http:// www.jstage.jst.go.jp / browse / jpsa
doi:10.2141/ jpsa.011102
Copyright Ⓒ 2012, Japan Poultry Science Association.
Phylogenetic Relationships among Dabbling Duck Species in
Korea using COI Gene Variations in mtDNA
Seon-Deok Jin1, 2, Md. Rashedul Hoque1, Dong-Won Seo1, In-Kyu Kim3,
Cheorun Jo1, Woon-Kee Paek2 and Jun-Heon Lee1
1
Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
2
Korea Biodiversity Information Facility Secretariat, National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Korea
3
Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology, Daejeon 305-509, Korea
Korea is an important geographical location for wintering dabbling ducks. In order to investigate their relationships, 92 ducks from ten breeds were sampled from nine different geographical areas in Korea. Of these, 38
samples are represented as Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Spot-billed (Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha) and
domestic (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) ducks. They are very closely related to commercial duck breeds. The
partial (746 and 749 bp) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I) gene sequences were obtained
and 126 SNPs were identified, which belong to 23 haplotypes. Eighty five Anas and ten Aix genus have been used for
phylogenetic analysis. Based on the neighbor-joining (NJ) method, duck species used in this study can be well
differentiated, except for the three duck breeds, Mallard, Spot-billed and domestic ducks, where most of the individuals belong to haplotype 12. The highest K2P distance, 0.31, was observed in Spot-billed ducks, with a range of
0.07-10.96 between the species. However, there was no correlation between geographic distance (km) and K2P
distance (%) between the species. Based on our results, duck species can be discriminated with COI sequences,
except for the three closely related breeds, and this can be effectively used for an appropriate conservation program for
the wild duck breeds in Korea.
Key words: COI gene, dabbling ducks, genetic diversity, phylogeny
J. Poult. Sci., 49: 163-170, 2012
Introduction
Many species of wild ducks seasonally migrated for
breeding purposes in winter to take full advantage of limited
resources in the world environment (Masashi et al., 2000).
A large number of wild ducks which moved to Korea every
year to compose a mating group, resulted in the frequent
occurrence of interspecific crossing (Masashi et al., 2000;
Kulikova et al., 2004). Approximately, 10% of ducks are
found to interbreed through cross-breeding, which is known
to often outcross hybrids (Johnsgard, 1960, 1963; Panov,
1989; Tubaro and Lijtmaer, 2002). Wild ducks in Korea are
classified typographically into Anseriformes-Anatidae (49
species) (OSK, 2009). Anseriformes-Anatidae is broadly
classified into Anserinae and Anatinae. Anserinae is subdivided into three tribes such as Anserini (13 species) including the whistling duck and wild goose, Tadornini (3 species)
Received: September 14, 2011, Accepted: January 23, 2012
Released Online Advance Publication: March 25, 2012
Correspondence: JH Lee, Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. (E-mail: [email protected])
including Common Shelduck and Cairinini (1 species). Anatinae is also subdivided into three tribes such as Anatini (13
species) including Mallard ducks, Aythyini (15 species)
including Common Pochard and Mergini (4 species) including merganser (Hoyo et al., 1992; Lee et al., 2000; Paul,
2008; OSK, 2009). Taxonomical relationships for these
wild ducks are classified based on basic approaches like
morphology, anatomy, behavioral evolution, molecular biology, etc. (Livezey, 1986; Hoyo et al., 1992; Lanyon, 1993;
Carole et al., 2002). However, DNA based phylogenetic relationships are more reliable in the discrimination of ducks
species.
To increase duck meat production, ducks were hybridized
from Mallard ducks in the duck breeding scheme (Kulikova
et al., 2003). Recently, duck breed traceability was conducted from wild ducks through molecular approaches. Wild
ducks were classified into evolutionary relationships, molecular biologically, morphologically, genealogically, geographically, typologically and anatomically revealed by
mtDNA (Avise et al., 1990; Carole et al., 2002).
Also, origin and genetic diversity of hybrid and Chinese
domestic ducks were distinguished using mtDNA D-loop re-
Journal of Poultry Science, 49 (3)
164
gion and microsatellite DNA markers (Christen et al., 2005,
Hui et al., 2010). Generally, domestic ducks were prompted
from the wild ducks for the serving of human requirements,
which characteristics are typologically similar as Mallard and
Spot-billed ducks in various phenotypes such as tail, head
color, beak color, etc. (Hui et al., 2010).
In the determination of phylogenetic relationships among
the wild duck species at the molecular level, the variation in
mtDNA has been investigated. The mitochondrial genome is
maternally inherited and the sequences of mtDNA have been
extensively used in biodiversity studies of vertebrates (Baker
and Marshall, 1997; Mindell et al., 1997; Moore and
Defilippis, 1997; Wayne et al., 2002). There are advantages
of using mtDNA compared with nuclear genome which has
faster nucleotide substitutions and does not allow recombination for phylogenetic analysis (Aquadro and Greenberg,
1983; Lansman et al., 1983; Cann et al., 1984). Usually,
coding genes of the mitochondrial genome are used for phylogenetic studies to distinguish species (Moore and Defilippis, 1997), whereas the COI (Cytochrome c oxidase I) gene
is considered more suitable for interspecific population
studies (Hebert et al., 2003; Kevin et al., 2009).
The prosperity of the duck industry in Korea is increasing
due to the demand for duck meat, also often eaten as a folk
remedy to improved people’s health. The duck industry in
Korea has dramatically increased recently and the conservation of the genetic resources is very important not only for
conservation perspectives but also the possible use of some
of the wild breeds in the future. Therefore, it is very important to identify the origin and genetic relationships of
domestic ducks in Korea. In this study, the COI gene is
applied for designing breeding and conservation strategies
for the Korean domestic ducks from wild duck species.
Materials and Methods
Specimen Collection and DNA Extraction
DNA from a total of 92 ducks were extracted from either
blood or tissue samples that were collected by the National
Science Museum. Blood samples were collected from wing
veins in an EDTA contained tube and tissue from the heart or
liver was used. DNA was extracted according to guidelines
using the PrimePrepTM Genomic DNA Isolation Kit (Genet
Bio, Korea) and MagExtractor® Genome kit (Toyobo, Japan). Extracted DNA was stored at 4℃ until use. For the
analysis, published sequence of Falcated Teal (Anas falcate)
duck (GQ481322), Gadwall (Anas strepera) ducks (GQ481327, GQ481328) were downloaded from the Genbank.
Sample information with the collection area was listed in
Table 1.
PCR Amplification and DNA Sequencing
Extracted genomic DNA was used for the amplification of
the COI gene in mtDNA. One forward primer (5′
-TTCTCCAACCACAAAGACATTGGCAC-3′
) and one of two reverse primers (R1: 5′
-ACGTGGGAGATAATTCCAAATCCTG-3′
, R2: 5′
-ACTACATGTGAGA TGATTCCGAATCCAG-3′
) were used to amplify the partial COI gene and their
product sizes were 746 bp and 749 bp, respectively (Hebert
et al., 2004). PCR was performed in a My-Genie96 Thermal
Block (Bioneer, Korea) with an initial denaturation step at
95℃ for 5 min followed by 35 cycles of 30 sec at 95℃, 30
sec at 54℃, 30 sec at 72℃ and a final extension step at 72℃
for 7 min. Purification of PCR products was performed using an Accuprep® PCR purification kit (Bioneer, Korea) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Sequencing of all
purified PCR products was done using the Big Dye
Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit (v3.0, Applied Biosystems, CA, USA).
Data Analysis
Duck COI sequence data were aligned using the ClustalW
program (Thompson et al., 1994) and saved in the bioedit
format. Neighbor-Joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree was conducted by using MEGA software version 5 (Tamura et al.,
2011). Also, nucleotide divergence, pair-wise distance using
Kimura 2 parameter (K2P) model was calculated. Using
DnaSP program (Ver5.10), number of haplotypes, nucleotide
variable site, haplotype diversity, and nucleotide diversity
(Nei, 1982) were calculated (Rozas et al., 2003). In order to
identify specific nucleotide positions for discrimination of
duck species, the NETWORK program (Ver4.6.0.0) was
used.
Results
Phylogenetic Relationship and Network Analysis
The COI gene sequences from 95 duck species comprising
ten species indicated that they were classified into 23 haplotypes (Table 2). Also, 126 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained. The nucleotide sequences
were deposited in the GenBank database (Accession numbers
JN703169-JN703260). The estimated average polymorphic
site was 16. 89% from 746 bp in mtDNA COI gene sequences, which are suitable variations for inter-specific breed
classification to vertebrates. Using these ten duck species,
unrooted phylogenetic neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was constructed and seven breeds were differentiated well. The
other three duck breeds (Mallard, Spot-billed and domestic
ducks) share the haplotype 12 and therefore they are not
distinguishable. Herein, Genus Anas and Aix have been contributed in phylogenetic relationship analysis with eighty five
and ten DNA samples, respectively (Fig. 1).
There are two hypotheses for the origin and evolution of
current domestic ducks. One is that ducks were originated
from the wild ducks, Mallard. Another hypothesis is that the
ducks were domesticated from a hybrid between Mallard and
Spot-billed ducks (Qiu, 1989; Chang, 1995). Our phylogenetic relationship may give some solution for the hypotheses
of the origin and evolution of existing domestic ducks. In the
phylogenetic tree, commercial domestic duck breeds are
mixed with Mallard and Spot-billed ducks. Therefore, it is
more possible that the commercial duck breeds were domesticated from the mixture of Mallard and Spot-billed ducks,
which supported the second hypothesis of commercial duck
domestication.
Median-joining network profiles were analyzed using 126
SNPs in the mtDNA COI gene (Fig. 2). The results indi-
Jin et al.: Phylogenetic Relationships of Dabbling Ducks
Table 1.
No.
165
Duck species used in this study
Species/Breed
Common
name
Location/
GenBank accession no.
No. of
individual
Changwon, Gyoungnam, Korea
Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
14
1
Gwangju, Korea
Daejeon, Korea
2
11
1
Anas acuta
Pintail
2
Anas crecca
Common Teal
3
Anas penelope
4
Anas falcata
5
Eurasian Wigeon
Ansan, Gyounggido, Korea
Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
Daejeon, Korea
6
5
1
Falcated Teal
Gwangju, Korea
GQ481322 (Kerr et al., 2009)
1
1
Anas strepera
Gadwall
Unknown,
GQ481327 (Kerr et al., 2009),
GQ481328 (Kerr et al., 2009)
1
1
1
6
Anas platyrhynchos
Mallard
Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Korea
Seosan, Chungnam, Korea
Daejeon, Korea
Ansan, Gyounggido, Korea
Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
6
2
3
2
3
7
Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha
Spot-billed
Ansan, Gyounggido, Korea
Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea
10
5
8
Anas fomosa
Baikal Teal
Ansung, Gyounggido, Korea
2
9
Aix galericulata
Mandarin
Ansung, Gyounggido, Korea
10
10
Anas platyrhynchos domesticus
Domestic
Gwangju, Korea
Hampyoung, Jeonnam, Korea
Naju, Jeonnam, Korea
4
1
2
Total
95
Haplotype diversity (Hd), nucleotide diversity (Pi), average number of difference (K), and A＋T, G＋C contents
of the COI gene among the dabbling duck species
Table 2.
G＋C
cont.
No. of
individual
No. of
haplotype
Haplotype
(%)
Aix galericulata
10
2
20 . 00
0 . 200
0 . 028
0 . 200
47 . 9
52 . 1
Anas
Anas
Anas
Anas
Anas
Anas
Anas
Anas
Anas
2
7
3
15
13
2
16
12
15
1
1
1
2
3
2
5
3
5
50 . 00
14 . 29
33 . 33
13 . 33
23 . 08
100 . 00
31 . 25
25 . 00
33 . 33
0 . 000
0 . 000
0 . 000
0 . 133
0 . 295
1 . 000
0 . 450
0 . 545
0 . 752
0 . 000
0 . 000
0 . 000
0 . 018
0 . 043
0 . 144
0 . 154
0 . 168
0 . 294
0 . 000
0 . 000
0 . 000
0 . 133
0 . 308
1 . 000
1 . 108
1 . 212
2 . 114
48 . 1
47 . 9
46 . 2
47 . 3
47 . 9
48 . 1
47 . 8
47 . 6
47 . 8
51 . 9
52 . 1
53 . 8
52 . 7
52 . 1
51 . 9
52 . 2
52 . 4
52 . 2
Total / Mean
95
23
24 . 21
0 . 878
4 . 874
32 . 900
47
53
Sum of Genus Anas
85
21
24 . 71
0 . 857
3 . 938
26 . 581
46 . 9
53 . 1
Sum of domestic groups*
38
9
23 . 68
0 . 531
0 . 252
1 . 751
47 . 6
52 . 4
Species
falcata
p. domesticus
strepera
acuta
crecca
fomosa
platyrhynchos
penelope
poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha
Hd
* (Anas platyrhynchos, Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha, Anas platyrhynchos domasticus).
Pi
K
A＋T
cont.
166
Journal of Poultry Science, 49 (3)
Unrooted neighbor-joining (NJ) tree constructed among the dabbling duck species. The scale bar in the
lower left represents 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide site.
“ht” refers to haplotype.
Fig. 1.
cated that all duck species were well separated using the COI
gene in mtDNA except for the three breeds, Mallard, Spotbilled and domestic ducks. This result is the same as the
phylogenetic analysis, which also supports the second hypothesis that the commercial duck breeds are closely related
with Mallard and Spot-billed ducks and possibly the domestic duck have arisen from the mixture between Mallard
and Spot-billed ducks.
Genetic Diversity
Using highly variable nucleotide substitutions in the
mtDNA COI gene, haplotype diversity (Hd), nucleotide diversity (Pi), average number of difference (K), A＋T and G
＋C percentage contents were estimated for ten duck species
(Table 2). Domestic ducks were grouped with Mallard and
Spot-billed ducks and included 38 samples representing 23.
68% haplotypes. In case of genus Anas, 24.71% haplotypes
were investigated. Whereas, Mallard and Spot-billed duck
breeds contained 31. 25% and 33. 33% haplotypes, respectively. The calculated mean of haplotype diversity (Hd) was
0.878 for all species, where only genus Anas contained
0.857. In the commercial duck breeds, the observed Hd was
0.531, where Spot-billed ducks represented the highest Hd of
0.752 among these duck species. Thus, the observed mean
of nucleotide diversity (Pi) among the species was 4.874 and
Pi value 3.938 was observed in genus Anas. The Pi value in
commercial duck breeds was 0.252 and among these three
breeds, Spot-billed ducks corresponded to highest Pi value of
0.294. The average number of difference (K) from all the
species was observed as 32. 9 and Anas was observed as
26.58. In case of the commercial duck group, the average
number of difference (K) was 1.751 and Spot-billed showed
highest K as 2.114 among these three species. In case of G
＋C contents, Gadwalls was the highest at 53. 8% and
Falcated Teals (Anas falcate) showed the lowest at 51.9%,
with the average value of 53%. In case of A＋T contents,
Falcated Teals (Anas falcate) was the highest at 48.1% and
Gadwalls (Anas strepera) had the lowest value at 46. 2%,
with an average value of 47%. The observed average single
nucleotide compositions of A, T, G and C were 24.3%, 23.
4%, 17.1% and 35.2%, respectively.
Genetic Distance and Divergence
The distribution of genetic K2P distance and frequency
among the duck species were observed (Fig. 3). All of the
species within were lower in K2P distance with higher
frequencies, Spot-billed was 0.31 which is the highest value
within species (Table 3). On the other hand, Table 3 indicated that the range of K2P distances between species were
from 0.07 to 10.96. The K2P distance between Mandarin
(Aix galericulata) and Spot-billed ducks was the highest at
10. 96. However, relatively low K2P distances between
domestic ducks with Mallard (0.07) and Spot-billed ducks
(0.23) were observed. This indicated that domestic ducks
were very closely related with Mallard and Spot-billed duck
breeds. For the average K2P distances between species,
most of the individuals contained a 6.19 genetic distance.
When we compare the geographic distances (km) and K2P
distances (%), there were no correlations indicating the
geographical distance did not affect the genetic distances
among breeds (Fig. 4).
Nucleotide Variation in Commercial Ducks
As previously indicated, two duck breeds, Mallard and
Spot-billed, were genetically close to commercial domestic
ducks in the nucleotide variations of the COI gene. When
the three breeds were investigated, 38 individuals out of 95
samples belonged to these breeds. In case of haplotype 12,
seven domestic ducks, twelve Mallard ducks and seven Spotbilled ducks were included. However, Mallard and Spotbilled ducks contained four haplotypes in each breed while
most of the individuals mixed with domestic ducks (Table 4).
Discussion
The Family Anatidae was discovered in the second half of
Eocene in North America (4-50 million years ago) (Olson
and Feduccia, 1980). According to the paleontological data,
neanthropic ducks are identified as being from approximately
5 million through 23 million years ago in the Miocene epoch
of the Neogene Period (Olson, 1985). Mainly the Genus
Anas is derived from the Teal and Mallard ducks. Typically,
wild ducks from Siberia, the northeastern part of China, and
Mongolia travelled to Korea in winter (Lee et al., 2000). In
the winter breeding ground, large numbers of male ducks
changed their feathers for the breeding period into luxurious
and decorative styles to attract females for successful mating.
Also, the production of hybrid ducks has played a significant
Jin et al.: Phylogenetic Relationships of Dabbling Ducks
167
Fig. 2. Median-joining network profiles of mtDNA COI gene among
the duck species. The links are labeled by the nucleotide positions. The
order of the mutations on a branch is arbitrary. Nudes are representing
the duck species. A median vector (mv) is a hypothesized (often ancestral) sequence which is required to connect existing sequences within the
network with maximum parsimony.
Comparison of nucleotide sequence differences
of K2P distance in COI gene among the duck species.
Fig. 3.
role in the evolution of Anas (Hoyo, 1992).
With respect to phylogenetic tree analysis, a previous
study used the Control region in mtDNA for the classifica-
tion of the Anseriformes (Carole et al., 2002). Also, the
phylogenetic tree from the CYTB gene and ND2 gene have
been investigated in the genus Anas while Mallard and Spotbilled duck breeds were not exactly separated between each
other (Johnson and Sorenson, 1999). Based on Yoo et al.
(2006) results for the COI gene, there was no significant
discrimination between Mallard and Spot-billed duck breeds.
Our phylogenetic analysis also supported the previous results
that the Mallard and Spot-billed duck breeds are not
separated. In contrast, Livezey et al. (1991) reported the genetic classification of Teals using the characteristic of birds
based on taxonomy, anatomy, and behaviors. They reported
that dabbling ducks were related rather longer in Mallard
ducks than Wigeons. Our results also support that domestic
ducks were genetically close to the Mallard duck breed.
Recently, 26 Chinese domestic duck species were investigated and they are included in 72 haplotypes (Hui et al.,
2010). While, our results showed 23 haplotypes from the ten
species. In our analysis, haplotype 12 was mixed in Mallard,
Spot-billed and domestic ducks, supporting the ancient duck
domestications (Qiu, 1989; Chang, 1995). Also, medianjoining network profiles can be traced to the nucleotide
positional SNPs for the discrimination of duck species (Fig.
Journal of Poultry Science, 49 (3)
168
Table 3.
Sequence divergence (K2P) of COI gene between (off the diagonal) and within (on the diagonal) duck species
No.
Species/Breed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
A. acuta
A. crecca
A. penelope
A. falcata
A. strepera
A. platyrhynchos
A. poecilorhyncha
A. p. domesticus
A. formosa
Aix galericulata
0 . 02
6 . 28
6 . 17
5 . 94
6 . 28
5 . 60
5 . 55
5 . 60
7 . 71
9 . 50
0 . 05
5 . 62
5 . 76
5 . 76
5 . 67
5 . 73
5 . 63
7 . 01
8 . 08
0 . 18
3 . 47
3 . 31
5 . 14
5 . 21
5 . 11
6 . 74
10 . 10
0 . 00
1 . 65
5 . 29
5 . 28
5 . 27
7 . 02
9 . 84
0 . 00
5 . 65
5 . 71
5 . 61
7 . 03
9 . 54
0 . 15
0 . 27
0 . 07
6 . 51
10 . 95
0 . 31
0 . 23
6 . 57
10 . 96
0 . 00
6 . 51
10 . 93
0 . 15
10 . 51
0 . 03
Fig. 4. K2P genetic distance (%) and Geographic distance (km) for each species in Korea.
2).
Analysis of haplotype diversity (Hd) on inter-continental
Mallard ducks (0.8235-0.9872) has been reported (Kulikova
et al., 2005; Hui et al., 2010). In our results, haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (Pi) in the Spot-billed
duck were 0.752 and 0.294, respectively, and these are the
highest values among the duck species.
Genetic divergences among Anatidae were reported in
mean intraspecific (within species) and interspecific (between species) in the range of 0.3-0.43% to 7.9-7.93%
(Hebert et al., 2004; Yoo et al., 2006). Among the Aserifomes-Anatidae in Korea, the average intraspecific and
interspecific distance between dabbling ducks (9 species - 88
individuals) and domestic ducks (7 individuals) demonstrated a relatively high level in interspecific distance at 6.19
%. The lower difference is possibly due to the cross breeding of Spot-billed and Mallard by sharing the habitats.
(Kulikova et al., 2004). For this reason, Mallard and Spotbilled ducks are very close in our phylogenetic analysis. Due
to the interspecific distance between duck species, Mandarin
(Aix galericulata) and Spot-billed (Anas poecilorhyncha
zonorhyncha) ducks showed the highest divergence (10.96
%), where these species belong to different genus. However,
the genetic distance between Pintail (Anas acuta) and Baikal
Teal (Anas formusa) ducks was high (7.7%), even though
they belong to the same genus (Table 4). Appropriate classification which doesn’t account for the differences between
genetic distance and geographical difference has been reported (Moore, 1995; Weibel and Moore, 2002; Hebert et
al., 2004; Yoo et al., 2006). Also, our duck specimens were
collected from nine different geographical areas which was
not a significant correlation to each other (Fig. 4).
As previously described, there were two hypotheses for the
origin and evolution of domestic ducks (Qiu, 1989; Chang,
1995). Morphologically Mallard and Spot-billed duck
breeds are very similar in shape, behavior, habitat, and even
genetically possible for cross breeding (Livezey, 1991;
Omland, 1997; Johnson and Sorenson, 1999). Geographically, Mallard duck habitats are in Palearctic ecozones such
as Northern Europe, North Africa, Russia, the coast of the
Pacific Ocean, Japan, the northeastern part of China, and
other places of Palearctic (Johnsgard, 1978). Also, Spotbilled duck habitats are in similar geographical locations like
East Asia, East Siberia, Baikal Lake, South Sakhalin, etc.
Kulikova et al. (2004) reported Spot-billed ducks were becoming a popular breed in Korea and Japan. Also, a hybrid
between these two breeds is often observed in China, Hong
Kong and Japan including areas where there are habitats to
survive (Brazil, 1991; Kanouchi et al., 1998). In this study,
comparing with other breeds, nucleotide polymorphisms in
the COI gene were less variable among the Mallard, Spotbilled and domestic duck breeds which mainly share a
common haplotype (ht12) (Table 4). Our results on the COI
gene have also suggested that commercial domestic ducks
are derived from the Mallard and Spot-billed ducks.
Recently, the COI gene is effectively used as the DNA
barcode in avian species. Especially, this gene is known to
be used for the classification of the avian species because of
the high mutation rate and the mutations are enough to discriminate species (Hebert et al., 2003). The classification of
duck species and the identification of mutations would be
very useful for the delineation of the origin of duck species
and selection of an appropriate conservation breeding program. However, more investigation of molecular studies is
required to improve the classification of duck species.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a grant from the “Korea
Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) (No. 2011-
Jin et al.: Phylogenetic Relationships of Dabbling Ducks
169
Nucleotide polymorphisms in COI gene among three duck breeds (Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos
domesticus and Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha)
Table 4.
Nucleotide position in COI gene
Breed
No. of haplotype
(No. of individual)
7
0
1
6
3
1
7
8
1
9
4
2
2
6
3
2
2
4
0
9
6
0
1
6
1
9
6
4
6
6
7
9
Anas platyrynchos
ht11
ht13
ht14
ht15
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
A
─
─
─
G
─
─
─
A
─
─
G
C
T
T
T
A
─
─
─
A
G
G
G
C
─
T
T
T
C
C
C
T
C
C
C
G
A
A
A
C
─
A
─
Anas platyrynchos
Anas platyrhynchos domesticus
Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha,
ht12 (26)
─
─
─
T
─
G
T
C
C
A
─
Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha,
ht16
ht17
ht18
ht19
R
R
G
─
─
─
─
R
─
─
─
─
Y
T
T
T
─
─
─
R
─
─
─
R
─
─
─
Y
─
C
─
Y
C
C
C
C
─
─
─
A
─
─
─
─
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
0002211)”, the Korean government (MEST) and “NextGeneration BioGreen 21 Program (No. PJ0081330)” Rural
Development Administration, Korea.
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