Anatomy for Nursing Students – Ali A. Mahdi
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Blood and Lymph Vessels
Aorta
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the largest artery of the body, and it is truly splendid vessel .
Parts of Aorta
o Ascending Aorta
o Aortic Arch
o Thoracic Aorta
o Abdominal Aorta
Anatomy for Nursing Students – Ali A. Mahdi
Lec .(4)
I. Arterial Branches of Ascending Aorta
1. Right Coronary Arteries
2. Left Coronary Arteries
II. Arterial Branches of the Aortic Arch
1. Brachiocephalic Trunk: first branch of aortic arch
o Right common carotid artery (parts of the head) .
o Right subclavian artery (right limb) .
2. Left Common Carotid Artery: second branch of the aortic arch
o Left Internal Carotid - serves the brain
o Left External Carotid - serves the skin and muscles of the
head and neck
3. Left Subclavian Artery: third branch of aortic arch
o Vertebral Artery - serves part of the brain
o Axillary Artery
o Brachial Artery - supplies the arm
III. Arterial Branches of the Thoracic Aorta
1. Intercostal Arteries (10 Pairs) - supply the muscles of the thoracic
wall
2. Bronchial Arteries - supply the lungs
3. Esophageal Arteries
4. Phrenic Arteries - serves the diaphragm
IV. Arterial Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
1. Celiac Trunk: first branch of abdominal aorta (stomach, spleen,
liver)
2. Superior Mesenteric Artery : (supplies most of the small intestine
and first half of the large intestine) .
3. Renal Arteries
4. Gonadal Arteries
o Ovarian Arteries (in female) .
o Testicular Arteries (in male) .
5. Lumbar Arteries : (serves the heavy muscle of the abdomen and
trunk walls) .
6. Inferior Mesenteric Artery
7. Common Iliac Arteries: final branches of the abdominal aorta ,
divide into :Internal Iliac Artery - serves the pelvic
organsExternal Iliac Artery - serves the lower limb .
Anatomy for Nursing Students – Ali A. Mahdi
Lec .(4)
The major veins of the Body
(1) External jugular vein (responsible for draining oxygen-poor blood
from the more superficial structures of the head and face) .
(2) Internal jugular vein(responsible for draining oxygen-poor blood
from the brain and neck) .
(3) Brachial vein (responsible for draining oxygen-poor blood from the
arm) .
(4) Subclavian vein (responsible for draining oxygen-poor blood from
the upper extremeties of the body) .
(5) Axillary vein(responsible for draining oxygen-poor blood from the
upper, axillary division of the body) .
(6) Ulnar vein(responsible for draining oxygen-poor blood from the
medial aspects of the forearm, wrist and hands) .
(7) Radial vein (responsible for draining oxygen-poor blood from the
forearm, wrist and hand , it connects the brachial vein) .
(8) Common iliac vein (from the superior portion of the pelvis) .
(9) Femoral vein (responsible for draining oxygen-poor blood from the
lower extremities of the body) .
(10) Popliteal vein (responsible for draining oxygen-poor blood from the
knee and surrounding tissues) .
(11) Posterior tibial vein (responsible for draining oxygen-poor blood
from the lower leg, ankle and foot) .
(12) Great saphenous vein(responsible for draining oxygen-poor blood
from the lower extremities and delivering it to the femoral vein before it
returns to the heart) .
Anatomy for Nursing Students – Ali A. Mahdi
Lec .(4)
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic vessels, unlike blood vessels, only carry fluid
away from the tissues. The smallest lymphatic vessels are the
lymph capillaries, which begin in the tissue spaces as blindended sacs. Lymph capillaries are found in all regions of the
body except the bone marrow, central nervous system, and
tissues, such as the epidermis, that lack blood vessels. The
microscopic lymph capillaries merge to form lymphatic vessels.
Small lymphatic vessels join to form larger lymphatic trunks,
which drain large regions. (1) The right lymphatic duct drains
lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body. (2) The
thoracic duct drains all the rest.
Anatomy for Nursing Students – Ali A. Mahdi
Lec .(4)
Reproductive System
Overview of the Reproductive System
The reproductive system consists of primary and secondary sex
organs. The primary sex organs, or gonads, are organs that
produce the gametes—testes (testicles)of the male and ovaries
of the female. The secondary sex organs : In the male, they
constitute a system of ducts, glands, and the penis . In the
female, they include the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina .
Secondary sex characteristics are features that develop at
puberty.. In human males, secondary sex characteristics include
: pubic, axillary, and facial hair, relatively coarse and visible
hair on the torso and limbs, apocrine glands, a relatively
muscular physique, and a relatively low-pitched voice.
(1) Testes
Each testis is oval, about 4 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter
.Connective tissue septa divide this organ into 250 to 300
wedge-shaped lobules. Each lobule contains one to three
seminiferoustubules—slender ducts up to 70 cm long in which
the sperm are produced. Between the seminiferous tubules are
clusters of interstitial (Leydig) cells, the source of testosterone.
A seminiferous tubule has a narrow lumen lined by a thick
germinal epithelium consisting of germ cells and a much
smaller number of tall sustentacular(Sertoli) cells, which protect
the germ cells and promote their development.
The testes are contained in a pendulous pouch, the scrotum .
The left testis is usually suspended lower than the right so the
two are not compressed againsteach other between the thighs.
Anatomy for Nursing Students – Ali A. Mahdi
Why testes lie outside the pelvic cavity?
Lec .(4)
Anatomy for Nursing Students – Ali A. Mahdi
Lec .(4)
Spermatic Ducts
1.Efferent ductules : arise from the posterior side of each testis
and carry sperm to the epididymis.
2.The epididymis : is a site of sperm maturation and storage.
3. Ductus (vas) deferens :is a muscular tube about 45 cm long
,it passes upward from the scrotum, and enters the pelvic cavity .
4. Ejaculatory duct : Where the ductus deferens and ductof the
seminal vesicle meet, they form a short (2 cm) ejaculatory duct,
it is the last of the spermatic ducts.
The male urethra is shared by the reproductive and urinary
systems.
Accessory Glands
1. The Seminal Vesicles: are a pair of glands posterior to the
urinary bladder; The duct empties into the ejaculatory duct. The
yellowish secretion of the seminal vesicles constitutes about
60% of the semen, it provides the nutritional resources for
sperms (fructose) .
2. The prostate : gland surrounds the urethra and ejaculatory
duct immediately inferior tothe urinary bladder . The alkaline
milky secretion of the prostate contributes about 30% of the
semen, it contains clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin .
3. The bulbourethral (Cowper) glands: are named for their
position near a dilated bulb at the inner end of the penis , they
secrete a fluid that neutralizes the acidity of residual urine in
theurethra, which would be harmful to the sperm.