of this
Conference may cause upheaval in the future. However, this Conference is also an
opportunity for all representatives to advance the prospects of their nations. It is your
chance to create a world that you have always envisioned, and creating new boundary lines
is just one of the pieces to the puzzle.
Questions to Consider:
1. Which nations will have the right to divide the territory lost by the Central Powers?
a. Is it fair to solely place it in the hands of the Allied Powers; or, do the people
who live within those regions also get to decide?
b. Is land conquered by the Allied Powers also up for grabs?
2. Will these nations have sovereign rights and powers dedicated to the people, or will
they be dictated by outside powers?
3. Will different languages, cultures, races, and religions be taken into account when
dividing up the regions?
4. Who will be most affected by the displacement of millions of people?
5. Will these nations involved in their creation be responsible for future conflicts
related to the creation of these nations?
To include in a Resolution:

Answers to the questions highlighted above

Modes of creating nations one thinks may be useful in the creation of new nationstates

The variety of people who live within the confines of the fallen empires
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
Strategies for maintaining peace within and around the new nation-states

Issues related to both the Allied Powers as well as the Central Powers

Issues not mentioned in this guide but one feels are important to address in the
context of this conference
Character List
1. Commonwealth of Australia- William Morris Hughes, Attorney General and Prime
Minister
2. Belgium- Paul Hymans, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Minister of State
3. Belgium- Jules van den Heuvel, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary,
Minister of State
4. Brazil- João Pandiá Calogeras, Deputy, formerly Minister of Finance
5. Brazil- Raul Fernandes, Deputy
6. Dominion of Canada- Charles Joseph Doherty, Minister of Justice
7. China- Lou Tseng-Tsiang, Foreign Minister of the Beijing government
8. China- Gu Weijun, the Chinese Ambassador to the United States
9. Cuba- Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante, Dean of the Faculty of Law in the University of
Havana, President of the Cuban Society of International Law
10. Czechoslovakia- Karel Kramář, President of the Council of Ministers
11. Czechoslovakia- Eduard Beneš, Minister for Foreign Affairs
12. France- Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council, Minister of War
13. France- Stephen Pichon, Minister for Foreign Affairs
14. Greece- Elefthérios Venizélos, Prime Minister
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15. Greece- General Panagiotis Danglis, Lieutenant General of the Army
16. Guatemala- Joaquin Méndez, formerly Minister of State for Public Works and Public
Instruction, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary on special mission at
Paris
17. Haiti- Tertullien Gulbaud, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
Haiti at Paris
18. The Hejaz- Rustum Haïdar, Chief Political Secretary
19. Honduras- Dr. Policarpo Bonilla, on special mission to Washington, formerly
President of the Republic of Honduras, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary
20. Italy- Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
21. Italy- Baron Sidney Sonnino, Deputy
22. Japan- Saionji Kimmochi, formerly President of the Council of Ministers
23. Japan- Baron Makino Nobuaki, formerly Minister of Foreign Affairs, Member of the
Diplomatic Council
24. Liberia- Charles Dunbar Burgess King, Secretary of State
25. Lithuania- Augustinas Voldemaras, Minister of Foreign Affairs
26. Lithuania- Oscar Milosz, Diplomat
27. Newfoundland- William F. Lloyd, Prime Minister
28. Dominion of New Zealand- William Ferguson Massey, Minister of Labour and Prime
Minister
29. Nicaragua- Salvador Chamorro, President of the Chamber of Deputies
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30. Panama- Antonio Burgos, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
Panama at Madrid
31. Poland- Ignace J. Paderweski, President of the Council of Ministers, Minister for
Foreign Affairs
32. Poland- Roman Dmowski, President of the Polish National Committee
33. Portugal- Dr. Affonso Augusto da Costa, formerly President of the Council of
Ministers
34. Portugal- Dr. Augusto Luiz Vieira Soares, formerly Minister for Foreign Affairs
35. Romania- Ion I.C. Bratiano, President of the Council of Ministers, Minister of Foreign
Affairs
36. Romania- General Constantin Coanda, Corps Commander, A.D.C. to the King,
formerly President of the Council of Ministers
37. San Marino- Pietro Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent
38. Siam- His Highness Prince Charoon, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary of H.M. the King of Siam at Paris
39. Siam- His Serene Highness Prince Traidos Prabandhu, Under Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs
40. Union of South Africa- General Louis Botha, Minister of Native Affairs and Prime
Minister
41. United Kingdom and British Empire- David Lloyd George, M.P., First Lord of His
Treasury and Prime Minister
42. United Kingdom and British Empire- Arthur James Balfour, O.M., M.P., His Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs
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43. United States- President Woodrow Wilson
44. United States- Robert Lansing, Secretary of State
45. The Kingdom of the Serbs, the Croats, and the Slovenes- Ante Trumbic, Minister for
Foreign Affairs
46. Irish Republic (Unrecognized) Seán T. O’Kelly, Chairman of the Irish Parliament
47. Prince Faisal’s Party (Unrecognized)- Prince Emir Faisal of Iraq
48. Vietnam (Unrecognized)- Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese Nationalist
49. Zionist representatives (Unrecognized)- Lord Walter Rothschild, former member of
the British Parliament, active Zionist
50. Tonga (Unrecognized)- Tevita Tuʻivakano, Prime Minister
Works Cited
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire
https://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html
http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/germanyduringww1.htm
http://www.cwhp.info/ww1_mini_sim/WWIMini-Sim_Booklet1-8-09-b.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary
http://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire/The-empire-from-1807-to-1920
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