The following are a few points where
errors may occur. So learn them. It will
improve your language.
 (a) It is cheaper to go by train to
the airport. ()
It is cheaper to go to the airport
by train. ()
(b) I waited for two hours in the
queue. ()
I waited in the queue for two
whole hours. ()
IrXy-amb \nb-a-§Ä CsÃ-¦nepw
adverb-IÄ D]-tbm-K n-¡p-t¼mÄ
Nne {]tXyI coXn- I Ä \mw D]tbm-K n-¡p-¶ p. H¶m-a-Xm-bn, H¶ne-[ nIw adverb IÄ DÅ- t ¸mÄ
Gähpw {][m-\-s¸-«Xpw ]pXn-b-Xpamb Imcyw kqNn- ¸ n- ¡ p¶ adverb Gähpw HSp-hn hcp-¶ -X mWp- ¯- aw.
taÂsImSp¯ DZm-l-c-W-§-fnÂ
c­pa-Wn-¡qÀ t\cw Im¯p-\n¶p
F- ¶ - Xpw, s{Sbn- \n t]mIp¶
XmWp sa¨-sa-¶ p-apÅ Imcy-§fmWp ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-bn-«p-Å-Xv.
 (a) We arrived just after midnight
at Kottayam. ()
We arrived at Kottayam just after midnight. ()
(b) She has to stay for one more
week in hospital. ()
She has to stay in hospital for
one more week. ()
km [m- c - W - b mbn Adverb- IÄ
hcp¶ {Iaw Xmsg-¡mWpw {]Im-cam-Wv.
Adverb of MANNER + PLACE +
TIME
GXm\pw DZm-l-c-W-§Ä IqSn {i²n¡pI.
eg: The boat moved slowly
(manner)
across the lake.
(place)
 Our team played well
(manner)
at Villa Park last week.
(place)
(time)
 (a) I’m staying near Cambridge in
a youth hostel. ()
I’m staying in a youth hostel
near Cambridge. ()
(b) She is coming back next week
on Tuesday. ()
She is coming back on Tuesday next week. ()
Htc kz`m-h-apÅ c­v adverb IÄ
(eg: Place + Place) h mN-I-¯n-s¶mSp- hn h¶m cs­- ®- ¯ nÂ
H¶ns\ IrXy-ambn a\-Ên-em-¡m³
klm-bn-¡p¶ adverb Ah-km-\-sagp-X-Ww. BZys¯ DZm-l-c-W-¯nÂ,
tIw{_n- U v P n- \ - S p- ¯ pÅ bq¯v
tlmÌÂ F¶p- thWw hcm³. AXpsIm­v ‘near Cambridge’ F¶
`mKw HSp-hn hcp-¶p.
 (a) We went to Madras last year
three times. ()
We went to Madras three times
last year. ()
(b) I shall be visiting Paris in July
for a few days. ()
I shall be visiting Paris for a few
days in July. ()
ka-bs¯ kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ ct­m
A[n-Itam adverb IÄ hcp-t¼mÄ
Xmsg sImSp-¡p¶ {Ia-amWv ]ment¡-­-Xv.
Adverb of DURATION + FREQUENCY + TIME

We do not afford to eat in restaurants nowadays. ()
We cannot afford to eat in restaurants nowadays. ()
Afford F¶ hm¡n- s \m¸w can/
could/able to LS-\-bm-Wp-th-­ Xv. GXm\pw DZm-l-c-W-§Ä {i²n¡p-I.
How can you afford to waste
so much time?
We will never be able to afford
a trip like this again.

Some students cannot afford
paying regular shop prices. ()
Some students cannot afford to
pay regular shop prices ()
C¯cw kµÀ`-§-fn can/cannot
afford to do something F ¶ L S-\bm-Wp-]-tbm-Kn-t¡-­Xv;‘ing form’

Not even a short holiday can
be afforded by some people. ()
Some people cannot afford even




a short holiday. ()
Passive voice  afford F¶ {Inb
D]-tbm-Kn¡m-dn-Ã.
(a) Many of them are afraid to lose
their jobs. ()
Many of them are afraid of losing their jobs. ()
(b) It was so windy that I was
afraid of opening my umbrella. ()
It was so windy that I was
a fraid to open my umbrella. ()
"C\nsb´p kw`-hn-¡p-sa¶p `bs¸«v Hcp Imcyw sN¿pI' F¶
AÀ°-¯n afraid F¶ hm¡p]-t bm- K n- ¡ p-t ¼mÄ afraid + to
do F¶ LS\ D]-t bm-K n-¡- Ww.
F¶mÂ, "A§s\ kw`- h n- ¡ cpXv' F¶ \ntj-[mÀ°-t¯msS
Hcp Imcyw kqNn- ¸ n- ¡ p- t ¼mÄ
afraid + of + ing form F¶ LS\-bm-Wp-]-tbm-K n-¡p-I.
Some students afraid to ask
questions. ()
Some students are afraid to ask
questions. ()
Afraid F¶Xv Hcp verb AÃ, adn¨v
adjective BWv. AXp-sIm­v hmNI-¯n verb Iq«n-t¨Às¯-gp-Xn-bncn-¡p-¶p.
(a) After three weeks I am going
back to France. ()
In three weeks I am going back
to France. ()
(b) Can you come back after about
thirty minutes? ()
Can you come back in about
thirty minutes? ()
"Ct¸mÄ apXÂ Ipd-¨p-k-a-b-¯n-\pÅnÂ' F¶ AÀ°w kqNn-¸n-¡-s¸Sp-t¼mÄ after \p ]Icw in hcp-¶p.
(a) It was the brightest students
who was asked to answer the
questions. ()
It was the brightest students
who were asked to answer the
questions. ()
(b) Raju is one of the boys who has
attended the party. ()
Raju is one of the boys who
have attended the party. ()
Relative pronoun AXn\p sXm«p




ject Bbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ, ‘be’
\n¡p¶ \ma-]-Z-t¯-bmWv kqNn¡ptij-am-bn-cn¡patÃm bYmÀ°
¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-\m relative prosubject hcn- I . At¸mÄ verb
noun \p tijw hcp¶ {Inb, AtX
bYmÀ° subject- t\ms Sm¯p
\ma-]-Z¯nsâ hN-\-¯n-\p-k-cn-¨m\n¡Ww. GXm\pw DZm-l-c-Wbn- c n-¡ - Ww. (D- Zm- l -c - W- § - fnÂ
§Ä {i²n-¡p-I.
brightest students, boys F¶o
eg: There (empty subject) + was
_lp-h-N\ \ma-§Ä¡p]-I-c -am(be) + an orange and two apples
bmWv‘who’ F ¶ relative pronoun
(real subject).
h¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm­v _lpThere (empty subject) + were
h-N-\-{Inb D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.)
(be) + two apples and an orange
All interest are paid without
(real subject).
deduction of tax. ()
Poorer countries in the reAll interest is paid without de- 
gion are to receive more forduction of tax. ()
eign aids. ()
Subject  uncountable noun
Poorer countries in the reh¶m GI-h-N\{Inb D]-tbm-Kngion are to receive more for¡-Ww.
eign aid. ()
Two thirds of the money were
Aid
F¶ hm¡v money, equipspent on library equipment. ()
ment,
food F ¶n- § - s \- b p Å
Two thirds of the money was
AÀ°§
- t fmsS D]- t bm- K n- ¡ pon library equipment. ()
t¼mÄ uncountable noun Bbn
Subject-Â all, a lot of, any, more,
]cn-K -W n-¡- Ww.
most, some, a fraction or percentage + noun F¶ LS\ h¶m  (a) I meet all the kinds of people in
my work. ()
verb sâ hN\w (number) X¶n-cnI meet all kinds of people in my
¡p¶ noun-sâ hN-\-hp-am-sbm¯p
work. ()
t]mI-Ww.
(b)
All of the living creatures need
eg: Most of the machinery was old
food. ()
fashioned.
All living creatures need
Most of the books are in the
food. ()
library.
BfpI -s ftbm hkvXp-¡-t ftbm
For most writers, a type writer
Ipdn¨v
s]mXp-h m-s bmcp Imcyw
or a word processor are indiskqNn¸
n¡
p-t¼mÄall \ptijw the/
pensable. ()
of
the
D]t
bmKn-¡p-I-bn-Ã.
For most writers, a typewriter
(c) A new methodology was introor a word processor is indisduced and most of the children
pensable. ()
found it interesting. ()
Subject  GI-h-N-\-¯n-epÅ c­v
A new methodology was introcountable noun I Ä ‘or’ D]-tbmduced and most children found
Kn¨p tbmPn-¸n¨n-c n¡p- s ¶-¦nÂ,
it interesting. ()
verb GI-h-N-\-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡Ww.
Bsc/F´ns\
F¶p hfsc {]tXy(a) There has been several comIa
mbn
FSp¯p
]d-tb­ kµÀ`plaints about the design of the
§f
nÂ
am{Xsa
most
\p tijw Hcp
building. ()
of-phrase
D]t
bmK
n¡
p-I-bp-Åp.
There have been several comeg:
Most
of
the
cars
parked
outside
plaints about the design of the
the
hotel
had
chauffeurs.
building. ()
AsÃ-¦n noun \p sXm«p-ap(b) Inside the room there were a
¼mbn ‘most’ hcp-¶p.
table and two chairs. ()
eg:
Most cars have four wheels.
Inside the room, there was a
table and two chairs. ()
‘There’ F¶ hm¡v Hcp empty sub-
Directions: In each of the following questions, choose the word which is similar in
meaning to the key word.
1. Accede (FvIvkoUv)
(a) Assent
(b) Repeat
(c) Resemble
(d) Attract
2. Adduce (FvUyqkv)
(a) Scold
(b) Cheat
(c) Sticking
(d) Mention
3. Adulterate (AUÂä-sdbv äv)
(a) Assist
(b) Vitiate
(c) Satisfy
(d) Float
4. Badger (t_UvPÀ)
(a) Officer
(b) Renegade
(c) Persecute
(d) Effect
5. Belligerent (_nÃn-Pn-sd³Uv)
(a) Silent
(b) Hungry
(c) Hostile
(d) Serious
6. Bizarre (_nkmÀ)
(a) Wild
(b) Odd
(c) Sad
(d) Bald
7. Cacophony (sIsIm-s^vWn)
(a) Discord
(b) Conversation
(c) Harmony
(d) Confine
8. Cajole (IvsPmÄ)
(a) Attract
(b) Fanciful
(c) Attack
(d) Deceive
9. Captivating (tI]vän-th-änwKv)
(a) Attacking
(b) Fascinating
(c) Enfuriating
(d) Deceiving
10. Cease (kokv)
(a) Die
(b) Burn
(c) Terminate
(d) Examine
11. Dudgeon (UkvsPv³)
(a) Captivity
(b) Indignation
(c) Doubt
(d) Fruit
12. Emolument (Csam-eypvsaâv)
(a) Distinction
(b) Enjoyment
(c) Remuneration (d) Circumstance
13. Facsimile (^mIvkn-anen)
(a) Duplicate
(b) Womanish
(c) Starving
(d) Faithful
14. Fallacious (s^se-bvjkv)
(a) Attractive
(b) Exhausted
(c) Artificial
(d) Deceptive
15. Loiter (sembn-säÀ)
(a) Linger
(b) Fight
(c) Argue
(d) Fly
Answers
1. (a) Assent (AwKo-I-cn-¡pI)
Accept, acquiesce, comply, consent are synonyms.
 They will not lightly accede to his
demand.
 Dissent is the antonym.
2. (d) Mention (DZm- l - c Ww ]dªp
kaÀ°n-¡pI)
Advance, allege, present, quote
are synonyms.
 Darwin adduced the fossil record
as support for his theory.
 Retract is the antonym.
3. (b) Vitiate (ambw tNÀ¡pI)
Contaminate, corrupt, deteriorate
are synonyms.
 The champagne was adulterated.
 Ameliorate is the antonym.
4. (c) Persecute (tZjyw]nSn-¸n-¡pI)
Annoy, tease, torment, worry are
synonyms.
 Some children badger the teachers with number of questions.
 Pacify is the antonym.
(Reneyade one who deserts one’s
own beliefs and ideologies and
goes to the opposite side.)
5. (c) Hostile (i{Xp-X -bpÅ)
Agnostic, bellicose, pugnacious,
rival are synonyms.
 He had a belligerent look on his
face.
(Belligerent can also mean a country engaged in war.)
 Peaceful is the antonym.
6. (b) Odd (hnNn-{X-a mb)
Fantastic, strange, whimsical are
synonyms.
 The magician’s performance was
bizarre and everybody was
startled.
 Usual is the antonym.
7. (a) Discord (i_vZ-tIm-em-lew)
Jar, jarring are synonyms.
 In the park we saw a number of
children with the cacophony of
their laughter.
 Harmony is the antonym.
8. (d) Deceive (NXn-¡pI)
Beguile, delude, entrap, impose,
persuade are synonyms.
 Tom and John were cojoled into
coming with us.
 Warn is the antonym.
9. (b) Fascinating (BIÀjn-¡p¶)
Charming, winning are synonyms
 Roosevelt was a captivating
speaker.
 Repulsive is the antonym.
10. (c) Terminate (Ah-km-\n-¡pI)
Desist, discontinue, finish, stop
are synonyms.
 Towards the midnight the rain
ceased and the clouds drifted
away.
 Start is the antonym.
11. (b) Indignation (Xo£vW-amb tIm]w)
Anger, resentment, wrath are synonyms.
 He slammed the door and went
off in high dudgeon.
 Satisfaction is antonym.
12. (c) Remuneration ({]Xn-^ew)
Advantage, compensation, profit,
reward are synomyms.
 Emoluments earned by UK residents abroad may be taxed.
 Loss is the antonym.
13. (a) Duplicate (X\n¸-IÀ¸v )
Copy, reproduction are synonyms.
 In the library you can find a facsimile of this book.
 Original is the antonym.
14. (d) Deceptive (sXän-²-cn-¸n-¡p¶)
Deceiving, erroneous, fictitious,
wrong are synonyms.
 That point of view is exposed as
fallacious in her new book.
 True is the antonym.
15. (a) Linger (Npän-¯n-cn-bpI)
Dwadle, lag, tarry are synonyms.
 Little Tom will not go near the
church. Yesterday he saw a mad
man loitering there.
 Hurry is the antonym.