A Quantum-Dimensional Model of Positive Beta Decay is
revealed by Medical Science's “PET Scan”
(New Model Accurately Calculates Reported Gamma Emission Energy)
Lawrence Dawson, SRNRL
In nuclear medicine the term “PET scan” stands for a “Positron Emissions Tomography1 scan.” An
organic compound containing the positive beta decaying Fluorine-18 isotope- with a half-life of 109.8
minutes2- is injected into the subject and the gamma emissions are recorded by a gamma camera.
Typically, “fluorine-18 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)” is used because, as a glucose molecule, it
is taken into the cell but cannot be metabolized into energy by ATP hydrolysis. The rate of collection of
non-metabolizing FDG molecules is greater for high energy consumption cells, such as cancer cells,
and therefore emit a greater density of gamma radiation. This gives the gamma camera a “picture” of
the target.
Fluorine-18 (atomic number 9) is usually bred by targeting water enriched with Oxygen-18 (atomic
number 8) using proton bombardment from an accelerator3. The method by which the short-lived F-18
isotope is bred is critical to understanding the positive beta decay process. But this is not recognized by
contemporary nuclear physics due to an inadequate model of the nucleus plus an incorrect theory of
positive beta decay. Positive beta decay (“β+ decay”) occurs by the conversion of a proton within the
nucleus to a neutron. Negative beta decay occurs by the conversion of a neutron to a proton. By
positive beta decay, the atomic number of the element is reduced by “1” causing the element to fall one
place in the Periodic Table. By negative beta decay, the atomic number of the element is increased by
“1” causing the element to jump one place in the Periodic Table.
Both forms of beta decay occur naturally.4 A rare radioactive isotope of Potassium (K-40, Atom. Num.
19) naturally negatively beta decays to the stable isotope of Calcium (Ca-40, Atom. Num. 20) which is
one position higher in the Periodic Table. “K-40” also naturally positively beta decays to the stable
isotope of Argon (Ar-40, Atom. Num. 18) which is one position lower in the Periodic Table.
Potassium's stable isotope is “K-39.”
Although science has empirically discovered the bi-directional beta decay of “K-40,” they have failed
to recognize why it occurs because they lack the Quantum Geometric Periodic Table of Elements5.
Contemporary nuclear science cannot recognize that the ratios of neutrons to protons in the nucleus is
crucial to atomic energy exchanges. They have no concept of the actual function of the neutron nor
how it is constructed. While they know the neutron is constructed by the embedding of a negatively
charged electron into the positively charged proton they are unaware of the significance of this merging
which increases the mass of the electron by “2.525 times6.” By quantum-dimensional theory, the
merged electron has become the “proto-neutrino” which conducts a nuclear magnetic current across
circuits of neutron-proton chains.
1 Tomography : a method of producing a three-dimensional image of the internal structures of a solid object (as the
human body or the earth) by the observation and recording of the differences in the effects on the passage of waves of
energy impinging on those structures. Merriam-Webster Dictionary
2 http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=43688
3 “Radiosyntheses using Fluorine-18: the Art and Science of Late Stage Fluorination;” 1.2 Production of Fluorine-18
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4140448/
4 “The Discovery of Radioactivity;” Guide to the Nuclear Wall Chart, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
http://www2.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/03/4.html
5 “Four Dimensional Atomic Structure;” p. 138. Dawson, Lawrence. The Paradigm Company, 2015
ISBN 978-0941995351
6 Ibid. “TAB 3: The Quantum Geometric Model of the Neutron.” p. 71
The embedded electron becomes the “proto-neutrino” by removing the proton's positive charge and
encapsulated it in an inverted quantum squared shell constructed by the electron7. The encapsulated
positive charge spins in free space. This spinning, encapsulated positive charge in free space provides
motivational force which, when in opposition to a spinning proton, inducts the proton's positive charge
into a Curie magnetic current8. The current is conducted down chains of neutrons-protons and dumped
into a terminal proton from whence all the positive charges which had been collected into the Curie
magnetic current are broadcast to the electrons in their orbitals.
This model of the nucleus as composed of geometrically aligned neutron-proton chains which conduct
nuclear charges in a Curie magnetic current can be rejected as “unconventional.” However, rejection
of the model because it lies outside current theoretical consensus requires the simultaneous rejection of
all supporting data. A Massachusetts Institute of Technology study showed that heat could induce a
greater power output than electrical power input in a Light Emitting Diode at very low forward bias
voltages9. A secondary statistical analysis of this study, conducted by the Snake River N-Radiation Lab
(SRNRL) demonstrated that the reported over unity was true of only one tested temperature and that
other temperatures actually became less efficient. The Curie magnetic current nuclear model accurately
predicted where temperature efficiencies would begin to diverge as well as the amount of divergence.
Temperature controls the percentage of proton charge being inducted into the magnetic current and
this percentage proved to be the correct indicator10. The SRNRL article demonstrated that the MIT data
proved the existence of a nuclear magnetic current as proposed by the quantum-dimensional model of
the nucleus. However, the article was refused by the Physical Review Letter as not meeting “the
Physical Review Letters criteria of impact, innovation, and interest.11”
The first twenty elements of the Periodic Table (Hydrogen to Calcium) are designated the “flat nuclei”
because the proton-neutron chains compose a triangle laying within a plane12. There is a regular pattern
of proton-to-neutron ratios between odd numbered and even numbered elements. Even numbered
elements like carbon (stable isotope C-12, Atomic Number 6), tend to have a “1:1 ratio” (six protons to
six neutrons). Odd numbered elements like Fluorine (stable isotope F-19, Atomic Number 9) tend to
have a “1:1+1 ratio” (nine protons to ten neutrons).
The reason for this variance between even and odd numbered elements in proton-to-neutron ratios is
the requirement of the magnetic current and its integration with the end-of-chain transmission proton.
Interference with this required proton-to-neutron ratio is the reason that both Fluorine-18 and
Potassium-40 are radioactive beta decayers.
For the “flat nuclei” (first twenty elements), the transmission proton receives Curie magnetic current
flow from two opposing directions. The transmission proton is the last in the chain. It receives all
detached charges contained in the magnetic current and broadcasts the collected proton charges to the
electrons in their orbital subshells. Two Curie magnetic currents flow from opposite directions into the
transmission proton. Those two “streams” must contain an equal number of charges. Odd numbered
elements must contain one more neutron than protons in order to split the charge from the odd number
proton in half and invest a half charge into each of the two magnetic current circuits.
In the case of stable Fluorine-19, this split charge capacity from an extra neutron assures that the
7 Ibid. “Proof of the Quantum-Dimensional Neutron.” p. 78
8 “The Function of the Neutron's Encapsulated Magnetic Charge;” Four Dimensional Atomic Structure. P. 82. Op. Cit.
9. “Thermoelectrically Pumped Light-Emitting Diodes Operating above Unity Efficiency,” Santhanam, Parthiban and Gray,
Dodd Joseph and Ram, Rajeev J.
PhysRevLett.108.097403
10. “Secondary statistical analysis of MITʼs thermoelectrically pumped 'over unity' LED study identifies an unknown
nuclear particle which eliminated Peltier-cooling band-gap resistance to make 'over unity' possible,” Dawson,
Lawrence, The Snake River N-Radiation Lab (article refused by PhysRevLett)
Available At: http://www.paradigmphysics.com/article_for_PRL_submission.pdf
11 “Physical Review Letter Suppresses New Data” The Snake River N-Radiation Lab.
http://www.srnrl.com/id39.html
12 “The First Twenty Elements: 'Flat-Ratio' Nuclei........” Four Dimensional Atomic Structure. P. 101. Op. Cit.
transmission proton will receive a current strength of four charges from the left circuit and four
charges from the right circuit.The stable isotope Fluorine-19 contains one more neutron than proton in
its nucleus (nine protons to ten neutrons).
When Fluorine-18 is bred by accelerator from water enriched with Oxygen-18, an unstable nucleus is
created. Fluorine-18 has an equal number of protons and neutrons. It is missing the extra neutron which
would allow it to split the odd numbered proton charge and invest a half in each leg of the magnetic
current. This lack of an additional neutron assures that the transmission proton will receive unequal
charges from the two opposing current circuits. One circuit will deliver three and a half charges while
the opposing circuit will deliver four and half charges, for a net difference of one full charge.
The strength of the Curie magnetic current is determined by the number of charges contained in the
stream. When two streams of equal force are dumped into the transmission proton, the vector of charge
force resulting from the colliding streams is outward towards the electrons in their shell/subshell
orbitals. However, when the colliding streams are unequal in charge force, as is the case with Fluorine18, there is an additional vector of force back along the proton-neutron chain containing the smaller
number of charges in the Curie magnetic current. This “reverse force” is essentially applied against the
transmission proton's own charge.
The interaction between the nuclear proton's positive charge and the orbital electron's negative charge
is essentially a contraction or binding force which fixes the electrons in their orbital positions.
However, only 78% of Fluorine-18's nuclear charges (7 of 9) are projected to the electron orbitals as
binding force. A relative vacuum is produced by the Curie magnetic current stream with the lesser
number of charges. The transmission proton's own charge is being pulled “upstream” against the
current flow. The transmission charge does not “fix” one of the orbital electrons but attempts to pull it
into the weaker flowing proton-neutron circuit. With a force of two charges, an electron is pulled into
the nuclear circuitry and merges with the transmission proton to produce a neutron. This causes the
element to undergo positive beta decay and become Oxygen-18.
By conversion of the embedded electron to the inverted quantum squared, the embedded electron's
mass is increased “2.5+0.025 times13.” The energy which is converted to additional mass (by the
Einstein equation) is supplied by quantum time force. Quantum time-force14 is an open field-energy
system which, like a gravitational system15 , can create new energy without surrendering the potential
energy in its own field.
The conversion of the transmission proton to a neutron is accompanied by gamma emissions with an
energy of “873.431± 0.593 keV” (kilo electron volts)16. Starting in the 1930s, with the discovery of “β+”
decay, two separate explanations for the conversion of a proton to a neutron were offered, both of
which violate the law of the conservation of mass. In 1934, it was proposed by Frédéric and Irène
Joliot-Curie that “β+ decay” occurred when the proton emitted a “positron” (mass equal to an electron
but with an opposite charge) and became a neutron17. That is, the lighter proton shed a particle to
became the heavier neutron in violation of the conservation of mass. Also in 1934, Gian-Carlo Wick
proposed that “β+ decay” also occurred by capture of the electron by the proton, as an alternative
source of conversion to a neutron18.
“Following electron capture, the atomic number is reduced by one, the neutron number is
13 “The Quantum Geometric Model of the Neutron.” Four Dimensional Atomic Structure, p. 71. Op. Cit.
14 “The Theory of Time-Enforced, Four Dimensional Space,” The Quantum Dimension, p.112. Dawson, Lawrence.
The Paradigm Company; ISBN: 978-1517233099
15 “THE QUANTUM MECHANICS OF A GRAVITATIONAL OPEN ENERGY SYSTEM” Dawson, Lawrence, SRNRL.
http://paradigmphysics.com/gravity_open_energy.pdf
16 “Fluorine-18;” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine-18
17 “Beta decay”
Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_decay#Neutrinos_in_beta_decay
18 “Electron capture” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_capture
increased by one, and there is no change in atomic mass. Simple electron capture results in a
neutral atom, since the loss of the electron in the electron shell is balanced by a loss of positive
nuclear charge.”
That is, the alternative “electron capture,” which also convert a proton to a neutron, is said not to
change atomic mass despite the empirical observation that the mass of the neutron is equal to the mass
of the proton plus “2.5+0.02519” times the mass of the merged electron. Again, mass values were
ignored in giving the “electron capture β+ decay” explanation.
With respect to Fluorine-18, the conventional explanations which ignore mass values may be compared
with the quantum-dimensional model which explains “β+ decay” by changes in those mass values. The
theories may be compared and contrasted by the energy measurements for Fluorine-18 “β+ decay.”
Conventional theory proposes that Fluorine-18 “β+ decay” is composed of “97% positron emissions and
3% electron capture.”20
By the Curie magnetic current nuclear model, the electron is merged with the proton during “β+
decay” and converted to a “proto-neutrino21.” The merged electron has become the “inverted quantum
squared” which has removed the proton's positive charge, has encapsulated it and set it spinning in free
space. The merged electron has become a “vacuum particle,” a two-dimensional shell enclosing
vacuum, which has mass only while attached to the proton. The spinning free charge is encapsulated in
four-dimensional space and composes an open energy field which continuously increases the mass of
the embedded electron approximately “2.5” times (while attached to the proton). If the “proto-neutrino”
is stripped from the neutron, as occurs during the fusion of deuterium hydrogen (in solar burning), then
the “proto-neutrino” losses its mass and becomes a free-particle, a “massless” neutrino.
While the time of free-charge spin is the equivalent of the energy applied to the mass increase in the
stable “proto-neutrino”22, this is not true during the construction phase of “β+ decay.” The conversion
of the merged electron to the “proto-neutrino” requires increasing the mass by an additional “1.5” times
for a total of “2.5” times electron mass. This multiplication of original merged electron mass is
accomplished by an “inverse open-energy field” being produced by the spinning free charge. Unlike the
gravitational open-energy field which decreases in force as it gets further from its origin, the openenergy field produced by the free charge spinning within the electron shell increases its force the further
it builds from its origin. The open-energy mathematics identifying the new energy being produced
(energy gains) are the inverse of those governing the gravitational field. The gravitational field gains
energy by quantum “negation of subdivision” while the “proto-neutrino” field gains energy via
subdivision by the quantum.
The “proto-neutrino” is built from the single mass value of the merged electron to “2.5” times that mass.
The energy created during the process (energy gain) is the quantum value of this increase. The quantum
is the “1.5” times increase with an energy gain value of “(2.5)/(1.5)=1/0.6.” Energy gain is measured
using Einstein's mass-to-energy conversion formula, “E=mc2.” Energy gain is calculated by multiplying
“1/0.6” times the energy conversion of the electron's mass plus “1/0.6” times the required shoulder
enlargement. The energy gain thus calculated equals the reported energy gain for the “β+ decay” of
19 The additional “0.025” times mass represents the “proto-neutrino” shoulder enlargement which the Curie magnetic
current circuit needs to allow the magnetic current to get around the blockages from the facing protons. This value has
been established by theoretical analysis of empirical data. The figure is a theoretical modification of the comparison of
reported neutron mass values with those of protons.
20 “Fluorine-18;” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine-18
21 “Secondary statistical analysis of MITʼs thermoelectrically pumped 'over unity' LED study identifies an unknown
nuclear particle which eliminated Peltier-cooling band-gap resistance to make 'over unity' possible;” Dawson,
Lawrence, SRNRL.
http://www.paradigmphysics.com/article_for_PRL_submission.pdf
22 “Calculations of Time Needed to Construct Mass and its Relationship to Energy;” Four Dimensional Atomic Structure,
p. 80. Op. Cit.
Fluorine-18:
(calculated energy gain)=872.96 keV= 873.431± 0.593 keV=(reported energy gain)
In contrast, the 1934 Joliot-Curie positron model is proved energy incorrect when compared with
recorded Fluorine-18 “β+ decay” energy gains. Most of the gamma emissions which are captured
during a “Positron Emissions Tomography” scan are said to be caused by positron annihilation of an
electron (a “positron” is considered anti-matter relative to an electron). This annihilation results in two
gamma emissions of 511 keV each by conversion of electron and positron masses to energy. However,
the reported “excess energy” during the decay process is only “873.431± 0.593 keV23. The “β+ decay”
excess energy available for gamma emissions (873.431 keV) is “148.569 keV” less than should be
emitted by positron annihilation (1022 keV). The empirical data simply does not support the positron
annihilation theory while it does support the “proto-neutrino” Curie magnetic current alternative.
The Predicted “Proto-Neutrino” Energy Gain during “β+ ” Fluorine-18 Decay in Comparison to
the Reported Energy Gain
Checking “Proto-Neutrino” Energy Gains using Calculated vs.
Reported “Electron Capture24” Energy
23 “Fluorine-18;” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine-18.
24 Ibid.