SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
MR. WASEK
The Great Depression in Latin America Test
Table of Contents
HOTA: FDR’s policies
2
Winnie’s notes
President Roosevelt and the New Deal
2
2
The first New Deal
Roosevelt and the court system
Opposition to the New Deal
2
2
2
The Great Depression and the arts
2
The Federal Government and the arts
Federal Project Number One
Popular Culture
2
2
2
Setback: the recession of 1937
Were Roosevelt’s policies successful?
2
2
The American Pageant: The New Deal
2
Winnie’s notes
2
Chronology of Programs in FDR’s New Deal
2
Winnie’s notes
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
Summaries of Programs in FDR’s New Deal
Winnie’s notes
The New Deal - Agriculture
The New Deal - Unemployment and Labor
The New Deal - Banking and Businesses
The New Deal - Helping the Poor (Housing and Social Security)
The New Deal - Helping the Poor (Decreasing the rich-poor gap)
The New Deal - Helping the Poor (Free money!)
HOTA: Latin American responses to the Great Depression
Winnie’s notes:
Intro
The onset of the Depression in Latin America
Brazil: the coffee economy
Brazil after the Wall Street Crash
PAGE 1 OF 16
4
4
4
5
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10
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
Political repercussions in Brazil
The economic policies of Getulio Vargas
Import Substitution Industrialization
Changes to Brazil’s economy
MR. WASEK
14
14
14
14
Argentina: from democracy to dictatorship
14
The impact of the Depression on Argentina
Argentina’s economic recovery
14
15
Political changes in Latin America
15
Comparison of FDR and Vargas
15
Winnie’s notes
15
HOTA: FDR’s policies
Winnie’s notes
Didn’t outline HOTA yet. Just go read it!
Pages 195-207
President Roosevelt and the New Deal
The first New Deal
Roosevelt and the court system
Opposition to the New Deal
The Great Depression and the arts
The Federal Government and the arts
Federal Project Number One
Popular Culture
Setback: the recession of 1937
Were Roosevelt’s policies successful?
The American Pageant: The New Deal
Winnie’s notes
Didn’t outline this yet. Just go read it!
Chapter 33, pages 770-798
Chronology of Programs in FDR’s New Deal
Winnie’s notes
PAGE 2 OF 16
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
MR. WASEK
This can be found on page 298 in The American Pageant. I think that running through this list would
be great to test whether you know the information. All the details about the agencies are in the
next section!
1932
•Roosevelt defeats Hoover for presidency
1933
•Bank holiday
•Emergency Banking Relief Act
•Beer and Wine Revenue Act
•The Hundred Days Congress enacts AAA, TVA, HOLC, NRA, and PWA
•Federal Securities Act
•Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act
•CWA established
•Twentieth Amendment (changed calendar of congressional sessions and date of presidential
inauguration)
•Twenty-first Amendment (prohibition repealed)
1934
•Gold Reserve Act
•Securities and Exchange Commission authorized
•Indian Reorganization Act
•FHA established
•Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankrupcy Act
1935
•WPA established
•Wagner Act
•Resettlement Administration
•Social Security Act
•Public Utility Holding Company Act
•Schechter “sick chicken” case
•CIO organized
1936
•Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
•Roosevelt defeats Landon for presidency
1937
•USHA established
•Roosevelt announces “Court-packing” plan
1938
•Second AAA
•Fair Labor Standards Act
PAGE 3 OF 16
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
MR. WASEK
1939
•Reorganization Act
•Hatch Act
Summaries of Programs in FDR’s New Deal
Winnie’s notes
I made this chart awhile ago when Mr. Wasek assigned us the individual portion of The Great
Depression Comparison project. I also added to it before this test. I basically looked online. Then I
included everything I could find in The American Pageant and the HOTA book.
AP means in the American Pageant. H means in the HOTA book. For the 3 R’s, the categories were
all from The American Pageant. Make sure you know how to explain why they’re in that category!
The New Deal - Agriculture
Act or
Org.?
Name
Year
Purpose
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
AP
Act
Agricultural
Adjustment
Act (AAA)
1933
- Created a new agency, the
Agricultural Adjustment
Administration, to oversee the
distribution of the subsidies
AP,
H
Org.
Agricultural
Adjustment
Administration
(AAA)
1933
Protected farmers from price
- Recovery
drops by providing crop subsidies - Relief
to reduce production, educational
programs to teach methods of
preventing soil erosion
AP
Act
Soil
Conservation
and Domestic
Allotment Act
1936
- Purpose: to withdraw acreage
from production
- Paid farmers to plant soilconserving crops or to let land
lie fallow
- Recovery
- Relief
AP
Act
Second
Agricultural
Adjustment
Act
1938
- Continued conservation
payments
- Rewarded farmers who
observed acreage restrictions
- Gave farmers a more
substantial share of the national
income
- Recovery
- Relief
PAGE 4 OF 16
See box below
“Agricultural
Adjustment
Administration
(AAA)”
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
MR. WASEK
The New Deal - Unemployment and Labor
Act or
Org.?
Name
Year
Purpose
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
AP,
H
Org.
Tennessee
Valley
Authority
(TVA)
1933
- Federally owned corporation in
the United States created by
congressional charter in May
1933
- Purpose: to provide navigation,
flood control, electricity
generation, fertilizer
manufacturing, and economic
development in the Tennessee
Valley, a region particularly
affected by the Great
Depression
- Tried to determine precisely
how much the production and
distribution of electricity cost
- Recovery
- Relief
- Reform
AP
Act
Unemploymen
t Relief Act
1933
- Creates the Civilian
Conservation Corps (CCC)
- Relief
AP,
H
Org.
Civilian
Conservation
Corps (CCC)
1933
- Public work relief program that
operated from 1933 to 1942 in
the United States for
unemployed, unmarried men
from relief families, ages 17–23
- Provided unskilled manual labor
jobs related to the conservation
and development of natural
resources in rural lands owned
by federal, state and local
governments
- Recovery
- Relief
AP
Act
Federal
Emergency
Relief Act
1933
- Creates FERA
See box below for
"Federal
Emergency Relief
Administration
(FERA)”
PAGE 5 OF 16
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
Act or
Org.?
MR. WASEK
Name
Year
Purpose
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
AP,
H
Org.
Federal
Emergency
Relief
Administration
(FERA)
1933
- Renamed from Hoover’s ERA
(Emergency Relief
Administration)
- Established as a result of the
Federal Emergency Relief Act
- Replaced in 1935 by the Works
Progress Administration (WPA)
and Social Security
Administration
- Created the Civil Works
Administration (CWA)
- Granted about $3 billion to
states for direct dole payments
or preferably for wages on
work projects
AP,
H
Org.
Civil Works
Administration
(CWA)
1933
- Provided public works jobs at
- Recovery
$15/week to four million
- Relief
workers
- Jobs were dubbed
“boondoggling” as the labor was
just “make-work tasks” like leaf
raking
AP,
H
Org.
National
Recovery
Administration
(NRA)
1933
- A vast program of government- - Recovery
organized collusion among
- Relief
businesses, which mandated that - Reform
entire industries cut
production, raise prices, and
uphold certain standards in
wages and hours
- Labor was granted additional
benefits and “fair competition”
AP
Org.
Public Works
Administration
(PWA)
1935
- Purpose: to provide
employment, stabilize
purchasing power, and help
revive the economy
- Received $3.3 billion
appropriation from Congress
for public works projects.
PAGE 6 OF 16
- Recovery
- Relief
- Recovery
- Relief
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
Act or
Org.?
Name
MR. WASEK
Year
Purpose
1933
- Implemented by the National
Recovery Administration (NRA)
and the Public Works
Administration (PWA)
- Authorized the President of the
United States to regulate
industry and permit cartels and
monopolies in an attempt to
stimulate economic recovery
- Encouraged union organizing,
which led to significant labor
unrest. The Act had no
mechanisms for handling these
problems, which led Congress
to pass the National Labor
Relations Act in 1935
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
Org.
National
Industrial
Recovery Act
(NIRA)
AP
Act
National Labor 1935
Relations Act
(Wagner Act)
(NLRB)
- Ratified the pro-labor provisions - Recovery
of the NRA, ensuring a federal
- Relief
guarantee of the right of
- Reform
workers to form unions and
fueling the greatest boom in
union membership in American
history
- Created the National Labor
Relations Board (NLRB)
AP
Org.
National Labor 1935
Relations
Board (NLRB)
- Reasserted the right of labor to
engage in self-organization and
to bargain collectively through
representatives of its own
choice
- Basically helped unskilled
workers get into unions
AP
Org.
Committee for 1935
Industrial
Organization
(CIO)
- Basically a huge unskilled worker
labor union
- Mining, automobile industry, etc.
- Used sit-down strikes (refusing
to leave the factory building and
thus preventing the importation
of strikebreakers)
PAGE 7 OF 16
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
Act or
Org.?
MR. WASEK
Name
Year
Purpose
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
AP
Act
Fair Labor
Standards Act
(Wages and
Hours Bill)
1938
- Set maximum hours (44 per
week) and minimum wages (25
cents per hour) for most
categories of workers
- Child labour of children under
the age of 16 was forbidden,
children under 18 years were
forbidden to work in hazardous
employment
- Wages of 300,000 people were
increased and the hours of 1.3
million were reduced.
- Recovery
- Relief
- Reform
AP,
H
Org.
Works
Progress
Administration
(WPA)
1935
- Put Americans to work on
projects ranging from bridges to
airports
- Allowed millions of Americans
to escape starvation, and by
allowing them to work for their
relief checks it relieved the
social stigma (and possible
moral hazard)
- Helped needy high school and
college students; also helped
white-collar workers like actors,
musicians, and writers
- Took over Reconstruction
Finance Corporation (RFC) and
Federal Emergency Relief
Administration (FERA)
programs
- Created the National Youth
Administration (NYA)
- Recovery
- Relief
Org.
Reconstructio
n Finance
Corporation
(RFC)
1932
- Created under Hoover
- Gave $2 billion in aid to state
and local governments and
made loans to banks, railroads,
mortgage associations and
other businesses
PAGE 8 OF 16
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
Act or
Org.?
AP
Org.
MR. WASEK
Name
Year
Purpose
National Youth
Administration
(NYA)
1935
- Created under the WPA
- Provided part-time employment
to more than two million
college and high school
students.
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
The New Deal - Banking and Businesses
Act or
Org.?
Name
Year
Purpose
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
AP
Act
Beer and Wine 1933
Revenue Act
- Legalized light wine and beer
with an alcohol content of 3.2%
and levied a tax of $4 on every
barrel
AP,
H
Act
Emergency
Banking Relief
Act
1933
- Passed after an incredible eight
- Recovery
hours in Congress
- Invested the president with the
power to regulate banking
transactions and foreign
exchange and to reopen solvent
banks
AP,
H
Act
Glass-Steagall
Banking Act of
1933
1933
- Purpose: to provide for the
safer and more effective use of
the assets of banks, to regulate
interbank control, to prevent
the undue diversion of funds
into speculative operations, and
for other purposes
- Established the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
in the United States
- Imposed banking reforms,
several of which were intended
to control speculation
- Recovery
- Relief
- Reform
AP,
H
Org.
Federal
Deposit
Insurance
Corporation
(FDIC)
1933
- Created by the Glass-Steagall
Banking Act of 1933
- Insured bank deposits and
virtually ended bank failures in
the United States
- Reform
PAGE 9 OF 16
- Relief
- Reform
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
Act or
Org.?
AP
AP,
H
Year
MR. WASEK
Purpose
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
Act
“Truth in
Securities
Act” (Federal
Securities Act)
Act
Securities
Exchange Act
of 1934
1934
- Created Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC)
- Regulates secondary trading
between individuals and
companies which are often
unrelated to the original issuers
of securities
- See below for
“Securities and
Exchange
Commission
(SEC)”
Org.
Securities and
Exchange
Commission
(SEC)
1934
- Primary responsibility for
enforcing the federal securities
laws and regulating the securities
industry, the nation's stock and
options exchanges, and other
electronic securities markets in
the United States
- Reform
Gold Reserve
Act
1934
- Authorized FDR’s devaluation of - Recovery
gold
Federal
Communicatio
ns
Commission
(FCC)
1934
- Regulates interstate and
international communications by
radio, television, wire, satellite and
cable
AP
H
Name
Org.
- Required promoters to transmit - Reform
to the investor sworn
information regarding the
soundness of their stocks and
bonds
The New Deal - Helping the Poor (Housing and Social Security)
Act or
Org.?
Act
PAGE 10 OF 16
Name
Year
Homeowners
Refinancing
Act
1933
Purpose
Established the Home Owners
Loan Corporation (HOLC)
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
See below for
“Home Owners
Loan-Corporation
(HOLC)”
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
Act or
Org.?
MR. WASEK
Name
Year
Purpose
AP Org.
Home
Owners Loan
Corporation
(HOLC)
1933
- Purpose: to refinance home
mortgages currently in default to
prevent foreclosure
- Accomplished by selling bonds
to lenders in exchange for the
home mortgages
- Recovery
- Relief
AP Act
National
1933
Housing Act of
1934
- Created the Federal Housing
Administration (FHA) and the
Federal Savings and Loan
Insurance Corporation.
- Purpose: to make housing and
home mortgages more
affordable
- Relief
AP, Org.
H
Federal
Housing
Administration
(FHA)
- Purpose: to stimulate housing
industry by small loans to
householders (for them to
improve their dwellings and for
completing new ones)
- So successful it outlasted age of
Roosevelt :’)
- Relief
Act
1934
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
Housing Act of 1937
1937
- Created the United States
Housing Authority (USHA)
AP Org.
United States
Housing
Authority
(USHA)
1937
- Provided for subsidies to be
paid from the U.S. government to
local public housing agencies
(LHA's) to improve living
conditions for low-income
families
- Relief
- Recovery
- Reform
AP Act
Indian
Reorganization
Act
1934
- Encouraged tribes to establish
local self-government and to
preserve their native crafts and
traditions
- Helped to stop the loss of
Indian lands and revived tribes’
interest in their identity and
culture
- Reform
PAGE 11 OF 16
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
Act or
Org.?
AP Act
Org.
MR. WASEK
Name
Year
Purpose
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
Reorganization
Act
1939
- Gave Roosevelt limited power
- Reform
in administrative reforms,
including the key Executive Office
in the White House
Rural
Electrification
Administration
(REA)
1935
Encouraged farmers to join
cooperatives to bring electricity
to farms. Despite its efforts, by
1940 only 40% of American
farms were electrified.
The New Deal - Helping the Poor (Decreasing the rich-poor gap)
Act or
Org.?
Name
Year
Purpose
Act
Revenue Act
(Wealth Tax
Act)
1935
Boosted the top marginal tax
rate for those earning more than
$5 million to a staggering 79%
Act
Undistributed
profits tax
1936
Established the principle that
retained corporate earnings
could be taxed
Hatch Act
1939
- Barred administrative officials,
except the highest policymaking officers, from active
political campaigning and
soliciting
- Forbade the use of government
funds for political purposes
AP Act
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
- Reform
The New Deal - Helping the Poor (Free money!)
Act or
Org.?
H
Act
PAGE 12 OF 16
Name
Economy Act
of 1933
Year
1933
Purpose
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
- Cut the salaries of federal
workers and reduced benefit
payments to veterans, moves
intended to reduce the federal
deficit in the United States
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
Act or
Org.?
AP
MR. WASEK
Name
Year
Purpose
Recovery, relief, or
reform?
Act
Social Security
Act
1935
- Established Social Security
Administration (SSA)
Org.
Social Security
Administration
(SSA)
1935
- First time the government
- Reform
provided a social safety net to
protect individual citizens from
the uncertainties of the free
market
- Today: Retirement plan
- Before: A large majority of
Americans worked until the day
they died; retirement was
foreign to all but the wealthiest
elite ... so this was insurance and
welfare for fatherless children
and their mothers
- Administers Social Security, a
social insurance program
consisting of retirement,
disability, and survivors' benefits
Act
Adjusted
Compensation
Payment Act
1936
- Also called the “Bonus Act”
- Called for payments to World
War I veterans of $ 2 billion
See below for
“Social Security
Administration
(SSA)”
HOTA: Latin American responses to the Great Depression
Winnie’s notes:
Didn’t finish outlining HOTA yet.
Pages 225-239
Intro
•Reason for the Great Depression in Latin America: economic policies of late-19th century political
leaders
•Latin American plantations were extremely similar to those of the European feudal system
•But with the industrialization in the US and in Europe, Latin American commodities
became more valuable (Europe wanted food from Latin America)
PAGE 13 OF 16
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
MR. WASEK
•Argentinian beef and wheat, tropical fruits, (Yay, refrigeration on ships), Latin American
minerals and natural resources (Chilean copper and nitrates)
•Latin American exported produce and natural resources and imported many finished goods
•Elites did not think Latin America had the education and technology to industrialize; thus, they
invested in foreign endeavors. (cientificos - economic liberals)
•Latin America mainly traded with the United Kingdom, but after WWII, as Europe’s economy
declined, so did Latin America’s
•Even before the Great Depression, Latin American countries were on a downward slope
The onset of the Depression in Latin America
•Decline for goods --> less inflow of capital --> internal deflation --> fall in value of Latin
American currencies and a rise in unemployment
•Could not pay foreign bank loans; these banks were collapsing too
•Immediate effect of the Depression: political change
•There were many coups d’etats (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Honduras, and Peru)
•To address the crisis, there were three main approaches
•1. Government regulation to stabilize local economy (govt set prices, max levels of
production, destruction of surplus goods)
•2. Import Substitution Industrialization (encourage creation of homegrown industries)
•3. Bilateral trade agreements with industrialized countries
•Policies led to rapid recovery; government was very involved in the economy
•Government was involved with banking
•Left gold standard and joined US dollar
•Social inequalities caused by class and racial hierarchies were heightened by economic stress
•Leaders adopted populist stance to co-opt the working and middle classes
Brazil: the coffee economy
•Coffee was main export; producers had to create a delicate balance to prevent overproduction
•Sao Paulo Institute for Permanent Defense of Coffee - kept coffee prices high by purchasing and
withholding goods from world market; received revenue from a transportation tax and from
foreign bank loans (dangerous technique: valorization)
•Brazil imported manufactured goods; politicians ignored efforts for tariffs and tax credits
•Before the depression, Brazil had $900 million foreign debt and surplus coffee
Brazil after the Wall Street Crash
•
Political repercussions in Brazil
The economic policies of Getulio Vargas
Import Substitution Industrialization
Changes to Brazil’s economy
Argentina: from democracy to dictatorship
The impact of the Depression on Argentina
PAGE 14 OF 16
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
MR. WASEK
Argentina’s economic recovery
Political changes in Latin America
Comparison of FDR and Vargas
Winnie’s notes
Mr. Wasek, Yeseo, and Varsha said this was important for the test, so I put together this chart.
Apparently for Varsha’s class, this was a homework assignment? My class was never given this
assignment. :( I took as much information from HOTA as I could. Does anyone (Varsha’s class?)
have more information to add?
Chart
FDR (USA)
Vargas (Brazil)
Both
Beginning
Rose to the position
after a fair election
Rose to the position
because he was a
charismatic leader that
made him the best
choice for the role of
interim president after
the coup d’etat
overthrew Washington
Luis and Julio Prestes
Presidents of their
respective countries
Farming:
Agency
Agricultural Adjustment
Administration
National Department of
Coffee
Used government
agencies to oversee
farming market
Farming:
Types of
crops
(AAA) Encouraged
planting crops that were
better for the soil
(NDC) Encouraged
planting crops other than
coffee
(AAA/NDC)
Encouraged planting of
other crops
Improving the
country
Focused on building
roads, hospitals, and
other public facilities
Focused on
industrialization through
steel plants and
transportation
Focused on
infrastructure
National Industrial
Recovery Act (NIRA)
and National Labor
Relations Act (Wagner
Act) (NLRB)
Law in 1943: permitted
unions to organize by
plant and industry but
not on a statewide or
national basis lest their
power became too great
Promoted unions
Labor:
Unions
PAGE 15 OF 16
WINNIE LAU
SUBJECT: IB HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS
MR. WASEK
FDR (USA)
Vargas (Brazil)
Both
Labor:
Unions
National Labor Relations
Board (NLRB)
A department of labor
oversaw union finances
and elections, and
helped create the labor
leadership in the country
Had a government
agency watch over the
unions
Labor:
Amount
Fair Labor Standards Act
(Wages and Hours Bill)
Instituted a minimum
wage and a maximum
work week for Brazilian
labor
Limited amount of work
PAGE 16 OF 16
WINNIE LAU