UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS Economics Down Under Units 1 & 2 Ninth Edition Acknowledgements for uncorrected page proofs The authors and publisher would like to thank the following copyright holders, organisations and individuals for their assistance and for permission to reproduce copyright material in this book. Chapter 01 Chapter 01 Chapter 01 Figure Number 1.4 1.36 1.16 Chapter 01 1.15 Chapter 01 Chapter 01 Chapter 01 Chapter 01 Chapter 01 Chapter 01 Chapter 01 1.5 1.31 1.11 1.12 1.18 1.22 1.29 Chapter 01 1.7 Chapter 01 1.44 Chapter 01 1.13 Chapter 01 1.20 Chapter 01 1.0 Chapter 01 1.35 Chapter Description Time exposure of the spillway overflow on the Kananaskis Dam, Alberta, Canada The electronic display board of the Australian Stock Exchange on October 15, 2012. Famous La Boqueria market with vegetables and fruits on August 31, 2012 in Barcelona, Spain. Big fish with sharp teeth would eat small fish with dollar signs financial recession, money problems, bankruptcy House on Floating Island - Vector Agriculture - ready to work - combine harvester and crop details old communism poster North Korean soldiers placard at the military parade in Pyongyang, 2013 Robot action in a car factory Tower ice cream with cone on white background Drought land A stamp printed in Hungary shows image of Karl Marx, famous communism sociologist. Hungary, circa 1968 5 Year Gold Price Chart © InfoMine, sourced from http://www.infomine.com/investment/metalprices/gold/5-year/ Shopping gallery of luxury brands in Gum shopping centre in Moscow on may 25, 2014. Gum is the oldest and most famous shopping centre in Moscow. Cartoon: Coles prices are down campaign ... Dont Panic, But The Sign Just Caused The Market To Drop Another Hundred Points, by Jon Kudelka, from The Australian ‘Housing Prices’ from p. 6 of ‘The Australian Economy and Financial Markets’ Chart Pack August 2014, Reserve Bank of Australia, from http://www.rba.gov.au/chart-pack/pdf/chart-pack.pdf © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Credit Line Sky Light Pictures / Shutterstock.com Passion Images / Shutterstock.com Sergey Kelin / Shutterstock.com Ellen Beijers / Shutterstock.com Lorelyn Medina / Shutterstock.com carpathian / Shutterstock.com fourb / Shutterstock.com Astrelok / Shutterstock.com Betastock / Shutterstock.com M. Unal Ozmen / Shutterstock.com Galyna Andrushko / Shutterstock.com Marzolino / Shutterstock.com © InfoMine. Used with permission Arseniy Rogov / 123RF © INKCINCT Cartoons © Jon Kudelka Chart Pack August 2014, p. 6, Reserve Bank of Australia UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS Economics Down Under Units 1 & 2 Ninth Edition acknowledgements Acknowledgements Chapter 01 1.37 ‘Australian and World Share Price Indices’, from p. 23 of ‘The Australian Economy and Financial Markets’ Chart Pack August 2014, Reserve Bank of Australia, from http://www.rba.gov.au/chartpack/pdf/chart-pack.pdf Chapter 01 1.24 Once Upon A Time There Was Supply And Demand, by Peter Nicholson, 2009 Chapter 01 1.46 Chapter 01 1.32 World copper price graph Graph Australian eastern market indicator wool price from p. 86 of Agricultural commodities - vol. 4, no. 1, March Quarter 2014, ABARES Chapter 01 1.33 Graph Weekly oil prices Chapter 02 2.21 The relationship between Australia’s rate of economic growth and the unemployment rate Chapter 02 2.23 Relationship between the rate of economic growth and the rate of change in material living standards Chapter 02 2.34 Annual changes in Australias rate of economic growth 1990-91 to 2012-13 Chapter 02 2.35 Australias quarterly rate of economic growth 2002-03 to 2012-13 percentage change in Chain volume GDP- reference year 2011-12 Chapter 02 2.25 main sources of Australias greenhouse gases Chapter 02 Table 2.1 trends in some supply-side factors affecting Australias potential rate of economic growth Chapter 02 2.10 Australias rate of quarterly growth Chapter 02 2.11 some industries have grown much faster than others Chapter 02 2.13 trends in Australias labour productivity Chapter 02 2.19 Pre-Christmas Consumer Confidence 2011-12-15 by Sean Leahy, from http://www.leahy.com.au/leahy/view_comic.cfm?comic_id=1772 Chapter 02 2 Chapter 02 2.27 Chapter 02 2.15 Chapter 02 Chapter 02 Chapter 02 Chapter 02 Chapter 02 2.20 2.22 2.24 2.29 2.2B Australia Worst on Greenhouse by Claire Miller, The Age, 4 November 1999, p.3. wind turbines on a bay Brisbane Flood JANUARY 2011 Aerial View of homes under water in Australias worst flooding disaster. Frontal aerial view of a Cargo vessel. two smiling woman shopping in retail store Pollution, save earth, eco concept in hourglass Heavy industrial pollution, environment problem Melbournes traffic jam on M1 Freeway - October 12,2013 in Melbourne Australia. © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Chart Pack August 2014, p. 23, Reserve Bank of Australia Cartoon by Nicholson from The Australian www.nicholsoncartoons.com.au © DAFF ABARES 2014, Agricultural commodities: March quarter 2014, p. 86. CC BY 3.0 U.S. Energy Information Administration EIA, March 11, 2014 © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Sean Leahy Australia Worst on Greenhouse by Claire Miller, The Age, 4/11/99 © Fairfax Media Yobidaba / Shutterstock.com Brisbane / Shutterstock.com AlexKol Photography / Shutterstock.com Olesia Bilkei / Shutterstock.com dohtar / Shutterstock.com Alexander Tolstykh / Shutterstock.com TK Kurikawa / Shutterstock.com UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS Economics Down Under Units 1 & 2 Ninth Edition acknowledgements Acknowledgements Chapter 02 Chapter 02 2.5 2.3 Industrial plant with smoke Great barrier reef fish Chapter 02 2.14 international comparisons of Australias productivity Chapter 02 Chapter 02 Chapter 02 Chapter 02 Chapter 02 Chapter 02 2.9 2.7 2.0 2.28 2.4 2.2A Background editable vector design of newspaper headlines about economic problems Cartoon: the changing map of Australia weightlifter Kit kat bar with fair trade symbol global corporation - Illustration Australian money - bank notes Chapter 03 3.4 international comparisons of inflation Chapter 03 3.3 trends in Australias inflation rate Chapter 03 Chapter 03 Chapter 03 Chapter 03 Chapter 03 Table 3.10 Table 3.6 3.9 3.1 3.11 3.2 3.8 Chapter 03 3.0 Reserve Bank promises soft landing Chapter 03 3.6 Youre Clear For Takeoff, by Peter Nicholson, June 2008 Chapter 03 3.10 Cartoon: Economic Growth by Rodrigo, found at http://www.toonpool.com/cartoons/Economic%20growth_25082#img9 Chapter 04 4.10 there is poverty in Australia Chapter 04 4.5 Equivalised weekly disposable income share, percentage by individual quintile, Australia 2011-12 Chapter 04 4.6 Lorenz diagram showing the distribution of Australias equivalised weekly disposable income Chapter 04 4.7 other measures of Australias distribution of income between individuals Chapter 03 Chapter 03 inflation in different countries annual percentage change in prices Consumer Price Index, by Peter Nicholson, July 2011 Zimbabwean fifty trillion dollar note Seamstress or Chinese worker in a factory sewing with a industrial sewing machine Shopping basket with groceries, isolated over white background Dabycha oil into the sea from above. © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Dudarev Mikhail / Shutterstock.com Tanya Puntti / Shutterstock.com Based on data from OECD 2014, OECD Family Database, OECD, Paris www.oecd.org/social/family/database accessed on 30/07/2014 Adrian Hillman / 123RF © INKCINCT Cartoons © INKCINCT Cartoons Carolyn JenkinsCarolyn Jenkins / Alamy iStockphoto.com / MirekP Photodisc © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Peter Nicholson Edward Westmacott / Shutterstock.com kzenon / 123RF Dusanka Visnjican / 123RF Iurii Kovalenko / 123RF Peter NicholsonCartoon by Nicholson from The Australian www.nicholsoncartoons.com.au Cartoon by Nicholson from The Australian www.nicholsoncartoons.com.au © Rodrigo / toonpool.com © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS Economics Down Under Units 1 & 2 Ninth Edition acknowledgements Acknowledgements Chapter 04 5.2 Sources of Australias population growth cumulative for selected years Chapter 04 5.1 Growth in Australias population size millions 1900-01 to 2013-14 Chapter 04 4.13 trends in Australian poverty rates and poverty line income Chapter 04 4.14 trends in ratio of male/female earnings Chapter 04 4.8 how evenly does Australia distribute its wealth and how has this changed? Chapter 04 4.11 % change in Australias equivalised income share of disposable income Chapter 04 4.12 Trends in Australias Gini coefficient for equivalised disposable household Chapter 04 4.4 Average level of equivalised disposable weekly income $, 2011-12- Australia Chapter 04 4.15 Trends in Australias distribution of wealth net worth by quintile % shares Chapter 04 4.26 cost of Australian government income support Chapter 04 4.0 Chapter 04 4.20 Chapter 04 Chapter 04 4.21 4.3 Chapter 04 4.35 Chapter 04 Chapter 04 Chapter 04 Chapter 04 Chapter 04 Chapter 04 Chapter 04 Chapter 04 4.28 4.16 4.23 4.2 4.9 4.25 4.19 4.18 Cartoon: ‘Enough whingeing from those hippy dropouts occupying Wall St and other CBDs…’, by Cathy Wilcox A homeless man on the city streets, filled with anxiety and hopelessness. Shot with fish-eye lens and de-saturated. Seabourn Legend cruise ship At Port of Valletta, Malta - July 11, 2011 Triple Chocolate Cake with frosting roses being served sliced from the cake Proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day, 1990, 2005 and 2010 Percentage, from The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013, p. 6 © United Nations 2013, found at http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/report-2013/mdg-report-2013-english.pdf The Eternal Struggle For Survival, by Mark Knight "Sorry, The Economy Isnt Playing Fair" by Jon Kudelka, from The Australian People standing on piles of coins Georgina Rinehart Petrol sniffer carries container of petrol to his humpy home in Papunya community Chemical factory with smoke stack Group of Aboriginal Australians Ride The Stock Market rollercoaster Chapter 05 5.9 main countries of origin for Australias migrants © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Cathy Wilcox Ronald Sumners / Shutterstock.com Eugenie Photography / Shutterstock.com Sheila Fitzgerald / Shutterstock.com From the Millennium Development Goals Report 2013, p. 6 © 2013 United Nations. Reprinted with permission of the United Nations © Mark Knight © Jon Kudelka artglazerartglazer / Getty Australia News Ltd / Newspix News Ltd / Newspix Nickolay Khoroshkov / Shutterstock.com Simon GrossetSimon Grosset / Alamy iStockphoto.com / mstay Map by Kransky - based on data from Australian Bureau of Statistics UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS Economics Down Under Units 1 & 2 Ninth Edition acknowledgements Chapter 05 Chapter 05 Acknowledgements 5.24 part A 5.22 part B Part A- Comparing Australias level of employment by industry in 2000 and 2012 Part B indicators of Australian labour market conditions Chapter 05 5.26 Types or causes of Australias unemployment rate Chapter 05 5.8 Distribution of Australias population by place of birth Chapter 05 5.7 Age structure of the Australian population in 2014 Chapter 05 5.32 population pyramid for Australia based on population projections for 2010 and 2050 Chapter 05 Table 5.4 data relating to Australias population and labour force Chapter 05 5.31 data relating to Australias population Chapter 05 5.3 graph showing rise in life expectancy at birth in Australia by gender Chapter 05 5.22 part A Chapter 05 5.10 Chapter 05 Chapter 05 Chapter 05 Chapter 05 Chapter 05 Chapter 05 Chapter 05 Chapter 05 Chapter 05 Chapter 05 Chapter 05 Chapter 05 5.11 5.20 5.4 5.30 5.23 5.28 5.15 5.0 5.12 5.21 5.27 5.33 graphs 1 and 5 5.14 Chapter 05 5.16 Chapter 05 Part A- Changes in Australias unemployment rate, 1991-92 and 2014 percentage of labour force as an indicator of labour market conditions Geographical distribution of Australias population Elderly eighty plus year old man recovering from surgery in a hospital bed Middle-aged businessman in the office thinking about business problems Group of happy smiling kids sitting together Desperate businessman leaning on an office building The Mining Economy. The Rest Of The Economy, by Mark Knight We Cant Afford To Build At Ford, by Mark Knight, 24/05/2013 February 20, 2011: Sydney, NSW. A cartoon by artist Bill Leak titled Trying to Stop the Boats Cartoon: todays most exclusive club - permanent full-time workers cartoon: the gap between the rich and the poor today cartoon: wanted, more Centrelink staff Cartoon: Australian jobs that are going offshore Consumer sentiment, Long-run average - 100 and Australian and US cash rates from A collection of graphs on the Australian economy and financial markets April, 2009, RBA page numbers unknown Think Big Think Little, by Peter Nicholson, July 2010 China :2010 Population Graph millions © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia Fotoluminate LLC / Shutterstock.com d13 / Shutterstock.com Smailhodzic / Shutterstock.com Peter Bernik / 123RF © Mark Knight © Mark Knight © Bill Leak / Newspix © INKCINCT Cartoons © INKCINCT Cartoons © INKCINCT Cartoons © INKCINCT Cartoons From A collection of graphs on the Australian economy and financial markets, April, 2009, Reserve Bank of Australia © Peter Nicholson Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS Economics Down Under Units 1 & 2 Ninth Edition acknowledgements Acknowledgements Chapter 05 5.6 Chapter 05 5.33 graphs 2-4 and 6 Australian total level of immigration by target category- 1998-99 to 2012-13 3 Graphs from a Governement Speech - Indicators showing the impact of the recent global recession and financial crisis Chapter 05 5.5 Migrant Arrivals in Australia - 50,000th Dutch migrant, arrives in Australia aboard the SIBAJAK, 1954 Chapter 06 6.10 Australias balance of payments on capital and financial account $m Chapter 06 6.8 composition of Australian imports and exports Chapter 06 6.11 changes in foreign investment in Australia and Australian investment abroad Chapter 06 Chapter 06 Chapter 06 Chapter 06 6.7 part B 6.7 part A Table 6.6 6.27 Chapter 06 Chapter 06 Chapter 06 Chapter 06 Chapter 06 Chapter 06 Chapter 06 Chapter 06 Table 6.1 6.19 6.1 6.4 6.16 6.12 6.2 6.21 6.3 Chapter 06 6.29 Chapter 06 6.0 Chapter 06 6.22 Chapter 06 Australias balance of payments on current account Australias balance of payments on current account % share of Australian exports by destination relative importance of China for Australias export and import of goods balance of payments current account - Australia Look, On The Budget - Ive Got To Lower Everyones Expectations, by Peter Nicholson, April 2011 shipping cargo container being loaded onto freighter in port Global Business with Arabic Businessmen Rates of currency exchange International currency signs flying around a world globe The Chinese Government Welcomes PM Gillard Official Banquet, by Mark Knight Cartoon: map of the Australian canned food industry Engraving After David Ricardo by Thomas Phillips Graphs: 1.2, 1.19, 2.20, 3.1, 3.2, 3.12, 3.26 and Table 1.1, all from RBA, Statement on Monetary Policy, August 2011, from http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/smp/2011/aug/pdf/0811.pdf High Dollar, Car Industry, Mining, by Peter Nicholson, April 2013, from http://nicholsoncartoons.com.au/car-industry-on-skids-with-high-dollar-and-mining-frowth-businesscartoon-2013-04-13.html I Love The Picturesque Medieval Fortifications Of Europe, by Peter Nicholson, Oct 2010 © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Department of Immigration and Border Protection From speech The Economic Landscape in 2009, Malcolm Edey, Assistant Governor Economic, address to Australian Industry Group Annual Economic Forum, Sydney, 4 March 2009 National Archives of Australia. Department of Immigration, 1954 © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Peter Nicholson KAMONRAT / Shutterstock.com Rawpixel / Shutterstock.com megastocker / Shutterstock.com Christos Georghiou / 123RF © Mark Knight © INKCINCT Cartoons BettmannBettmann / Corbis From Statement on Monetary Policy, August 2011, Reserve Bank of Australia Cartoon by Nicholson from The Australian www.nicholsoncartoons.com.au © Peter Nicholson UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS Economics Down Under Units 1 & 2 Ninth Edition acknowledgements Acknowledgements Chapter 06 6.9 Theres Nothing Basically Wrong With It, Once It Cools Down, by Peter Nicholson, July 2012, from http://nicholsoncartoons.com.au/2012-07-28-china-our-engine-of-growth-has-to-cool-down.html Chapter 06 6a Data from the China fact sheet, sourced from http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/fs/#v Chapter 06 6.25 Table 6.9 part 1 Chapter 06 Eastern Dragon - Illustration Part 1- International comparisons of hourly minimum wages $US and purchasing power parity or PPP globalisation may have helped to increase the growth in Australias level of average real incomes per person per year The recent wave of globalisation may have strengthened Australias productivity and accelerated economic growth The recent wave of globalisation may have helped to slow inflation and improve the purchasing power of consumers Chapter 07 7.9 Chapter 07 7.7 Chapter 07 Table 7.1 Chapter 07 0 Advance Australia where? Our brand drain by Kate Adamson, The Sunday Herald Sun, January 28, 2007, p 30 Chapter 07 0 ‘Imported foods green toll’ by Ellen Hale and Mitchell Troy, The Herald Sun, 25 January 2009, p. 41 Chapter 07 7.8 Chapter 07 Chapter 07 Chapter 07 Chapter 07 Chapter 07 7.0 7.11 7.21 7.2 7.17a Chapter 07 7.19 Chapter 07 Chapter 07 7.14a 7.18 Qantas Sackings, by Peter Lewis, 2012, from http://peterlewisart.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/qantassackings.jpg Cartoon: the funeral cortege cartoon: the supply chain Imported food Tourists in Hong Kong social disparity: the wealthy minority and the 99 per cent Unidentified Occupy Wall Street protesters march to protest Goldman Sachs on December 12, 2011 in New York City, NY. Protests against the financial system took place nationwide. world map with cargo ships Smokestacks Emiting Smoke From Factory Chapter 08 8.16 map - GINI coefficent Chapter 08 article 2 Chapter 08 8.0 ‘For aid, just help yourself’ Sydney Morning Herald, 7 December 2005 A greenhouse nightmare, by Peter Nicholson, December 1997 © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd © Peter Nicholson Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade website – www.dfat.gov.au iStockphoto.com / SongSpeckels Creative Commons © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia © Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth of Australia Advance Australia where? Our brand drain by Kate Adamson, The Sunday Herald Sun, 28/1/07 © News Limited ‘Imported foods green toll’ by Ellen Hale and Mitchell Troy, The Herald Sun, 25/1/09 © News Limited © Peter Lewis, editorial cartoonist, the Newcastle Herald © INKCINCT Cartoons © INKCINCT Cartoons Tim Carrafa / Newspix leungchopan / Shutterstock.com durantelallera / Shutterstock.com Daryl Lang / Shutterstock.com Atiketta Sangasaeng / Shutterstock.com iStockphoto.com / Terraxplorer Map by M Tracy Hunter based on data published data by World Bank in July 2014. Data Source: Table 2.9 of World Development Indicators: Distribution of income or consumption The World Bank 2014 ‘For aid, just help yourself’ Sydney Morning Herald, 7/12/05 © Fairfax Media Cartoon by Nicholson from The Australian www.nicholsoncartoons.com.au UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS Economics Down Under Units 1 & 2 Ninth Edition acknowledgements Acknowledgements Chapter 08 8.19 Graph - overseas development aid Chapter 08 Table 8.3 selected countries that receive government development aid Chapter 08 8.14 Chapter 08 Chapter 08 8.1 8.30 Chapter 08 8.5 Chapter 08 8.7 Chapter 08 article 1 Chapter 08 8.13a Chapter 08 8.18 Chapter 08 8.12 Chapter 08 8.11 Chapter 08 8.17 Chapter 08 8.20 Chapter 08 8.23 Chapter 08 8.8 Graph: People living on less than $1.25 a day % of population from World Development Indicators 2014, http://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi Chapter 08 8.29 English village Cartoon: Third World Debt - Aid and the Iceberg effect, dated 9 Jan 2014, from http://www.cartoonmovement.com/cartoon/12995?fq=subroom.37 Map showing countries classified according to average income per person Woman Selling Cookware MTITO ANDENI, KENYA - JULY 13 : A child drinks water from a source July 13, 2009 in Mtito Andeni, Kenya. Thanks to various humanitarian organizations, the people of this village can drink water. UNs Millenium Developent goals State of the Village Report by Donella Meadows, May 31, 1990, found at http://www.donellameadows.org/archives/state-of-the-village-report/ Line of men leading to China on Earth globe illustration Unidentified coffee farmer is harvesting coffee berries in his coffee farm at vangyawn village,March 2,2013,Lao Ngam,Salavan, Lao p d r Unidentified Ghana children pupils on April 19, 2009 in Mampong, Ghana. Close to 10% of Ghanas population are orphans, due to HIV/AIDS. A young nepalese woman with two children begs for money on the road on November 8, 2009 in Kathmandu, Nepal. Squatter Shacks and Houses in a Slum Urban Area Unidentified melanesian children of Papua New Guinea in school. July 12, 2009, Bwagaoia, Misima Island, Papua New Guinea Vietnam flag with clipping path Based on data from OECD 2014, OECD Family Database, OECD, Paris www.oecd.org/social/family/database accessed on 30/07/2014 Based on data from OECD 2014, OECD Family Database, OECD, Paris www.oecd.org/social/family/database accessed on 30/07/2014 Third World Debt - Aid and the Iceberg effect by Tayo Fatunla, Cartoon Movement MAPgraphics Pty Ltd, Brisbane Karen KasmauskiKaren Kasmauski / Corbis africa924africa924 / Shutterstock © DFAT State of the Village Report by Donella Meadows, May 31, 1990. Reproduced with permission from the Donella Meadows Institute Stephen Finn / 123RF Theeraphan Satrakom / 123RF atm2003 / Shutterstock.com Zzvet / Shutterstock.com audioscience / Shutterstock.com Guido Amrein, Switzerland / Shutterstock.com Ufuk ZIVANA / Shutterstock.com World Development Indicators 2014. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0163-1. 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