IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
,
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία
Μετάφραση :
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος
Για παραπομπή :
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος , Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία , "Hierapolis
Phrygia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8841>
Περίληψη :
Hierapolis was one of the most important cities of Phrygia. It was a typical Roman city with a few Hellenistic elements. The city
reached its heyday in the 2nd and 3rd century AD as Roman baths. It continued to prosper until the 4th century AD, when
monumental buildings were constructed. In the Byzantine years it became a centre of pilgrimage because Apostle Philip had
martyred there. The city was permanently abandoned in the 13th century.
Άλλες Ονομασίες
Hieropolis, Pamukkale
Γεωγραφική Θέση
Southwest Turkey, near Denizli, Denizli Province
Ιστορική Περιοχή
Phrygia
Διοικητική Υπαγωγή
Phrygia, Kingdom of Pergamon, Province of Asia
1. Geography
Hierapolis was an important city of Phrygia in southwest Asia Minor.1 The city dominated the plain of the Lycos River (Çürüksu) and
developed thanks to its favourable position along the road system connecting inner Anatolia with the Mediterranean. The remains of
the ancient city are in the province of Denizli, within 18 km NE of Denizli, near the modern city of Pamukkale.
Hierapolis is a marvellous site combining the unique landscape with an impressive ancient city. Thus, it is protected by UNESCO as a
World Heritage Site.
The ancient city was founded and spread on a plateau formed on a sloping hill of geological formations. They are compact depositions
of sediments formed by the flow of limestone waters gushing in the area. The white schematised lakes, the stalactites and the waterfalls
create a picture of breathtaking beauty. The modern Turkish city of Pamukkale was named after these ‘towers of cotton’.
The medicinal hot springs were known for their therapeutic properties already from the Roman years, while their exploitation was one
of the determinants of the development of Hierapolis. In modern times the city became one of the most popular tourist destinations in
Turkey, but its uncontrolled conversion into a resort had negative impacts on the area.2
2. History
The foundation of the city of Hierapolis is an issue that has preoccupied the scholars, as there are no written sources reporting the
exact date of foundation. The beginning of the history of the city is indissolubly connected with the acceptance of the derivation of the
name. According to Stephanus of Byzantium, the name of the city came from its numerous temples (‘Hiera Polis’ means Sacred City
in Greek). In this position there was probably a small settlement around a sanctuary before the Hellenistic period, which became a
religious centre. After its occupation by Alexander the Great, the city was refounded by the Seleucids, who controlled the region, and
called it Hierapolis. Antiochus I or Antiochus II must have been its founders.
The relation of the Attalids with the city is widely acceptable. According to a long tradition, Eumenes II, King of Pergamon, founded
Hierapolis in the first half of the 2nd century BC.3 In this case the city owed its name to his wish to honour Hiera or Hiero, the wife of
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/6/2017
Σελίδα 1/8
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
,
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία
Μετάφραση :
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος
Για παραπομπή :
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος , Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία , "Hierapolis
Phrygia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8841>
the mythical founder of Pergamon Telephus.
The discussion about the exact date of foundation and the founder of Hierapolis involves a series of information and arguments in
favour of the Seleucids and the Attalids respectively. The foundation of the neighbouring Laodicea in the mid-2nd century BC by the
Seleucids must have played a key role, as some scholars believe that there could not have been a second city so close to Hierapolis.
A series of epigraphs of the Imperial period connect the city in the first place with the Seleucids, who refer to the citizens of Hierapolis
using the epithets Macedon, Macedonic and Macedoniane.4
The names of the city tribes also provide significant evidence, which shows that the population was organised and divided under
names of the Macedonian dynasty. The names of three tribes were dedicated to the Seleucids, while the rest of the names came from
the dynasty of Pergamon. The earliest inscription preserved from Hierapolis is a resolution either honouring Apollinias, the mother of
Eumenes II, or being relevant to Apollo Archigetes and dating after 183 BC.5 Findings confirming the existence of a settlement in an
earlier period in this position have not been found, although it is rather certain that the area had been inhabited. Herodotus reports a
city in the area under the name Kydrara, although there is no more information about it. It is also known that a city named Hydreia,
indicating the abundance of water, existed until the Roman period.
Despite the vague information and the lack of satisfactory evidence about the history of Hierapolis in its first years of organisation, it is
certain that it came under Pergamon after the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. The written history of Hierapolis started in the Roman
period. According to the will of Attalus III, who bequeathed the Kingdom of Pergamon to Rome, Hierapolis came under Roman
control in 133 BC as a city of the province of Asia and was commanded by the Roman commander of Ephesus. Archives later in date
deal mainly with a series of earthquakes that hit the area. Hierapolis suffered serious damages by an earthquake in the years of
Tiberius, in 17 AD, but was completely devastated in 60 AD, in the years of Nero. The Emperor himself supported the rebuilding of
the city after the devastating earthquake, thus the current picture of the city is the result of the works carried out that period.
There were no significant events in the following years, with the exception of the emperors who visited the city; Hadrian in 129 AD,
Caracalla in 215 AD and Valens in 370 AD. The most productive periods of Hierapolis was the 2nd and 3rd century AD, in the years
of Severus and Caracalla respectively. What is more, Caracalla honoured the city with the title of neokoros, which granted the city
various administrative privileges along with the right of the imperial cult and sacredness. Art and culture were significantly developed.
Athletic events and music contests were often held and attracted the numerous visitors of the baths of Hierapolis. It should be pointed
out that the theatre was much bigger than the size the city needed.
The city had a prosperous Jewish community, particularly in the 2nd and 3rd century AD, which facilitated the early spread of
Christianity. According to tradition, Apostle Philip was martyred there and the church dedicated to him contributed significantly to the
importance of the city in the Byzantine years, when it became the seat of a bishop. Later on, Constantine the Great honoured
Hierapolis by proclaiming it capital of Phrygia, while in the 6th century it was proclaimed metropolis of Phrygia by Emperor Justinian.
3. Eminent Figures
The most known eminent citizen of Hierapolis was the sophist Antipater, appointed by Septimius Severus as teacher of the future
Emperor Caracalla.
The stoic philosopher Epictetus probably came from Hierapolis. He was born circa 60 AD and was a student of the stoic Musonius
Rufus.6 He taught philosophy in Rome and developed a philosophical system based on the moral philosophy of Seneca, which is
somehow similar to Christianity. His views were very advanced for Rome and, as a result, he was turned out and fled to Nikopolis in
Epirus. Among the ancient philosophers he considers Plato and Zeno as true and positive. He thinks that cynic Diogenes was an
example of voluntary freedom, hardship and simple life, while he firmly rejects the physiognomy of the cynics. His teaching was
included in eight books titled Diatribai (discourses)and their synopsis, known as Encheiridionof Epictetus or Manual. Adamantios
Koraes was also preoccupied with the work of Epictetus and published an annotated edition in 1826.
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/6/2017
Σελίδα 2/8
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
,
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία
Μετάφραση :
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος
Για παραπομπή :
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος , Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία , "Hierapolis
Phrygia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8841>
4. Economy
The wealth and importance of the city came from both its organisation as baths and the small industries developed there. The
prosperous economy of Hierapolis was based mainly on textile industry. According to inscriptions, there were wool guilds, guilds of
carpet and fabric weavers, dyers’ guilds as well as blacksmiths and nail manufacturers. The guilds were highly organised and
responsible for maintaining the graves of their members. The quarries of Hierapolis produced high-quality marble, which was much in
request. The impact of hot water on its depositions offered the marble its quality and variety of colours. It is worth mentioning that the
local marble was never used in the buildings of Hierapolis, but was exported in large amounts. The marble used in the decoration of
Hagia Sophia of Constantinople came from the quarries of Hierapolis.
5. Religion – Cult
It is widely accepted that Hierapolis was considered a sacred city in Antiquity. This happened thanks to either the numerous
sanctuaries of particular character founded in the city or the acceptance of the preexisting Phrygian city under this name, whose cult
was dedicated to Mother Goddess.7 The exact number of temples is not known, while various deities may have been worshipped,
although there are not any temples dedicated to them. Most of the twelve gods of the Greek Dodecatheon were worshipped, however
they were usually similar to local deities. The religion of Hierapolis was profoundly influenced by the East and took the form of a
religious syncretism, as it happened in other Asia Minor cities.
The main god of the city was Apollo Archigetes, who was worshipped as its mythical founder. In the Roman years the figure of Apollo
Archigetes appears on coins and inscriptions. His central importance is also underlined by the name of a tribe called ‘Apollonias’. The
temple of Apollo was the most important temple of Hierapolis, while the particularly mystic character of the cult was centred upon the
underground part of the temple, the Ploutonio, the mythical entrance to Hades (Underworld). For the same reason, Pluto was
considered an important god. Poseidon, the god of earthquakes, was very important among the inhabitants of a region with high
seismic activity.
In an attempt to adapt Apollo to the preexisting cult of the area, the god was identified with the Phrygian god Helios Laerbinus. A
temple dedicated to him was 30 km NE of the city.8 Leto was identified with Cybele, while Artemis was worshipped as Artemis
Ephesia. Zeus had the non-Greek epithets Bosius and Troius. Representations of a certain god Helios of eastern origin called Men are
found on coins. The priests of both Cybele and emperors are reported on inscriptions. The imperial cult was consolidated in the years
of Caracalla, when he awarded the title of neokoros to Hierapolis.
From the 1st century AD onward there were separately organised communities of Jews in Hierapolis. As it happened in the cities of
Laodicea and Colossoi, Christianity appeared early on and the Jews supported its spread. According to tradition, Apostle Philip lived
with his daughters in Hierapolis and was martyred there in 80 AD. Polycrates, the bishop of Ephesus, reports that the Apostle’s grave
was in the city. Towards the late 4th century or the early 5th century AD a Christian martyrium, octagonal in shape and dedicated to
Apostle Philip, was built at the centre of the north necropolis, thus making Hierapolis a Christian centre of worship.
6. City Planning and Architecture
Hierapolis was first excavated by the German Carl Humann towards the late 19th century. Systematic excavations were started in
1957 by Italian archaeologists, who are still carrying out their research as well as maintenance and restoration works on the
archaeological site. The Museum of Hierapolis opened in 1970 in the Roman baths in order to accommodate the findings sent to the
museums of Smyrna and Constantinople until then.
The remains of Hierapolis extend over a large area and are particularly impressive because lots of public buildings have been
preserved in good condition. At the same time, systematic excavations have revealed and shed light on the city’s network. The city
was built according to the typically organised model applied possibly in the Hellenistic period, although the majority of the buildings
date from the Roman Imperial period. The city’s network extends along an axis directing from north to south, according to the
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/6/2017
Σελίδα 3/8
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
,
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία
Μετάφραση :
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος
Για παραπομπή :
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος , Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία , "Hierapolis
Phrygia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8841>
rectangular grid characterised by building blocks (insulae) directing from east to west. An impressive street crossed the city from north
to south. Public buildings, such as the Agora, and private houses were organised according to the city plan. The only real exception to
the orientation of the building blocks was the Roman theatre because its cavea had to be propped against the hillside. In the northern
part of the city the first cores of the necropolises started to form between the 1st and the 2nd century BC, while they were fully
developed in the Roman period. The picture of Hierapolis revealed in modern times was created after the restoration works carried
out in the years of the Flavian dynasty, following the devastating earthquake of 60 AD. Moreover, the most impressive monuments,
such as the theatre, the Agora and two large public nymphaea, were built in its heyday, that is, in the 2nd and 3rd century AD.
A sudden pause in the development of Hierapolis was caused by a severe earthquake that devastated completely several parts of the
city, such as the Agora, in the 4th century AD. Towards the late 4th century a fortification wall was built. The wall left the northern
part of the city outside the residential area. This part included the Agora, which was abandoned and its materials were removed in
order to be used again. In this period Hierapolis became an important centre of Christianity and brilliant monuments were rebuilt.
Towards the late 6th century another earthquake caused the collapse of most buildings, including the walls.
The city covers an area of about 1,000 × 800 m and its streets direct from north to south. The main street that used to cross the inner
city was the street of Frontinus. On either end there was a monumental gate with three arches, protected by circular towers. The
entrance to the city was from the north gate, dating towards the late 1st century AD. The gate has a marble inscription dedicated by
Sextus Julius Frontinus, proconsul of Asia in 84-86 AD to Emperor Domitian. Thus, the names of the monumental street and the gate
are related to Frontinus and Domitian. The street of Frontinus and the impressive gate must have been designed together, as indicated
by their architectural characteristics. The paved street was 14 m wide and had an elevated pavement. A long drain covered with
monolithic slabs ran in the middle of the street. On both sides of the impressive street with the double colonnade there were houses
and shops with continuous Doric facades. To the south the street ended in a gate of the 3rd century AD, which is preserved in poor
condition.
Immediately after the gate of Frontinus the public latrines were found, dating from the end of the 1 st century AD. The building is a little
wider than 6 m and 20 m long. Access was from the two narrow sides. A small staircase led from the side entrances to the initial level,
at least 1 m below the street. The room had two wings divided by a row of monolithic Doric columns supporting the big roof from
travertine slabs. A drain was connected with the conduit of Frontinus Street. The niches for the seats are still preserved peripherally on
the walls.
The Agora of Hierapolis must have been to the northeast, in a large square between Frontinus Street and the foot of the hill. It became
the commercial centre of the city in the 2nd century AD. The Agora is 170 m wide and 280 m long. To the north, west and south it is
surrounded by marble porticoes with Ionic columns at the front and Corinthian columns internally. The most imposing building was on
the east side. It was a monumental stoa-basilica, built on a marble crepidoma 4 m high. Access was from a propylon with an arched
entrance framed by two figures projecting above the access staircase. Instead of the capitals there was an impressive composition of
lions attacking a bull. The building has a rich decoration and includes a variety of architectural orders. The facade combines a portico
with square pillars bearing Ionic capitals and bases of exceptional art on the low floor, while on the second floor the pillars from red
stone are fluted and have Corinthian capitals from white marble. The facade of the stoa-basilica was modelled on the basilica of Leptis
Magna and the peristyle of the palace of Diocletian in Split. It dated from the years of Septimius Severus.
The city had two monumental nymphaea: the Nymphaeum of the Tritons and the Nymphaeum near the Sanctuary of Apollo. The
Nymphaeum of the Tritons, preserved in good condition, included a reservoir 70 m long. Excavations at the monument started in 1993
and brought to light the marble architectural members and the figures of the relief decoration, such as the Tritons, which had collapsed
into the great reservoir and had been covered by limestone sediments. The reliefs depicting Amazons fighting as well as
personifications of rivers and springs are of particular interest. The relief style, the architectural elements and the inscription dedicated
to Emperor Alexander Severus safely date the construction of the monument from the first half of the 3rd century AD.
A stylish residence, known as ‘the house with the Ionic columns,’ was discovered in the residential block to the north of the theatre, in
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/6/2017
Σελίδα 4/8
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
,
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία
Μετάφραση :
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος
Για παραπομπή :
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος , Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία , "Hierapolis
Phrygia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8841>
a secondary street (narrow passage) running from the Agora to the theatre. The luxurious residence included three separate rooms
opening onto a central atrium with a peristyle. Three thin columns from red marble and 2.95 m in height, which had white Ionic
capitals, adorned both sides of the atrium. Other smaller columns from onyx, with Ionic capitals, probably belonged to the upper floor,
whose existence is proved by ceramic flat tiles. They were smaller than those used on the brick floors (opus spicatum). The original
building was constructed in the 2nd century AD, but until the 10th century it had undergone repeated restorations and repairs. In the
4th century it suffered serious damages because of an earthquake. The layout of the residence changed during restoration works
carried out in the early 5th century AD. A new room and a peristyle were added to the internal rooms. The floor was paved with opus
sectile and marble. The impressive residence belonged to one of the most notable families of the city, while the findings included
marble furniture and sculptures.
A large part of the impressive public baths, which could accommodate 1,000 people, has been preserved almost to its original height
to the west of the city, near the cliffs. They date from the 2nd century AD and were very complicated. The baths also included a
complex of 12 rooms, while traces of marble revetment and wall paintings have been found in lots of them. Sports facilities, such as a
palaestra and a gymnasium, completed the complex. Today the eastern bath has been transformed into a museum accommodating
numerous findings from the archaeological site. The sculptures of the city, influenced by the Aphrodisias school of sculpture, are
particularly impressive.
The most impressive monument of the city is the Roman theatre. It is built on a sloping place to the east. It must have been built in the
Roman years, towards the late 2nd century AD, while to the north of the city there are remains of a second Hellenistic theatre, whose
benches were used in the new theatre. The cavea, divided into two parts with 45 rows of seats, had a seating capacity of 15,000
people. The structure of the skene (stage building) had two floors and highly interesting decoration of marble reliefs depicting scenes
from the mythological cycles of Dionysus, Apollo and Artemis.
The temple of Apollo, built in the 3rd century AD on the site of an earlier one, was on the same hillside. The temple was surrounded
by a wall 70 m wide, just like a temenos. The building stood on a monumental crepidoma near the entrance to an underground cavity
called Ploutonio. The Ploutonio, which emitted poisonous gases, is reported by ancient sources and was believed to lead to Hades.
The city owed its fame to this important sanctuary. Immediately north of the temple there is a nymphaeum with a large water reservoir
and complicated architecture. Parts of the relief decoration have been preserved.
The later walls of the city are also visible. They date to the late 4th century AD and were reinforced with 24 square towers. They are
important mainly for the built-in architectural members from monuments of the Imperial period.
Recent excavations and research have identified a long processional street leading from the centre of the city to the hill where the
martyrdom of St. Philip stood. A Byzantine gate with two towers, a big bridge, a monumental fountain (hagiasma: fountain of holy
water) and a second octagonal building (possibly a baptistery) have also been discovered in front of a sacred hill.
7. Necropolis
The Necropolis of Hierapolis is one of the best preserved cemeteries of Asia Minor. It was also one of the biggest ones, since more
than 1,200 graves have been excavated in an area larger than 2 km.
The Necropolis expanded outside the boundaries of the residential area in two directions, to the eastern and southern borders of the
city. The northern necropolis was the most important and impressive of the two, mainly thanks to the variety of burial architecture. The
types of tombs changed in the course of time, while the creativity noted in the burial monuments of the same period is remarkable.
The oldest tombs date from the Hellenistic period (1st -2nd c. BC). They are tumuli, whose vaulted burial room was founded on a
circular wall at the bottom; they sometimes had a separate entrance. The vault of the roof was covered with soil, thus forming an
artificial little mound. There is a great typological variety in the later tombs. The commonest type is the stone sarcophagus, which
sometimes had a base. One or more sarcophagi stood on small, flat-roofed structures. More complicated buildings with facades
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/6/2017
Σελίδα 5/8
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
,
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία
Μετάφραση :
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος
Για παραπομπή :
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος , Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία , "Hierapolis
Phrygia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8841>
imitating houses or temples were very common. Over 300 inscriptions referring mainly to the maintenance of the tombs have been
found in the cemetery.
1. For the precise geographical position of Hierapolis see D’Andria, F., Hierapolis of Phrygia (Pamukkale): an archaeological guide, 2003 and
Cohen, G. M., The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, The Islands, and Asia Minor (1995) p. 308.
2. George Bean gives a vivid description of Hierapolis when he visited the site. However, the conditions have improved since his visit due to recent
excavations and restoration works. Moreover, the site is now protected as a World Heritage Site by Unesco. See Bean, G. E., Turkey Beyond the
Maeander (London 1971) pp. 232-246.
3. Bean does not accept the foundation of the city by the Seleucids and suggests Eumenes II as the founder. See Bean, G. E., Turkey beyond the
Maeander, An archaeological guide (London 1971) p. 234.
4. See T. Ritti, Hierapolis I: Fonti letterarie ed epigrafiche (Rome 1985) pp. 3-42.
5. OGIS 308. See L. Robert, Villes d’Asie Mineure (Paris 1962) p. 260.
6. 30- 108 AD
7. For a full discussion see Cohen, G. M., The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, The Islands, and Asia Minor (1995) pp. 305-306.
8. According to Cohen's view Hierapolis controlled the temple only after the 2nd cent. AD. See Cohen, G. M., The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe,
The Islands, and Asia Minor (1995) p.305 and p.308.
Βιβλιογραφία :
Lang G.J., Klassische Antike Stätten Anatoliens. Band 2: Larissa-Zeleia, Norderstedt 2003
Bean G.E., Turkey beyond the Maeander, London 1971
Cohen G.M., The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands and Asia Minor, Berkeley – Los Angeles –
Oxford 1995, Hellenistic Culture and Society 17
Akurgal E., Ancient Civilizations and Ruins of Turkey: from prehistoric times until the end of the Roman
Empire, 2, Istanbul 1970
Waelkens M., Dokimeion. Die Werkstatt der repräsentativen kleinasiatischen Sarkophage. Chronologie
und Typologie ihrer Produktion, Berlin 1982
Bean G.E., "Hierapolis", The Princeton Encyclopaedia of Classical Sites, Princeton 1976, 390-391
D’Andria F., Hierapolis of Phrygia (Pamukkale): an archaeological guide, 2003
D’Andria F., "Hierapolis of Phrygia: its evolution in Hellenistic and Roman times", Parrish, D. (επιμ.), Urbanism
in Western Asia Minor: new studies on Aphrodisias, Ephesos, Hierapolis, Pergamon, Perge, 2001, J.R.A.
Supplementary series 45, 97-115
Freely J., The western Mediterranean coast of Turkey, 1997
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/6/2017
Σελίδα 6/8
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
,
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία
Μετάφραση :
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος
Για παραπομπή :
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος , Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία , "Hierapolis
Phrygia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8841>
Kekec T., Pamukkale- Hierapolis, 1999
Ritti T., Hierapolis. Scavi e ricerche I. Fonti letterarie ed epigrafiche, Rome 1985
Γλωσσάριo :
basilica
In ancient Roman architecture a large oblong type building used as hall of justice and public meeting place. The roman basilica served as a model for
early Christian churches.
capital
The uppermost part of a column or pillar crowning the shaft and supporting the entablature. The decoration of the capital characteristizes the ancient
greek orders of architecture. In Doric order the capitals are decorated with abacus and echinus, in Ionic with spiral scrolls (volutes), while the
corinthian capitals are composed of small corner volutes and a basket-shaped body decorated with rows of acanthus leaves.
cavea
Τhe auditorium or audience sitting of a theater.
corinthian order
The most elaborate of the ancient greek architectural orders. It was developed in the 4th century BC in Greece and it was extensively used in Roman
architecture. It is similar to the Ionic order. Its capitals being four-sided and composed of a basket-shaped body decorated with volumes and rows of
acanthus leaves.
crepis / crepidoma
The solid mass of stepped masonry serving as the visible base of a building. The crepidoma usually consists of three steps. The top step from which
the columns spring is called the stereobate.
doric order, the
One of the three orders or organizational systems of Ancient Greek originated on the mainland and western Greece. It is characterized
by short, faceted, heavy columns with plain, round capitals (tops) and no base. The capital consists of a necking which is of a simple form. The
echinus is convex and the abacus is square. Above the capital is a square abacus connecting the capital to the entablature. The Entablature is divided
into two horizontal registers, the lower part of which is either smooth or divided by horizontal lines. The upper half is distinctive for the Doric order.
The frieze of the Doric entablature is divided into triglyphs and metopes. A triglyph is a unit consisting of three vertical bands which are separated by
grooves. Metopes are plain or carved reliefs.The Doric order comes without an individual base. They instead are placed directly on the stylobate. The
capital consists of a necking which is of a simple form. The echinus is convex and the abacus is square. Above the capital is a square abacus
connecting the capital to the entablature. The Entablature is divided into two horizontal registers, the lower part of which is either smooth or divided
by horizontal lines. The upper half is distinctive for the Doric order. The frieze of the Doric entablature is divided into triglyphs and metopes. A
triglyph is a unit consisting of three vertical bands which are separated by grooves. Metopes are plain or carved reliefs.The Doric order comes without
an individual base. They instead are placed directly on the stylobate.
gymnasium
The gymnasium was one of the most important centres of public life in Greek cities. The institution of the gymnasium, directly connected with the
development of the Greek city, aimed to create virtuous citizens and gallant warriors. As educational institutions of public character, the gymnasia
were intended for the physical and theoretical education of the young and consisted of separate spaces for special purposes.
ionic order, the
An architectural order devised in Ionia and developed in Asia Minor and the Greek islands in the 6th century BC. Its columns have elaborately
moulded bases, fluted shafts (with fillets, ending in fillets), and volute capitals. The entablature consists of an three-fasciae archirave, a continuous
frieze, usually richly decorated with reliefs, and a cornice. The Ionic order was more elaborate in dimentions, comparing with the Doric.
nymphaeum, the
Originally the sacred grotto dedicated to the Nymphs. During the Roman period the Nymphaea were monumental public fountain constructions,
commissioned by wealthy citizens.
During the Early Byzantine period they often adorned the fora (public spaces).
opus sectile, the
Technique of floor or wall decoration. Thin pieces of polychrome marble are carved or joined so that a decorative motif could be depicted.
palaestra
A colonnaded enclosure for athletic exercise. The palaestra functioned both independently and as a part of the Greek gymnasium. It was
formed as an open court surrounded by colonnades with adjoining rooms.
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/6/2017
Σελίδα 7/8
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
,
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία
Μετάφραση :
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος
Για παραπομπή :
Μεχτίδης Πέτρος , Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία , "Hierapolis
Phrygia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8841>
peristyle
A colonnade surrounding a building or a courtyard .
pillar
Pier of square or rectangular cross-section.
propylon
Monumental architectural entrance, most often to a sanctuary or a building complex.
sarcophagus
A large rectangular stone coffin in which a dead person was laid to rest. In some cases sarcophagi were made also of clay, wood or metal.
scene (lat. scaena -ae)
The stage building of the ancient theaters originally used for storage but provided a convenient backing for performances.
stoa, portico, the
A long building with a roof supported by one or two colonnades parallel to its back wall.
Χρονολόγιο
197-159 BC: Foundation by Eumenes II
183 BC: First epigraphical evidence
133 BC: Attalus III bequeathed Hierapolis to Rome
17 AD: A powerful earthquake caused serious damages
60 AD: Epictetus the philosopher
60 AD: An earthquake destroyed the city
60-96 AD: Emperor Nero and other emperors of the Flavians supported the rebuilding of the city. Construction of the main street and
public buildings.
129 AD: Emperor Hadrian visited the city.
2nd-3rd cent. AD: The city thrived as Roman baths and commercial-industrial centre.
215 AD: Emperor Caracalla visited the city and honoured it with the title of Neokoros.
370 AD: Emperor Valens visited the city.
4th cent. AD: Construction of monumental buildings and surrounding walls.
Beginning of 5th cent. AD : Construction of the martyrium of Apostle Philip.
6th cent. AD: Capital of Phrygia.
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/6/2017
Σελίδα 8/8