PDF 6th Dec 2016
Daily English Vocab
Graded Action Plan
Last week the Supreme Court directed the central government to notify its graded action plan to
tackle air pollution in Delhi. This is a significant moment in India’s battle for clean air,
emphasizing the need for a comprehensive (व्यापक/विस्तृत) plan presenting systemic solutions and
reminding governments that a plan can be executed successfully only if all stakeholders work in
tandem (विलकर). This template should also be adapted for other Indian cities that suffer appalling
(बहुत खराब/घविया) air quality. Air pollution extracts an enormous (बहुत बड़ा/िृहद्) price in terms of
health, particularly of children. Combating it must become a governance priority.
The Environment Pollution (Control and Prevention) Authority has presented the holistic
(सिग्र/सम्पर्
ू ण रूप से/उत्ति) plan to which the Centre now has to give statutory backing. This plan
categorizes pollution into four categories based on atmospheric particulate matter. It then suggests
a course of action for each category, with the most dangerous layer triggering an emergency
protocol. The plan is not restricted to just the Centre and the state government of Delhi.
Neighboring states also have to play their parts as environmental problems always spillover (फैलना)
borders.
The plan will have an economic cost, bringing out the trade-offs involved in mitigating (कि
करना/शाांत करना) the harmful impact of human activities on the environment. To illustrate, if the air
quality worsens to a level categorized as ‘severe’, the plan envisages (विचार करना/गौर करना/सभ
ां ािना का
ध्यान करना) closing down brick kilns and stone crushers. This should motivate governments and
regulatory authorities to get the early stage execution right and thereby prevent economic
disruption. They should also search for long-term solutions which minimize economic costs.
Enhanced investment in public transport, for instance, can mitigate the environmental fallout and
also yield economic benefits.
Now that the situation is alarming, India’s fight against air pollution must assume a sense of
urgency. Examples around the world, particularly Beijing in the recent past, show that air quality
can improve if governments make it a priority. It’s important to, in the first place, have accurate
air quality measurements all across our cities to give us a real-time indication of the extent of the
problem. Only that, in combination with trying out a variety of measures suggested by experts, can
tell us what works and what doesn’t. Given the stakes involved and the fact that environmental
fallouts (वगराि/उतार) cannot be confined (सीवित/बद्ध) within state borders, all stakeholders must work
together to improve air quality in India.
(Courtesy: The Times of India)
1. Comprehensive (adjective): Including or dealing with all or nearly all elements or aspects of
something. (व्यापक/विस्तृत)
 Synonyms: Broad, Extensive, Complete, Thorough, All-Inclusive.
 Antonyms: Limited, Narrow, Short, Restricted, Incomprehensive.
Example: Because I want the car completely repainted, I have purchased the comprehensive auto
package.
Verb forms: Comprehend, Comprehended, Comprehended.
Related words:
Comprehend (verb) - समाविष्ट करना
Comprehensively (adverb) - विस्तार से
2. Tandem (adjective): Working or occurring in conjunction with each other. (वमलकर)
 Synonyms: Together, Conjunctive, Harmonic, United, Unanimous.
 Antonyms: Parted, Separated, Distinct, Isolated, Detached.
Example: To tackle out the problem of air pollution the concerning states must work in tandem
manner.
3. Appalling (adjective): Very bad in a way that causes fear, shock, or disgust. (बहुत खराब/घविया)
 Synonyms: Awful, Dire, Worse, Bad, Terrible, Horrible.
 Antonyms: Pleasing, Calming, Delightful, Comforting, Good, Nice.
Example: Because he lied to everyone, his actions were considered appalling in his circle of
friends.
Related words:
Appallingly (adverb) - भयािह रूप से
4. Enormous (adjective): Marked by extraordinarily great size, number, or degree. (बहुत बड़ा/िृहद्)
 Synonyms: Huge, Tremendous, Immense, Vast, Very Large.
 Antonyms: Little, Minute, Tiny, Small.
Example: She lives in an enormous house, with 8 bedrooms, 5 bathrooms and an indoor
swimming pool.
Related Words:
Enormousness(noun) - विशालता
Enormously (adverb)- अत्यतं
5. Holistic (adjective): Focused on the whole aspect of something and not just one of its individual
parts. (सिग्र/सम्पूर्ण रूप से/उत्ति)
 Synonyms: Comprehensive, Integrated, Aggregate, Entire, Complete, All Aspects.
 Antonyms: Specific, Narrow, Parochial.
Example: Under the project guidelines, the student educators must create a holistic lesson that
makes use of all five senses.
6. Spillover (noun): Something that spreads or has spread into another area. (फैलना)
 Synonyms: Spread, Expansion, Dispersion, Dilation, Transmission.
 Antonyms: Reduction, Suppression, Decrease, Restrained, Confined.
Example: The spillover of epidemic disease caused several lives across the country.
7. Mitigate (verb): Reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something. (कि करना/शाांत
करना)
 Synonyms: Alleviate, Reduce, Diminish, Lessen, Weaken, Lighten, Attenuate.
 Antonyms: Agitate, Extend, Increase, Intensify, Raise, Strengthen.
Example: The government hopes the tax break will mitigate unemployment by allowing big
companies to hire more people.
Verb forms: Mitigate, Mitigated, Mitigated.
Related words:
Mitigation (noun)- अल्पीकरण
8. Envisage (verb): Contemplate or conceive of as a possibility or a desirable future event. (विचार
करना/गौर करना/सभ
ां ािना का ध्यान करना)
 Synonyms: Foresee, Predict, Forecast, Foretell, Anticipate, Expect, Envision.
 Antonyms: Disregard, Ignore.
Example: the Rome Treaty between the organizations envisaged free movement across frontiers.
Verb forms: Envisage, Envisaged, Envisaged.
9. Fallout (noun): The bad result of something / the adverse results of a situation or action.
(वगराि/उतार)
 Synonyms: Deteriorate, Contort, Descend, Go Down.
 Antonyms: Upward, Elevation, Ascend.
Example: The comment on reservation system just before the elections caused the political fallout
of a senior leader of the party.
10. Confine (verb): Keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits of (space, scope,
or time). (सीवित/बद्ध)
 Synonyms: Constrain, Incarcerate, Restrain, Restrict, Bind, Circumscribe, Limit.
 Antonyms: Free, Liberate, Loose, Release, Permit, Unbind.
Example: A medical team has successfully confined the disease to one village.
Verb forms: Confine, Confined, Confined.
Related words:
Confinement (noun) - कै द/बंधन/रुकाि
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