The Protestant Reformation
And Catholic Counter-Reformation
• Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther (1483-1546)
– German priest
– Well educated
– Augustinean monk in Wittenburg
• Professor of Biblical studies
• Depression
Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther (1483-1546)
– “Tower Experience”
• Romans 1:17
• Mistranslation
• God is merciful and saves us all
Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther (1483-1546)
– Sola fide
– Sola gratia
– Sola Scriptura
Protestant Reformation
• Luther’s ideas and writings
– Establishes schools
– Encourages singing
– Attacks papal authority
– Argues for only two sacraments
• Baptism & Eucharist
– Attacks indulgences
• Pope Leo X (1513-1521)
• Fr. John Tietzel (1470-1519)
Protestant Reformation
• Luther’s ideas and writings
– October 31, 1517
– 95 Theses
– Wittenberg Cathedral
– Gutenberg’s printing press
• invented 1450
Protestant Reformation
Protestant Reformation
• Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther
• Luther hides
• Diet of Worms (1521)
– Luther condemned
• Germany splits politically:
– Birth of Lutheran movement
• Exile in Wartburg Castle
– Translated NT from Greek to German
Protestant Reformation
• Birth of Protestant Movement
• Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
– Embraced Luther’s ideas
– Stripped Churches
– Argued that Eucharist is merely symbolic
• John Calvin (1509-1564)
– Embraced the reformation
– Institutes of the Christian Religion
• The Protestant Summa
– Established doctrine of predestination
Anglican Schism
• Henry VIII (Ruled: 1509-1547)
– King of England
– Married Catherine of Aragon
– Wanted a son
– Met Anne Boleyn
– Wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon
– The pope refused to grant him a divorce
Anglican Schism
• Henry VIII (Ruled 1509-1547)
– 1534: Act of Supremacy
• Denounced the Roman primacy
• “Supreme head of the Church of England”
• Martyrs
– English hardships and bloodshed
Anglican Schism
• Queen Elizabeth (ruled: 1558-1603)
– Daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn
• Anglicanism
– Episcopalian
– The Church of England
Council of Trent
• The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
– The Catholic Counter-Reformation
– Pope Paul III (1534-1549)
– December 13, 1545
– Trouble, so it was moved…
– Repeatedly suspended…
Council of Trent
• The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
– Council closed December 1563
– Pope Pius IV (1559-1565)
• Confirmed decrees
Council of Trent
• Decree on Sacred Books and Traditions
– Created official canon of the OT
• Included 7 Deuterocanonical Books
– (Apocryphal books)
– Declared Vulgate as the “official” Bible
Council of Trent
• Decree on Justification
– Decreed that salvation was attained through faith,
hope, and love
Council of Trent
• Decree on Sacraments
– Decreed there are 7 Sacraments
– Defined sacraments as signs “instituted by Christ
to give grace”
Council of Trent
• Decree on the Eucharist
– Defined the Eucharist as “truly, really, and
substantially the body of Christ”
– Adopted the term transubstantiation
– Laity still to receive ONLY the Body of Christ
– Declared the Mass a sacrifice
Council of Trent
• Practical Reforms
– Affirmed the idea of Purgatory
– Created the Roman Missal
– Wrote the first Catechism
– Established seminaries
Council of Trent
• No decree on indulgences
• No decree on pluralism
– Bishops overseeing 2 or more areas
• Within 30 years, the Church rid itself of
both
Council of Trent
• In the end…
too little, too late…