Fraction-free Row Reduction of Matrices of Skew Polynomials

Fraction-free Row Reduction of Matrices of Skew
Polynomials
Bernhard Beckermann
Laboratoire d’Analyse Numérique et
d’Optimisation
Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille
France
ABSTRACT
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1.
INTRODUCTION
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Howard Cheng
George Labahn
Department of Computer Science
University of Waterloo
Canada
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