Construction Safety Orders
TITLE 8: Division 1, Chapter 4,
Subchapter 4. Construction Safety
Orders.
Article 15. Cranes and Derricks in
Construction
Section 1610 – 1619
Effective July 7, 2011
What is Construction? (1502)
• These Orders establish minimum safety
standards whenever employment exists in
connection with the construction,
alteration, painting, repairing, construction
maintenance, renovation, removal, or
wrecking of any fixed structure or its parts.
• Machines, equipment, processes, and
operations not specifically covered by
these Orders shall be governed by other
applicable general Safety Orders.
What is Construction?
• Landscaping? Tree work? No. Fountains
and other structures? Yes
• Petroleum drilling and refining
• Mining and Tunneling(Underground
Construction)
• Manufacturing
• Work on high voltage lines
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Table
of
Contents
Scope – 1610.1
Design Standards – 1610.2
Definition – 1616.3
Design, Construction and Testing – 1610.4
Ground Conditions – 1610.5
Equipment Modifications – 1610.6
Fall Protection – 1610.7
Equipment less than 2000 lbs rated capacity – 1610.8
Equipment over 3 tons rated capacity – 1610.9
Assembly/Disassembly – 1611
Power Line Safety – 1612
Inspections - 1613
Wire Rope Selection and Installation Criteria – 1614
Safety Devices – 1615
Operations – 1616
Signals – 1617
Qualification and Training -1618
Supplemental Requirements(tower cranes, derricks, floating barges,
overhead cranes, pile drivers) – 1619
What is a Crane?
California defines it as…A machine for lifting
or lowering a load and moving it horizontally,
in which the hoisting mechanism is an
integral part of the machine.
EXAMPLES
• Articulating cranes (such as
knuckle-boom cranes)
•
•
•
•
•
Crawler cranes
Floating cranes
Cranes on barges
Locomotive cranes
Mobile cranes
(such as wheel-mounted, roughterrain, all-terrain, commercial
truck-mounted, and boom truck
cranes)
• Multi-purpose machines
•
when configured to hoist and
lower (by means of a winch or
hook) and horizontally move a
suspended load
Industrial cranes (such as
carry-deck cranes)
LIST
• Dedicated pile drivers
• Service/mechanic trucks with a
hoisting device
• Crane on a monorail
• Tower cranes (such as fixed jib
(“hammerhead boom”), luffing
boom and self-erecting)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pedestal cranes
Portal cranes
Overhead and gantry cranes
Straddle cranes
Sideboom cranes
Derricks
. . . and variations of such
equipment.
What is excluded?
• (1) Machinery included in subsection (a) while it has been
converted or adapted for a non-hoisting/lifting use. Such
conversions/ adaptations include, but are not limited to,
power shovels, excavators and concrete pumps.
• (2) Power shovels, excavators, wheel loaders, backhoes,
loader backhoes, track loaders. This machinery is also
excluded when used with chains, slings or other rigging to
lift suspended loads.
• (3) Automotive wreckers and tow trucks when used to
clear wrecks and haul vehicles.
What is excluded(cont.)?
• (4) Digger derricks when used for augering holes for poles
carrying electric and telecommunication lines, placing and
removing the poles, and for handling associated materials
to be installed on or removed from the poles.
• (A) Digger derricks used in work subject to the Electrical
Safety Orders shall comply with Section 2940.7 of those
Safety Orders.
• (B) Digger derricks used in construction work for
telecommunication service (as defined in the
Telecommunication Safety Orders) shall comply with
those Safety Orders.
What is excluded(cont)?
• (5) Machinery originally designed as vehicle-mounted
aerial devices (for lifting personnel) and self-propelled
elevating work platforms.
• (6) Telescopic/hydraulic gantry systems.
• (7) Stacker cranes.
• (8) Powered industrial trucks (forklifts), except when
configured to hoist and lower (by means of a winch or
hook) and horizontally move a suspended load.
• (9) Mechanic’s truck with a hoisting device when used in
activities related to equipment maintenance and repair.
• (10) Machinery that hoists by using a come-a-long or
chainfall.
What is excluded(cont)?
(8) Powered industrial trucks (forklifts), except when
configured to hoist and lower (by means of a winch or
hook hoist) and horizontally move a suspended load.
“A forklift with a boom attachment affixed to its forks that uses a
hook to raise and lower the load like a crane would be covered by
subpart CC. However, as noted in the preamble to the proposed
rule, a forklift would be excluded from the coverage of subpart CC
when its sole means of suspending a load is a chain wrapped
around the forks.”—Federal Register
What is excluded(cont)?
• (11) Dedicated drilling rigs.
• (12) Gin poles when used for the erection of
communication towers.
• (13) Anchor handling or dredge related operations with a
vessel or barge using an affixed A-frame.
• (14) Roustabouts.
• (15) Helicopter cranes.
Rationale: Scope of Rule
Crane Operation Fatalities *
Electrocution
Struck by load
22 (4%)
Manlift Accidents
21 (4%)
Work in swing radius
17 (3%)
Two-blocking
11 (2%)
Hoist limitations
7 (1%)
Other causes
32 (6%)
198 (39%)
Assembly/disassembly 58 (12%)
Boom buckle/collapse
41 (8%)
Crane upset/overturn
37 (7%)
Rigging failure
36 (7%)
Overloading
22 (4%)
*Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 152 /
Monday, August 9, 2010
•Most Frequent Causes: All Crane Types (N-158) & Mobile Cranes (N-115)
Mobile Cranes
All Crane
Types
1. Instability
a. Unsecured Load
67
34
49
6
b. Load Capacity
Exceeded
0
29
c. Ground not level/too
soft
0
4
2. Lack of
Communication
32
24
3. Electrical Contact
13
10
4. Misc. in 14 Categories
46
32
POWER LINES
POWER LINE SAFETY
Identify Work Zone
Work Zone
=
Marking boundaries (flags, range limit
device or range control warning
device)
or
Defining the work zone as 360 degrees
around crane up to maximum working
radius
Two ways of identifying work
zone
First, if the equipment (crane, load, load line,
or rigging) could not get closer than 20 feet
to the line even if the crane is operated at its
maximum working radius, the 20-foot
requirement is satisfied.
Two ways of identifying work
zone (cont.)
Alternatively, you may establish a work zone
by establishing boundaries (using flags or a
device such as a range limit device or range
control warning device) that are more than
20 feet from the power line and prohibiting
the operator from operating the equipment
past those boundaries.
350 KV or less
Determine if any part of the equipment, load
line or load (including rigging and lifting
accessories), if operated up to the
equipment’s maximum working radius in the
work zone, could get closer than 20 feet to a
power line.
Could the crane get within 20 feet of power line?
YES
NO
Option #1
Deenergize &
Ground
Option #2
20-foot
clearance
Option #3
Ask Utility for
Voltage and
Use Table A
(with minimum
clearance distance)
Encroachment
Prevention Measures
(Equipment Operations)
• Planning meeting
• If tag lines used Non-conductive
• Elevated warning lines, barricade
or line of signs
• PLUS (Choose one):
• Spotter, warning device, or range
limiter.
(Proximity Device and Insulating link
not an option in California)
No further
action
TABLE A—California
Voltage
(nominal, kV,
alternating current)
up to 50
over 50 to 175
over 175 to 350
over 350 to 550
over 550 to 1,000
over 1,000
Minimum clearance
distance
(feet)
10
15
20
27
45
(as established by the utility
owner/operator or registered
professional engineer who is a
qualified person with respect to
electrical power transmission and
distribution).
TABLE A—California
New CSO Article 15 Table A
Voltage
Minimum
clearance distance
(nominal, kV,
alternating current)
(feet)
up to 50
10
over 50 to 175
15
over 175 to 350
20
over 350 to 550
27
over 550 to 1,000
45
over 1,000
(as established
Existing HVESO §2946 Table 2
Nominal voltage
Required
(Phase to Phase)
Clearance (Feet)
600..... 50,000
over 50,000.... 75,000
over 75,000... 125,000
over 125,000.. 175,000
over 175,000.. 250,000
over 250,000.. 370,000
over 370,000.. 550,000
over 550,000 1,000,000
Minimum
10
11
13
15
17
21
27
42
Power lines
• 20 foot rule (350 KV or less)
• 10 foot rule
• 50 foot rule (more than 350 KV)
General rules
• Power lines presumed energized
• The employer shall train each operator
and crew member
• Operations below power lines
prohibited…unless you have to, then it is
allowed
Voltage over 350 KV
Replace 20 foot with 50 foot
For power lines over 1000 kV, the minimum
clearance distance shall be established by
the utility owner/operator or registered
professional engineer who is a qualified
person with respect to electrical power
transmission and distribution
Work Over Power Line
• The new standard does not address work
over power lines
• Title 8 CCR 2946 prohibits it
• What about DC?
Insulating Link
• Insulating link/device means an insulating
device listed, labeled, or accepted by a
Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory
in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.7.
• Not a requirement in California
Proximity Alarm
• Proximity alarm is a device that provides a
warning of proximity to a power line and
that has been listed, labeled, or accepted
by a Nationally Recognized Testing
Laboratory in accordance with 29 CFR
1910.7
• Not a requirement in California
California’s standard
•
•
•
•
CDAC allows encroachment of Table A
California does not.
10 foot rule
Insulating links and proximity devices may
be used in California (not a requirement)
If you are an electrical utility
or contractor for a utility…
PGE
LADWP
SMUD
SMUD
SCE
????
Scope of Electrical Safety
Orders
• These High-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders are
intended to establish essential requirements and
minimum standards for the installation,
operation, and maintenance of electrical
installations and equipment to provide practical
safety and such freedom from danger to
personnel as the employment reasonably
permits.
• These orders are not to be regarded as a design
specification or an instruction manual for
untrained personnel.
T8CCR 2940.7(c)
• (1) Derrick trucks, cranes and other lifting
equipment shall comply with Articles 91
through 100 of the General Industry Safety
Orders…
• What happened to the Construction Safety
Orders?
Scope of New Crane Standard
(T8CCR 1610.1(e))
• For work covered by the High-Voltage
Electrical Safety Orders, compliance with
those Orders is deemed compliance with
Section 1611.5 and Sections 1612.1
through 1612.4.
Deemed in compliance with
what???
•
•
•
•
•
1611.5
1612.1
1612.2
1612.3
1612.4
Power line safety Assembly and disassembly
Power line safety – Equipment Operations
Power line safety (over 350 KV)
Power line safety – Closer than Table A
Power line safety – In Transit
What about the rest of the
Standard?
• Compliance is mandatory, unless
specifically excluded(ie, digger derricks)
• HVESO points to the General Industry
Safety Orders
ASSEMBLY / DISASSEMBLY
ASSEMBLY / DISASSEMBLY
• Two options:
Manufacturer procedures
or
Employer procedures
(criteria requirements)
ASSEMBLY / DISASSEMBLY
• General requirements, such as:
– A/D Director = “competent & qualified person”
– A/D Director must:
• Understand procedures
• Review procedures (unless A/D Director has used
them before)
• Check that crew members understand their tasks,
hazards
– Follow manufacturer’s prohibitions
– All rigging work is done by a Qualified Rigger
– When using outriggers - fully extend or deploy as
per the load chart
Employer Procedures(1611.4)
• Prevent unintended dangerous movement, and
prevent collapse, of any part of the equipment.
• Provide adequate support and stability of all
parts of the equipment.
• Position employees involved in the
assembly/disassembly operation so that their
exposure to unintended movement or collapse
of part or all of the equipment is minimized.
• Qualified person. Employer procedures shall be
developed by a qualified person.
• Cannot use synthetic slings
Synthetic sling
Slings will start to
rip at the corners
with out
softeners.
GROUND CONDITIONS
Controlling Entity
must Inform
equipment user &
operator of
known
underground
hazards
(voids, utilities, etc.)
Who is controlling entity?
An employer that is a prime contractor,
general contractor, construction manager or
any other legal entity which has the overall
responsibility for the construction of the
project – its planning, quality and completion
GROUND CONDITIONS
Controlling Entity:
Provide adequate conditions
• Firm, drained
and graded
• Sufficient to
support crane
(in conjunction
with blocking,
mats, etc.)
GROUND CONDITIONS
The equipment must not be assembled or used
unless ground conditions are firm, drained, and
graded to a sufficient extent so that, in
conjunction (if necessary) with the use of
supporting materials, the equipment
manufacturer’s specifications for adequate
support and degree of level of the equipment
are met.
Equipment Modification
• Equipment cannot be modified unless
manufacturer approves it.
• If the manufacturer fails to act on a
request, a registered professional
engineer can approve the modification
CRANES & DERRICKS
OPERATOR CERTIFICATION
WORKER PARTICIPATION
• Training
– Workers must be trained to recognize and
avoid hazards.
– Workers must understand this training
• Provided in a manner they understand
– Oral/written training
• Provided in a language they understand
– Some Spanish language materials are already available
through OSHA
OPERATOR
QUALIFICATION /
CERTIFICATION
• OPTION 1:
Accredited testing organization
• OPTION 2:
State/local gov’t license
Federal CDAC has four
options
OPERATOR
QUALIFICATION /
CERTIFICATION
• OPTION 1:
Accredited testing
organization
• OPTION 2:
State/local license
Testing Criteria
• Knowledge (written test):
– Controls/performance
characteristics
– Calculate capacity
– Preventing power line
contact
– Ground conditions &
equipment support
– Use and locate info in
operating manual
– Appendix C subjects
• Practical test
Option 1: Accredited Testing Organization
Nationally Recognized Accrediting Agency
Determines
compliance
with testing & test
administration
criteria
Accredited Testing
Organization
Develops and administers
the tests (written &
practical) to certify
operators
Different tests for
Different capacity/
type of equipment
Option 2: State/local government license
State/local
government authority
that oversees
licensing office
Determines license office complies
with testing/test administration
criteria
State/local
government license
office
Issues operator license
OPERATOR QUALIFICATION /
CERTIFICATION
Portable
Accredited testing
organization
Audited Employer
Program
U.S. Military license
YES *
State/local license
NO *
Valid only in
jurisdiction
Valid
5 years
Not valid in
California
Not valid in
California
Set by issuing
entity, not > 5 years
* Subject to State & Local requirements and whether or not the military/state training meets
accredited requirements.
1618.1 – Operator Certification
•
Based on the requirements of T8CCR 5006.1
•
Physical and Drug testing requirement
•
All mobile cranes exceeding 7 ½ tons or boom length over 25 feet
requires a certified operator(including knuckle booms).
•
New standard requires certification of all operator of cranes over
2000 lbs. (Except for articulating boom cranes)
•
Crane between 2,000 lbs capacity and 7 ½ tons capacity have until
July 7, 2015 to obtain certification for operator
SIGNALS
• Signal Types:
– Hand, voice,
audible or
“new”
– Only time an
operator can
use a cell
phone while
operating a
crane (but must
be hands free)
• Signal person –
when required:
– Point of operation
not in full view of
operator
– View of direction of
travel is obstructed
– Site-specific safety
concerns
Knowledge of Signal Person
• Types of signals to be
used (hand, voice)
• Competent with
signals
• Limitations of
equipment including
crane dynamics in
swinging, raising,
lowering and stopping
loads
• Boom deflection when
lifting loads
• Qualification
requirements for
signal persons
• Passes oral or written
exam and practical
test
• Documentation at
work site
SIGNAL PERSON
Qualifications
Qualified how
Documentation
Portable
Third party qualified
evaluator
Yes
Yes
Employer qualified
evaluator
Yes
No
CRANES & DERRICKS
INSPECTIONS
INSPECTIONS
Type of Inspection:
Who Inspects:
Modified or
repaired/adjusted
Certificating Agency
/Qualifed person
Post-assembly
Qualified person
Shift
Competent person
Quarterly
Competent person
Annual
Certificating Agency
Annual Inspection
Disassembly is required, as necessary, to
complete the inspection; however, whenever
it is practical and advisable to avoid
disassembly of equipment, removal of pins,
etc., examination of structure or parts by
electronic, ultrasonic, or other
nondestructive methods shall be carried out.
Annual Inspection
This inspection shall include functional
testing to determine that the equipment as
configured in the inspection is functioning
properly.
Documentation
Type of Inspection:
Required?
Modified or
repaired/adjusted
Yes and No
Post-assembly
No
Shift
No
Quarterly
Yes
Annual
Yes(by certificating
agency
Wire Rope Inspection





At the start of each shift (1613.10) and monthly.
Annual Inspection
Category I, II, and III
Category 1 – qualified person to determine if safe
Category II – Removal from service, replacement or
recommendation of wire rope manufacturer
 Category III – Removal from service or replacement,
or shortening rope
Category I
• Significant distortion: kinking, crushing,
unstranding, birdcaging, core failure or
steel core protrusion
• Significant corrosion
• Electric arc damage (not power lines) or
heat damage.
• Improperly applied end connections
• Significantly corroded, cracked, bent,
worn end connections
Category II (Visible Broken Wires)
• Running wire ropes: 6 broken wires in 1
rope lay or 3 in 1strand in 1 rope lay
• Rotation resistant ropes: 2 broken wires in
6 rope diameters; 4 in 30 rope diameters.
• In pendants/standing wire ropes: 2+
broken wires in 1 rope lay beyond end
connections; at an end connection.
• A diameter reduction of more than 5%
from nominal diameter.
Category III
• In rotation resistant wire rope, core
protrusion or other distortion indicating
core failure.
• Prior electrical contact with a power line.
• A broken strand.
• See Handout pages
Qualified Rigger
• Qualified rigger appears 3 times in the
standard
1. Def—Qualified rigger is a rigger who
meets the criteria for a qualified person
2. When workers must be in the fall zone
to handle a load, the load must be
rigged by a qualified rigger.
3. Is required when assembling and
disassembling a crane
Qualified Person
A person designated by the employer who
by reason of training, experience or
instruction has demonstrated the ability to
safely perform all assigned duties and, when
required, is properly licensed in accordance
with federal, state, or local laws and
regulations.
Qualified Rigger
•A Qualified Rigger does not need to be
certified by a third party.
•An employer can train and instruct their
employees to rig.
•Proposed Changes will require all loads to
be rigged by a qualified rigger
SAFETY DEVICES AND
OPERATIONAL AIDS
SAFETY DEVICES
• Safety devices are required and
must be operational at all times
• Include:
– Crane level indicator
– Boom/Jib stops (except derricks)
– Integral holding device/check valve
for outrigger and stabilizer jacks
Crane Level
Boom stop
OPERATIONAL AIDS
Operational aids are required but
temporary alternative measures are
also allowed while operational aids
are being repaired.
OPERATIONAL AIDS
Boom hoist limiting device, luffing
jib limiting device, and anti twoblocking device.
Replacement of parts:
Must be repaired within 7 days of
discovery of deficiency.
Boom Hoist Limit Device
Includes boom hoist disengaging device,
boom hoist shut-off, boom hoist disconnect,
boom hoist hydraulic relief, boom hoist kickouts, automatic boom stop device, or
derricking limiter. This type of device
disengages boom hoist power when the
boom reaches a predetermined operating
angle. It also sets brakes or closes valves to
prevent the boom from lowering after power
is disengaged.
Luffing Jib Limiting Device
Similar to a boom hoist limiting device,
except that it limits the movement of the
luffing jib.
Anti-two block device
OPERATIONAL AIDS
Category II Devices
Boom angle or radius indicator, boom length
indicator, load weighing devices, jib angle
indicator, outrigger/stabilizer position
sensor/monitor, and hoist drum rotation indicator.
Replacement of parts:
Must be repaired within 30 days of discovery of
deficiency.
Boom Angle Indicator
OPERATIONAL AIDS
Exception: employer has documented that it
ordered the part and then repaired the
equipment within 7 days of receipt of the
replacement part.
OPERATIONS
• The employer shall comply with all manufacturer
procedures applicable to the operational
functions of equipment, including its use with
attachments.
• Operators cannot be engaged in activities that
distract her or his attention while operating the
equipment (for example, no cellular phone use
unless used for signaling).
Philip Yow
Senior Safety Engineer
Cal/OSHA Crane Unit
714-567-7142