USER REQUIREMENTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION OF THE COPERNICUS SPACE COMPONENT
Doc. No. 20123/16 V2/16, issue 2.0, dated 04/08/2016
European Commission
Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (DG GROW)
Aerospace, Maritime and Defence Industries
Copernicus: Infrastructures
SPECIFIC CONTRACT No 2 - 30-CE-0747761100-24
ORGANISATION OF WORKSHOPS
FOR GATHERING SETS OF REQUIREMENTS TO BE FULFILLED BY THE NEXT
GENERATION COPERNICUS SPACE COMPONENT
Implementing Framework Service Contract 386/PP/2014/FC (30-CE-0672813/00-46) of
05/12/2014, requirements framework for the next generation of the Copernicus space component
REPORT
COPERNICUS POLAR AND SNOW COVER
APPLICATIONS USER REQUIREMENTS
WORKSHOP
23 JUNE 2016, BRUSSELS
PRODUCED BY: SPACETEC PARTNERS
APPROVED BY: GMV
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WORKSHOP REPORT
1
1.1. INTRODUCTION
The European Commission (EC), who is responsible for the Copernicus programme, has initiated an action with the
objective of gathering user requirements for the Next Generation of the Copernicus Space Component (CSC).
This workshop was organised in the context of the second specific contract “Organisation Of Workshops For
Gathering Sets Of Requirements To Be Fulfilled By The Next Generation Copernicus Space Component” of the
Framework Service Contract 386/PP/2014/FC.
The event aimed to gather, examine and consolidate user requirements, and confront these with major gaps to be
potentially addressed by the Next Generation of the CSC. This was a unique opportunity for the attendees to provide
the EC with their priorities in terms of data, products and information at large, as a function of their mandates and
activities. The workshop was not intended primarily to discuss technical requirements and specifications for
satellites and instruments.
The audience was composed of users, service providers, representatives from the scientific community, the
European Commission, ESA and EUMETSAT. Over 90 people registered for the workshop, and 70 actually attended
the event.
The workshop has been structured in two sessions: Polar regions and Snow Cover monitoring. Each session had its
own panel discussion (with a duration of approximately one hour) during which the audience had the opportunity
to make statements and present needs/requirements, while expressing their reactions to the content presented.
The agenda and the list of participants are available in Annex 1 and Annex 2, respectively.
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1.2. MAIN POINTS AND RESULTS
The content and outcomes of the workshop are herein reported following the structure of the event. The
presentations are available for download at http://copernicus.eu/polar-snow-workshop under the “Material” tab.
The introduction by Peter Breger, Deputy Head of Unit of the Copernicus unit of DG GROW, emphasised the role of
this (and of similar) workshops in shaping the position of the EU regarding the general evolution of Copernicus and
of its space component. This workshop was designed to contribute to update the body of requirements for the
Copernicus services and the space component by considering as drivers the changes which are taking place in the
Arctic, the Antarctic, and the continental areas covered by snow.
The role that Copernicus could play by providing up-to-date, accurate and timely information about the polar
regions is closely linked to the increasing needs for defining new and evolutionary European policies for these areas,
responding to the increasing rate of changes in various economic sectors (maritime traffic, mining for example),
Climate Change related matters, but also addressing issues faced by people living in the Arctic and in the
neighbouring areas, which are bound to be affected by these changes.
In addition, snow significantly affects daily life and economy in many European territories. Heavy seasonal snow
notoriously disrupts transport, but changes in snow precipitation can also have an impact on business and
commerce, water provision, hydroelectric power supplies, agriculture, tourism and recreational activities.
Moreover, snow also plays an important role in regulating the Earth’s climate by being an important element of the
water cycle, by reflecting incident solar radiation back out to space and by acting as a thermal insulator. Thus, it is of
utmost importance to monitor changes in the extent, duration, thickness and properties of snow over both land
and ice.
The objectives of the workshop were presented as an opportunity for a thorough review of consolidated and
emerging requirements for the monitoring of the polar regions and of snow covered areas; the logic imposed to
start from the current “offer” of satellite measurements and derived products by reviewing what the Copernicus
services deliver, or plan to deliver, then proceed to identifying observation gaps, and lastly attempting to highlight
relevant solutions.
This report follows this logic, by presenting the highlights of the presentations, followed by summary points resulting
from the questions and answers, the user discussion panels, as well as the concluding remarks and, lastly, some key
findings.
1.2.1. POLAR REGIONS SESSION
The presentation by ECMWF (covering both the climate and atmosphere services) confirmed that the
current Copernicus services offer relevant products for Polar regions monitoring, for Arctic in particular,
while it noted the threat stemming from the progressive reduction in the availability of snow-related
observations and in situ measurements (e.g. snow depth). The need for Snow Water Equivalent products
was finally emphasised.
Following the same line, the presentation by Dr Garric (Mercator Océan) focused on the findings of the
position paper “CMEMS Requirements for Polar Monitoring”. He reinforced the fact that the current
Copernicus service already offers several products derived from satellite observations: sea ice coverage,
thickness, drift, edge, type and iceberg density. It also delivers estimates of snow thickness and sea ice
albedo. These measurements could and should be continued and expanded, and provide in particular:


Continuation and improvement of the sea ice thickness time series from Cryosat-2 for climate and
operational sea ice monitoring activities (including assimilation in sea ice models).
Continuation of the altimetry sampling over the ocean in Polar Regions (data assimilation) (e.g.
for improved ocean currents).
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




Reliable sea level measurements with the retrieval accuracy required to monitor Climate Change.
Continuation of SMOS-like observations of thin sea ice below ~0.5 m.
Sustainable operation of medium-resolution (5-10 km) multi-frequency and -polarization passive
microwave observations of sea ice lead fraction and sea ice concentration, area and extent.
Automated production of ice chart-like products from a combination of SAR data and other data
(e.g. bi-static SAR, passive microwave, multi-frequency SAR).
Reliable restitution of ocean colour in the marginal ice zone
In this context the results of the CryoSat-2 mission cannot be ignored, and were thoroughly reviewed by
Prof A. Shepherd who insisted on the need for operational continuity of a CryoSat-like mission with
enhanced instruments and performance. Significant attention should be paid to the issue of orbits; SunSynchronous satellites such as Sentinel-3, with an orbit covering up to ~81.5 degrees latitude, omit large
parts of the polar zones (about 70%) and several critical elements of the cryosphere.
Polar regions remote sensing leaves several questions open or only partially answered. Many of these
questions are cross cutting across several areas and both the scientific progress and the operational
support to human activities in the Arctic requires the development of more sophisticated models,
combining satellite and in situ measurements. This was the subject of the presentation delivered by
Johnny A. Johannessen. New models are being developed and an Integrated Arctic Observing System
should be rapidly designed (it is actually the object of a study under H2020 to be started in 2017). Dr
Johannessen emphasised that despite the invaluable insights which satellite observations provide,
comprehensive in situ observations remain indispensable for understanding and modelling of ocean
dynamics in the arctic and estimation of heat flux from ocean to atmosphere. He also emphasised the
importance of the measurements of snow on top of the sea-ice, which remains a key observation to be
continued and secured in the future.
The current geopolitical situation reinforces the necessity of shared responsibilities at international level
for implementing an integrated system of measurements in the Arctic.
Such a system should be supported by a consistent set of satellite data products for polar seas:












SEA ICE CONCENTRATION, EXTENT, TYPE & AGE
SEA ICE DRIFT AND DEFORMATION
SEA ICE THICKNESS
SEA ICE FREEBOARD HEIGHT
SEA ICE SURFACE TEMPERATURE
LEAD FRACTION
MELTPONDS
SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE
SEA LEVEL
SURFACE CURRENT
VECTOR WIND
OCEAN COLOUR
Some instruments are currently providing part of these measurements:
• Multi-frequency Passive Microwave Radiometry: Low-resolution (~25 km) sea ice concentration, area
and extent, sea ice types, and sea ice drift, Sea surface temperature, near surface wind speed.
• SAR: High-resolution for iceberg, sea ice deformation, drift, sea ice roughness, lead fractions and ridges
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• Scatterometry: medium-resolution (~10 km) sea ice concentration, area and extent, sea ice types, and
sea ice drift. Wind vector in ice free waters.
• Altimetry: open ocean sea level and sea surface height and hence dynamic topography and surface
geostrophic current, Snow depth, Sea level in the leads
• IR radiometry: High-resolution sea and ice surface temperature
• Spectrometry Chlorophyll a concentration and distribution. Used for estimation of phytoplankton
concentration.
• L-band Passive Microwave: thin sea ice with thickness less than ~0.5 m, Sea surface salinity but with
questionable sensitivity in cold water regions.
As pointed out earlier, CMEMS is delivering some of the required products, but the availability of
appropriate satellite measurements restricts their accuracy, frequency and spatial coverage. A more
detailed list of such requirements is included in the presentation by Dr Garric. Prof Johannessen reiterated the call to reverse the current negative trend for the availability of in-situ measurements
A slightly different view was introduced by the speakers of the Polaris Consortium, which focused on
operational issues.
The study conducted by the Polaris group provides a rather complete set of requirements derived from
the review of 250 parameters subdivided in 10 themes and, unlike other studies and presentations, it puts
more emphasis on SAR measurements.
Mr Arthurs from Polar View pointed out the importance of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
(InSAR), of multi-band SAR and of the coupling of Automatic Identification System (AIS) data with
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery. Dr Forsberg stressed the benefits of the S-1A-S-1B joint operation
scheme, and in general of the use of dual and tri-frequency SAR, e.g. from a tandem between Sentinel-1
satellites and an L-band SAR; InSAR is essential for Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), while dual frequency
altimeters will meet surface elevation change requirements; lastly, GRACE instrument measurements
should be used to complement the observation in terms of ice mass change. In conclusion of the Polaris
presentation, Dr Qeld Qvistgaard, from the IICWG, stressed the role of improved sea ice and iceberg
monitoring models to support shipping and off shore operations, including search-and-rescue in harsh
conditions.
In the course of the user discussion panel several important points were raised by the audience and by
the panellists:
1. A new communication on Arctic policy will be shortly issued by the European Commission. The
current study and the service operators should consider it.
2. A daily revisit time or better and a resolution of 5-10 m seem to be two common requirements
for an important part of the user community, particularly to support automated sea ice mapping
services
3. A representative of ice services for ice breakers remarked that captains do not need re-elaborated
charts but direct satellite images, like in the Baltic, plus 3 days meteo projections and ice height
data.
4. Near real-time (NRT) delivery of products within 1-2 hours from acquisition is needed, together
again with higher resolution (10 m pixels, 2-3 m in sensitive ice infested waters).
5. Can SMOS data deliver information about pH of sea surface (and therefore about acidification of
sea water)? Could this become an operational product?
6. There is a strong need to accurately measure the effects of black carbon on the Arctic
environment and validate space-based remote sensing
7. Comments on the current Copernicus services:
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8.
9.
10.
11.
a. CAMS should deliver estimates of fluxes from the atmosphere to all the components of
the Earth system.
b. CMEMS should deliver a more holistic projection of the Earth system as a whole, through
a better integration of space and in situ data with models.
The successor of CryoSat-2 should exploit dual frequency altimeters to deliver snow data,
improved ice sheet elevation and regional sea level variations.
There are not enough observations of the atmosphere in the Arctic. The prediction models’
performance in the Arctic is poor. Different orbits are required.
Improvements should be made in the synergetic use off the Copernicus fleet (spacecraft duty
cycle, coordinated observations, etc.)
Further emphasis was eventually given multi-frequency SAR offers.
1.2.2. SNOW COVER SESSION
Three presentations introduced the subject, all of them insisting on comparable issues:

The importance of monitoring seasonal snow cover (for water cycle, water resources, energy and radiation
budget).
 The crucial role played by snow and ice processes for the improvement of land surface models and of
climate models.
 The need to monitor snow cover and its links to permafrost evolution and carbon exchange.
 And, once more, the importance of in situ measurements for some critical parameters such as Snow Water
Equivalent (SWE), river discharge estimates, snow height.
The products, besides SWE, should include snow depth, the total snow area, the melting snow extent, the snow and
ice albedo, the snow and ice surface temperature, the snow grain size.
The snow services should permit the anticipation of natural hazards, such as floods, debris liberated by the
permafrost changes, avalanches and the associated risks for infrastructures. River discharges should be forecasted
at least 48 hours ahead of the event.
The workshop participants estimated that is too early to assess the impact of Sentinel 1 and Sentinel 2 but
requirements certainly go in the direction of improved spatial and temporal resolutions in all areas, including for
products such as SWE.
Moreover, the audience stressed the importance of correct forecasts for freezing and thawing events for the forest
industry in northern countries. Changes in albedo should be followed, even small ones. There is also general
convergence of opinions about the types of products, as mentioned above.
During the Panel, some speakers emphasised the importance of an appropriate phasing between different missions
(and not only between the different units of one given Sentinel mission).
1.2.3. ESA AND EUMETSAT CONTRIBUTIONS
The final two presentations, by ESA and EUMETSAT, reviewed the respective contributions of the two agencies to
the monitoring of polar zones and snow covered areas.
EUMETSAT presented the range of products available or expected from their Satellite Application Facilities, of
relevance for polar and snow monitoring and reviewed the range of instruments planned on the next generation of
their polar orbiting and geostationary satellites. EUMETSAT believes that the analysis of future missions shall be an
open process where many actors can feed in their ideas and contributions, and synergy between the Sentinels and
the contributing missions shall become a priority for a future optimisation of Copernicus infrastructure. In this
process, issues such as optimisation of existing instruments and definition of optimal orbit plans maximising the
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number of observations should be considered. For EUMETSAT, future Copernicus missions shall be operated in
maximum synergy with the ground segment infrastructure developed for the current Sentinels. Finally, EUMETSAT
emphasised the importance of highly elliptical orbit (HEO) missions, as a complement to the current and future
meteorological missions, underlined the geo-strategic importance of the observation of the poles.
ESA, leveraging on the current experimental missions (CryoSat-2, SMOS), listed and discussed several mission
concepts which could meet the most relevant requirements (the majority of which have been endorsed by all
participants to the workshop) and these include:

Polar ice and ocean topography mission (enhanced continuity of CryoSat) with dual-frequency SAR
Interferometric (SARin) altimetry, supporting also snow observations

Polar imaging from HEO: synergistic mission relevant to EU Arctic Policy needs (mobile communications
and Earth Observation) to fill gap left by GEO missions, as proposed by several operational actors in weather
and climate

Low frequency passive radiometry mission for polar and snow applications (enhanced continuity of SMOS)

Automated high-resolution NRT ice charting from a multi-frequency SAR constellation, incrementally
deployed building on Sentinels and contributing missions (including possibly commercial ones)

Mass transport from space gravimetry to directly measure ice mass change, ice flow dynamics, etc.
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1.3. CONCLUSIONS
Polar Regions are recognised as being of great importance for many sectors (e.g. transport, security…). Existing
satellites and emerging satellites capabilities demonstrated that key observations of these regions can be obtained
from space.
Nevertheless, key stakeholders seem to concur in estimating that Polar regions have not been given the right level
of attention in the Copernicus framework, notwithstanding the long experience with ERS and Envisat, the continued
support by ESA for more than 30 years to polar studies and initiatives, the success of experimental missions like
CryoSat-2 and SMOS. The operational products mainly come from meteorological satellites and Copernicus missions
not explicitly designed with these objectives in mind. It is widely assumed that the use of data from meteorological
missions will continue and improve in polar areas, albeit with a gap for high-revisit NRT imagery.
The development of a highly elliptical orbit (HEO) mission in complement to the meteorological programmes would
provide unique benefits to the users. Interesting and useful products are already delivered, in a quasi-operational
form, by the Copernicus marine service and by EUMETSAT Satellite Applications Facilities (SAFs), but those are by
far not satisfactory. It is therefore not surprising that most of the requirements are well consolidated and did not
evolve in the nearest past, backed up by scientists and by operational organisations. It is clear that an operational
enhanced continuity should be provided after CryoSat, but also to several measurements performed by SMOS.
Multi-band radar measurements would improve operational services. A better coverage should be achieved,
possibly with dedicated orbits such as the HEO concept developed for polar communications. Spatial resolution
should be improved in several domains and temporal resolution in nearly all of them. Freezing and thawing should
be monitored better than they are today, for climate monitoring and for industry operations. Ice mass changes over
land should be better estimated.
The user community also still has to rely on sufficiently frequent observations which have to be available on a daily
basis (e.g. for automatic sea ice chart production or production of other similarly useful products for the safety of
navigation, including high resolution near real time sea ice thickness, sea ice drift and iceberg detection). In addition,
timeliness of the delivery of products for operational use as well as their adequacy to the objectives should be
improved: delays are often unacceptable (ice breakers, navigation, infrastructure building, search-and-rescue
support, etc.).
Moreover, Copernicus has to rely on a strong in situ observation capability which has to be used for operational
modelling. In this context, the reduced availability of critical in situ networks is another source of concern: polar
zones require an integrated view and the question of an integrated polar service has been raised.
Similar considerations have somehow emerged from the presentations and the discussion about the monitoring of
snow covered areas. The list of products requested is quite clear (see presentations by Dr Nagler and Dr Notarnicola)
and there is a consensus about their characteristics. The importance of measuring snow parameters is evident in
several areas (climate, hydrology, hazards, etc.). Yet only a subset of the desired products is currently available
operationally and often without the desired accuracy and spatial or temporal resolutions. The critical situation of in
situ measurements has also been stressed by several speakers.
A multi-mission approach has been identified as being suitable to address a large number of needs for both Polar
Regions and snow cover monitoring.
Finally, it was generally felt that the workshop discussions had well managed to capture user needs with respect to
the range of users present. Nevertheless, some attendees emphasized that attention should still be paid to user
needs arising from societal related challenges in the Arctic, which were not identified during the workshop, and
should be part of any further follow-on events with users.
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ANNEX 1 WORKSHOP AGENDA
2
Venue:
Breydel building Auditorium
45, avenue d'Auderghem-1049 Brussels
Programme outline:
9:00 Registration
9:30 DG GROW – Peter Breger, Deputy Head of the Copernicus Unit - Welcome
9:35 NEXTSPACE – Udrivolf Pica – Context and objectives of the workshop
9:40 ECMWF – Vincent-Henri Peuch - Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and Atmosphere
Monitoring Service (CAMS) contribution to Polar regions & Snow Cover monitoring
10:00 Mercator Océan – Dr Gilles Garric - Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS)
and Polar regions monitoring
10:15 University of Leeds (UK)- Prof Andrew Shepherd –Achievements of the CryoSat mission and needs
for the future
10:35 NERSC (Norway) – Dr Johnny A. Johannessen –Synergetic use of satellite and in situ data for
Polar Ocean monitoring: what is needed?
11:00 Coffee break
11:20 Polar View - David Arthurs –Polaris’ gap analysis summary
11:40 User Panel Discussion (Polar regions monitoring user requirements)
12:45 Lunch
14:00 ENVEO (Austria) – Dr Thomas Nagler – Snow Cover applications: major gaps in current EO
measurement capabilities
14:15 EURAC (Italy) – Dr Claudia Notarnicola - Glaciers, Snow and Hazards: current EO limitations and
user needs for the future
14:30 University of Salzburg – Dr Sebastian d'Oleire-Oltmanns - Polar and Snow cover: cross-cutting
needs
14:45 User Panel Discussion (Snow Cover applications user requirements)
15:45 Coffee break
16:10 ESA – Pierluigi Silvestrin - Polar regions and Snow Cover monitoring from Space: state-of-the-art
capabilities and mission concepts
16:30 EUMETSAT – Dr Kenneth Holmlund - EUMETSAT’s view on future Ice, Snow, and Permafrost
observations
16:50 Final discussion, key messages and concluding remarks
17:30 End of meeting
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ANNEX 2 LIST OF WORKSHOP ATTENDANTS
3
Table 3-1: List of actual Workshop attendants
Surname
Name
Affiliation
1
Appel
Florian
VISTA GmbH
2
Arthurs
David
Polar View
3
Baillion
Yvan
Thales Alenia Space
4
Bamps
Catharina
EC/DG GROW
5
Bequignon
Jerome
ESA
6
Bouillon
Sylvain
NERSC
7
Bruzzi
Stefano
SpaceTec
8
Burgueno Arjona
Augusto
EC/DG CNECT
9
Casson
David
UNESCO-IHE
10
caussemille
sophie
Airbus Defence and Space
11
Cheek
Joseph
Arctic Portal
12
Crochet
Tom
FDC
13
De Witte
Erik
ESA
14
Debien
Annekatrien
Consultant
15
Deligny
Bernard
Thales Alenia Space
16
Dobricic
Srdjan
EC/DG JRC
17
d'Oleire-Oltmanns
Sebastian
University of Salzburg
18
Fernandez
Vicente
EuroGOOS AISBL
19
Forsberg
Rene
DTU Space
20
Gambardella
Attilio
EC/DG RTD
21
Garric
Gilles
Mercator Océan
22
Geist
Thomas
FFG
23
Grabak
Ola
ESA
24
Grabak
Ola
ESA
25
Grundemann
Gaby
UNESCO-IHE
26
Gullne
Ulf
Swedish Maritime Administration
27
Holmlund
Kenneth
EUMETSAT
28
Humbert
Angelika
Alfred Wegener Institute
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Jackisch
Dominik
EC/DG AGRI
30
Jeansou
Eric
NOVELTIS
31
Jindrova
Marketa
Gisat
32
Johannessen
Johnny A.
Nansen Center
33
Jutz
Simon
ESA/ESRIN
34
Kern
Michael
ESA-ESTEC
35
Klein
Thomas Stefan
swedish agency for marine and
water management
36
Lambin
Juliette
CNES
37
Lhermitte
Stef
KULeuven
38
Lonar Barth
Vigdis
Norwegian Space Centre
39
Martinez
Cristina
EC/DG CNECT
40
Mengistu
Tamirat
Addis Ababa education...
41
Menking
Christina
Airbus Group
42
Mercier
Franck
CLS
43
Mitu
Nicolae
EC/DG GROW
44
Nagler
Thomas
ENVEO
45
Nilsson
Stefan
SMHI
46
Notarnicola
Claudia
EURAC
47
Nyenhuis
Michael
DLR Space Administration
48
Ourevitch
Stephane
SpaceTec
49
Parrinello
Tommaso
ESA
50
Peuch
Vincent-Henri
ECMWF
51
Pica
Udrivolf
SpaceTec Partners
52
Pircher
Vincent
Ministry of Environment, Energy,
and Climate Change
53
Qvistgaard
Keld
International Ice Charting
Working Group
54
Ramos
F.
EC/DG CLIMA (Intern)
55
Schyberg
Harald
Norwegian Meteorological
Institute
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Shepherd
Andrew
University of Leeds
57
Silvestrin
Pierluigi
ESA
58
Small
David
University of Zurich
59
Solberg
Rune
Norwegian Computing Center
60
Sousa
Ana
European Environment Agency
61
Spreen
Gunnar
University of Bremen
62
Strahlendorff
Mikko
Finnish Meteorological Institute
63
svara
carlo
Thales Alenia Space Italia S.p.A
64
Te Hennepe
Frank
OHB System AG
65
Toulekki
Constantina
EC/DG GROW (trainee)
66
Turpin
Julien
European Commission
67
UrpalainenMenon
Kristiina
REA / European Commission
68
Vera Castillo
Jorge
Missions permanentes auprès de
l'Organisation des Nations Unies
69
Wouters
Bert
University of Utrecht
70
Zuber
Andre
EC/DG ENV
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